预防乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露

目的调查与解决乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）职业暴露的防治。方法对2005-2006年间医院16名医务人员职业暴露进行的追踪调查和防治措施对比。结果发现职业暴露感染乙型肝炎病毒有以下高危因素,包括在医院内特殊的区域、特定的时间段、易暴露的部位、暴露前是否接种乙型肝炎疫苗等。结论预防与治疗医务人员乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露除应按照医院感染管理中的标准预防原则操作外,接种乙型肝炎疫苗及暴露后注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白是预防医务人员职业暴露后感染乙型肝炎病毒的有效措施。     

乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露35例调查

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露的危险因素和预防乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露的有效方法.方法 回顾性分析笔者所在医院4年来发生乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露者的临床资料,职业暴露后的处置措施,随访12个月的HBV感染指标变化情况.结果 乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露以护士和外科医师为主,针刺伤占74.3%.19例HBsAg和抗-HBs均阴性的乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露者,经注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白和乙型肝炎疫苗后,3、6、12个月均未发生HBV感染情况.结论 注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白和乙型肝炎疫苗,可有效预防乙型肝炎病毒职业暴露者感染HBV.     

医务人员职业暴露HBV的免疫预防效果分析

发生职业暴露后其感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的危险性,主要取决于接触乙型肝炎患者血液和接触乙型肝炎患者的程度及暴露前后的预防。为了减少医务人员职业暴露后HBV的感染率,保护医务人员的身体健康,乙型肝炎的免疫     

某三级传染病院医务人员职业暴露调查及防护对策

目的分析某三级传染病医院医务人员职业暴露的常见危险因素,并提出有效的防护对策。方法对该院2007年1月-2010年12月发生且上报登记的81例职业暴露者的职业分布、暴露源、途径和程度、暴露后处理及随访等相关情况进行调查分析。结果81例职业暴露者以护士（62.96%）和医生（30.86%）为主;暴露源以乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）为主,占暴露总人数的79.01%;暴露途径以输液过程针刺伤（45.68%）和手术过程锐器伤（29.63%）为主;暴露后均及时进行检测和预防用药,未发生因职业暴露而导致医务人员感染。结论加强对传染病医院医务人员职业暴露知识培训,增强医务人员职业防护意识,规范操作流程,完善预防体系,可有效降低职业暴露危害及暴露后感染的发生。     

医务人员血源性职业暴露伤调查分析

目的通过对医务人员发生的血源性职业暴露伤情况进行统计,探讨相关因素并制定相应的防护对策。方法采用回顾性分析法选择2012年1月-2014年12月在本院登记的发生血源性职业暴露伤的医务人员70例,对其人群分布、工龄、暴露源血源传播性疾病分布、血源性职业暴露医务人员乙型肝炎疫苗接种情况进行统计分析。结果70例医务人员职业暴露人群主要为护士(64.3%)和医生(22.9%);工龄≤5年的人数最多,占51.4%;暴露源乙型肝炎病毒居首位,占48.6%;血源性职业暴露医务人员乙型肝炎疫苗未接种占30.0%。结论应加强高风险医务人员的职业安全培训,规范操作流程;对新入职人员免费乙型肝炎疫苗接种,提高疫苗接种率;定期检测乙型肝炎病毒抗体滴度,及时强化免疫,降低乙肝病毒感染的危险。     

某基层医院2012—2015年医务人员职业暴露分析

目的了解基层医务人员职业暴露的特点,提高医务人员职业防护意识,减少职业暴露的发生。方法调查2012年1月-2015年8月该院发生职业暴露上报医院感染管理科的医务人员职业暴露情况。结果178名医务人员共报告职业暴露197例次,以30岁以下者居多,占79.21%;以护士、实习进修人员为主,所占比率分别为41.57%、34.83%。针刺伤及锐器损伤（79.70%）是主要的暴露方式,暴露源疾病以乙型肝炎病毒为主（18.78%）。结论护士、实习进修人员是职业暴露的高危人员,医院应加强职业安全教育,实施标准预防,减少医务人员职业暴露。     

血源性病原体职业暴露调查分析

目的了解医院医务人员血源性病原体职业暴露的特点和危险因素,制定相应防范措施,预防和减少医务人员职业暴露的发生。方法记录医院2009-2012年发生血源性病原体职业暴露的246名医务人员基本资料及暴露相关资料,并对收集的数据进行统计分析,数据采用Stata11.0软件进行统计分析。结果医院职业暴露人群以护士及1年以内工作人员居多,2009-2012年共有128名护士发生职业暴露,占52.03%;工龄<1年者发生职业暴露89名,占36.18%;共97名医务人员在病房发生职业暴露,占39.43%;乙型肝炎病毒是医院职业暴露的主要病原体,共有138名,占56.10%。结论规范操作、加强对医务人员职业防护培训、增强医务人员的个人防护意识,是减少医务人员职业暴露的关键。     

医务人员职业暴露防护知识调查

目的 了解医务人员对职业暴露防护知识掌握情况,为今后开展医务人员培训提供科学依据. 方法 采取普查方法,对农五师医院205名医务人员现场问卷. 结果 职业暴露防护知识正确应答率为69.84%;职业暴露自我防护意识行为应答率为58.78%;愿为艾滋病人服务应答率为38.05%,治疗艾滋病有经验应答率为20.49%,接受职业暴露培训应答率为76.59%,对职业暴露知识培训需求应答率为61.95%. 结论 农五师医院医务人员普遍缺乏对职业暴露防治知识、自身预防行为和艾滋病服务意识与态度,应加强这方面有关知识的培训.     

某三级综合医院医务人员职业暴露调查

目的了解某三级综合医院医务人员职业暴露情况,分析职业暴露发生原因及预防对策。方法对某院2010年1月—2013年12月134例发生职业暴露的医务人员进行调查。结果暴露人群中,护士所占比率最高(59.70%),其次是医生(19.40%)、医技人员(9.70%)。职业暴露主要原因为锐器管理不规范(占46.27%,62例),其次为操作意外(占42.54%,57例)、防护措施不足所致(占11.19%,15例);暴露方式以锐器伤为主(占94.78%,127例),黏膜接触暴露占5.22%(7例),暴露源不明确者占42.54%,暴露源明确者占57.46%,其中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒螺旋体(TP)、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)分别占35.82%、12.69%、3.73%、2.24%;HBV、HCV合并感染占2.24%(3例);HIV、HBV、HCV、TP合并感染占0.74%(1例)。职业暴露后正确处理率为95.52%。结论护士是职业暴露高危群体,做好职业防护,并规范锐器管理,可以减少医务人员职业暴露发生。     

中国医务人员职业暴露与防护工作的调查分析

目的了解医务人员职业暴露与防护工作现状,为制定职业暴露防护措施提供依据。方法采用分层抽样方法于2016年4月6日—5月6日向全国13个省份158所不同级别医院发放调查问卷进行调查,分别调查各所医院开展职业暴露监测首年、2010年及2015年的职业暴露与防护管理及监测情况。结果81.65%（129/158）的医院医务人员职业暴露管理工作由医院感染管理部门负责;98.73%（156/158）的医院制定了相关规章制度;77.22%（122/158）的医院存在医务人员职业暴露漏报现象。共发生职业暴露事件11 116例,调查首年发生1 542例,2010年发生2 474例,2015年发生7 100例。锐器伤在各类职业暴露类型中占96.76%;职业暴露人员职业分布中,护理人员占53.90%;职业暴露人员科室来源主要为普通病房、手术室、重症监护病房等;引起医务人员职业暴露器具主要为注射器、头皮钢针、手术缝针等;静脉注射、针头丢入利器盒、手术缝针等是引起医务人员职业暴露的高危操作;在职业暴露源阳性分布中,以乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）为主,占58.69%。结论我国医务人员面临职业暴露的风险大,危害重,形势严峻,应通过政府立法、推广应用安全器具、规范医务人员操作行为、正确使用个人防护用品、强化医务人员教育与培训、建立健全职业暴露报告、评估和随访机制等措施,以切实减少职业暴露的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.