手足创伤患者感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析手足创伤患者感染的病原菌及其耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对2005～2008年手足创伤感染标本分离出的病原菌,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验,对病原菌耐药率进行分析.结果 分离出242株病原菌,革兰阴性杆菌163株,占67.4 0%,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍氏不动杆菌;革兰阳性球菌79株,占32.6%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌属;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为53.8%和40.9%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为24.1%.结论 手足创伤患者感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,检出率最高的是金黄色葡萄球菌,主要致病菌常为多药耐药,应加强病原菌的监测,指导临床合理用药,减少耐药菌株的产生.     

3年医院感染病原菌耐药性监测分析

目的了解医院感染病原菌耐药情况。方法对2007-2009年全部医院感染病例中分离出的病原菌的耐药性进行统计分析。结果革兰阴性菌占64.4%,革兰阳性菌占24.6%,真菌占11.0%;病原菌居检出首位的是铜绿假单胞菌149株,占16.0%,其对亚胺培南耐药率为38.9%,检出第2位的为大肠埃希菌121株,占13.0%,产ESBLs菌株检出率和对喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率逐年增高,金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为73.3%,屎肠球菌对大部分所监测抗菌药物均显示高耐药性,耐万古霉素肠球菌检出率为5.2%。结论医院感染病原菌耐药性明显,加强耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物,提高医务人员手卫生的依从性,是减缓耐药菌产生和传播的重要手段。     

血流感染病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的了解血流感染患者病原菌分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2012年1月-2013年6月临床送检的10 058份血培养标本中分离的菌株,采用纸片扩散法和MIC法进行药敏试验,用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果 10 058份血培养标本共分离病原菌1 026株,其中革兰阳性菌395株占38.5%、革兰阴性菌571株占55.7%、厌氧菌26株占2.5%、真菌34株占3.3%;分离最多的为大肠埃希菌245株占23.9%,其次为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠球菌属及金黄色葡萄球菌分别占19.4%、13.9%、7.7%及4.7%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为33.3%和74.9%,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺葡萄球菌;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率分别为64.9%和45.5%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为0.4%和14.7%。结论血流感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,大肠埃希菌居首;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌及耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的检出率高,耐药性严重。     

NICU泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的 研究神经内科重症监护病房(NICU)发生泌尿系感染患者的病原菌分布及其耐药性,以预防与控制尿路感染,为临床抗菌药物的应用提供依据.方法 对2009年3月-2011年8月NICU住院患者中发生泌尿系感染的病例进行研究,将采集的尿液标本进行病原学培养及药敏试验.结果 共分离出病原菌142株,其中革兰阴性杆菌86株占60.6％,革兰阳性球菌34株占23.9％,真菌22株占15.5％;其中大肠埃希菌41株占28.9％、肠球菌属21株占14.8％、葡萄球菌属13株占9.2％,多为多药耐药菌;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌的检出率为43.9％,未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌.结论 革兰阴性杆菌仍是医院NSICU患者尿路感染的主要病原菌,但肠球菌属、真菌的比例有所增加;病原菌耐药性高,且部分呈多药耐药;需加强病原菌流行病学监测,合理应用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株比例.     

2010年老年科患者常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解老年科患者的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床用药提供参考。方法对2010年1-12月老年科患者临床标本分离出的病原菌种类及药敏结果进行回顾性分析,以WHONET5.4软件进行耐药数据统计。结果共分离出病原菌1822株,革兰阳性球菌占7.4%,革兰阴性菌占76.7%,真菌占15.5%,金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对苯唑西林耐药率分别为89.0%、84.0%,无万古霉素耐药株;革兰阴性杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药,大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类耐药率高达89.1%;产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为67.8%、55.8%,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌等呈多药耐药,对亚胺培南耐药率分别达49.6%、68.3%。结论 2010年医院老年科患者感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,铜绿假单胞菌为主要致病菌;病原菌多药耐药现象严重,应加强病原菌培养及耐药性监测,合理选用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

肿瘤病房常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 及时了解并动态掌握肿瘤病房病原菌分布及耐药趋势,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 回顾性统计分析2009-2010年肿瘤住院患者分离的病原菌菌种和耐药性.结果 2625例肿瘤患者培养标本中,共分离出1210株病原菌,阳性率为46.1％,其中革兰阴性菌743株占61.4％,主要为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,革兰阳性菌312株占25.8％,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌,真菌155株,占12.8％;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出165、44株,检出率为55.7％、47.8％;肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦等酶抑制复合剂的敏感性较好;未分离出耐碳青霉烯酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离出51株,分离率为52.0％;葡萄球菌属对多数抗菌药物耐药率较高,未出现耐万古霉素菌株,肠球菌属耐药严重,屎肠球菌耐药率高于粪肠球菌,真菌对两性霉素B、伏立康唑的耐药性较低.结论 肿瘤病区病原菌耐药性严重,医院应重视病原学及耐药性检测,对控制医院感染及临床合理应用抗菌药物有指导意义.     

重症监护病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 及时了解和动态掌握重症监护病房(ICU)病原菌分布及耐药趋势,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 对2008年由ICU分离出的807株病原菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,采用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 所分离的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主占77.2%,革兰阳性菌为15.7%,其他真菌等为7.1%;革兰阳性菌中非发酵条件致病菌已经成为ICU的主要病原菌;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检出率分别为33.9%和25.9%;革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肠球菌属为主,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为56.9%和70.7%,尚未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌和肠球菌属.结论 加强ICU感染管理以及病原菌耐药情况的监测,合理使用抗菌药物,降低临床感染的发生率和病原菌耐药率.     

2005-2007年临床分离病原菌菌群分布及耐药分析

目的 分析医院临床培养分离出的病原菌分布及耐药情况,了解其变化趋势,为临床的预防和治疗提供可靠依据.方法 对医院2005年1月1日-2007年12月31日分离出的17923株菌株,分析其分布、抗菌药物的耐药情况及变化趋势.结果 排在前9位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌及屎肠球菌;革兰阳性球菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌位居首位,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)呈现下降的趋势,ESBLs+大肠埃希菌呈现逐渐升高的趋势.结论 分离出的病原菌仍然是医院患者的常见感染菌,同时,产ESBLs+大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌呈现逐渐升高的趋势,且对多种抗菌药物耐药,临床上要引起高度的重视.     

医院病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

[目的]通过对某院住院患者中分离所有致病菌进行分析,了解住院患者感染病原菌分布特点和细菌耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据. [方法]用常规方法分离鉴定病原菌,用K-B法做药物敏感试验.[结果]从2004年8月～2007年8月,共检出病原菌2672株,其中革兰阴性杆菌2071株,占77.5%,革兰阳性球菌601株,占22.5%,检出前7位细菌分别为大肠埃希菌,克雷伯菌属,铜绿假单胞菌,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌.金黄色葡萄球菌,鲍曼不动杆菌和肠球菌属.大肠埃希菌中ESBLs检出率为57.8%.克雷伯菌属中ESBLs检出率为74.2%,MRSA检出率为16%,MRCNS检出率为75.2%. [结论]了解该院引起感染病原菌分布特点及耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物以减少耐药菌株产生和医院感染暴发流行.     

医院感染病原菌分布特征及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院感染病原菌的来源分布及耐药性.方法 对2009-2010年医院感染病原菌的来源及药敏结果进行统计分析.结果 进行病原学送检的790例医院感染患者中分离出病原菌509株,以革兰阴性杆菌为主占63.5％,主要是肠杆菌科的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及非发酵菌属的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率为82.3％,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为73.9％,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性较突出,亚胺培南耐药率为34.9％;革兰阳性球菌占21.8％,以表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主,MRSE检出率为87.5％,MRSA检出率为29.4％,未检出耐万古霉素肠球菌.结论 为控制细菌的耐药性,须加强抗菌药物的合理使用;为减少耐药菌的传播,须加强耐药菌的监测和消毒隔离,规范洗手.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.