罗格列酮联合生活方式干预对非酒精性脂肪肝的治疗作用

目的观察罗格列酮联合生活方式干预对非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患者的治疗效果。方法对80例已确诊非酒精性脂肪肝患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各40例,对照组给予生活方式干预,治疗组在生活方式干预治疗基础上加服罗格列酮4mg／次,1次／日,疗程48周。比较两组治疗前后肝酶学、体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、帆脂、血糖、胰岛素以及HOMA胰岛素抵抗指标的变化。结果治疗后两组转氨酶均下降,治疗组降幅高于对照组（P〈0．05）;治疗后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗的指标HOMA—IR和甘油三酯浓度也均见有下降,下降幅度治疗组高于对照组（P〈O．05）。结论对NAFLD患者在进行生活方式干预同时予罗格列酮治疗,改善肝酶学的异常和胰岛素抵抗疗效优于单纯的生活方式干预治疗。     

罗格列酮治疗非酒精性脂肪肝的初步研究

目的评价罗格列酮对非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的作用,观察其疗效。方法选择60例NAFLD患者随机分组,对照组30例,罗格列酮组30例,观察体重指数（BMI）、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素含量（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）等变化。并比较治疗前后肝脾CT比值改变,比较两组疗效。结果与对照组对比,罗格列酮组治疗后,FPG、FINS、HOMA—IR、TC、TG、ALT、AST明显降低,肝脾CT比值明显升高,均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论罗格列酮能改善NAFLD患者的血糖和血脂,改善胰岛素抵抗,逆转肝脂肪变性和NAFLD所致的肝脏酶谱升高。     

2型糖尿病伴非酒精性脂肪肝的危险因素分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）伴非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）患者的相关危险因素.方法 选取T2DM患者122例,根据肝脏彩超检查分为T2DM伴NAFLD组和T2DM不伴NAFLD组.对其腰围、腰臀比（WHR）、BMI、肝功能、血脂、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）进行比较分析.结果 与单纯T2DM组相比,T2DM伴NAFLD组的腰围、WHR、BMI、TC、TG、LDL-C、ALT、HOMA-IR升高（P＜0.05）.多元逐步回归分析显示,TG、腰围、BMI、HOMAIR是NAFLD的独立危险因素.结论 T2DM伴NAFLD患者存在多种代谢异常,其中肥胖、TG、胰岛素抵抗对其影响最大.     

初诊2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的临床分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的临床特征。方法收集初诊2型糖尿病患者,分为合并非酒精性脂肪肝组和单纯2型糖尿病组,进行两组间各指标的比较。结果合并非酒精性脂肪肝组较单纯2型糖尿病组患者的SBP、DBP、空腹血糖（FPG）、2h后血糖（2hPG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）明显升高（P〈0．05）,体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素水平（2hINS）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、1-谷氨酰基转移酶（GGT）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IU）升高尤明显（P〈0．01）,合并代谢综合征、高血压及肥胖例数明显升高。而TC、LDL-C差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论ALT、AST、GGT可能成为非酒精性脂肪肝的临床标志;合并非酒精性脂肪肝的患者具有更严重的胰岛素抵抗、高血压及肥胖倾向,与代谢综合征密切相关。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝临床分析

目的:分析2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的临床特征,探讨T2DM合并NAFLD的危险因素. 方法:将165例T2DM患者根据B超检查是否脂肪肝分为NAFLD组(80例)和非脂肪肝 (NFLD) 组(85例),统计分析2组临床指标.结果:T2DM合并NAFLD的体重指数(BMI)、腰围、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2小时血糖(2HPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后2小时胰岛素(2HPINS)、空腹C肽(FCP)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)明显升高(P<0.05).结论:BMI、腰围、FPG、2HPG、TG、DBP是T2DM合并NAFLD的主要影响因素,T2DM合并NAFLD存在着明显的胰岛素抵抗,提示胰岛素抵抗在NAFLD的发病中具有十分重要的地位.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与胰岛素抵抗关系及超敏C反应蛋白在其临床分型上作用

目的探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）患者胰岛素抵抗（IR）的关系及超敏c反应蛋白（hs—CRP）水平对非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝（NAFL）和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）的鉴别诊断作用。方法随机选择符合非酒精性脂肪性肝病临床诊断标准的NAFLD患者132例,按临床分型标准分为NAFL组82例,NASH组50例;同时选择50例健康人为对照组。分别观察三组空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及hs—CRP水平,并采用稳态模式评估法（HOMA）计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）。结果①FINS与HOMA—IR在对照组与二组NAFLD之间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,NAFLD与HOMA—IR呈正相关关系。②NASH组hs—CRP比NAFL组高,两者比较差异有非常显著性意义（P〈0．01）。结论①IR是NAFLD的独立危险因素,是非酒精性单纯脂肪肝的主要表现。②检测hs—CRP对非酒精性单纯脂肪肝和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎具有鉴别诊断的作用。     

非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病高胰岛素血症与脂肪肝关系的研究

对非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（NIDDM）合并脂肪肝患者进行血浆胰岛素、血脂测定，并与NIDDM无脂肪肝患者作临床对照研究，结果显示：NIDDM患者合并脂肪肝组空腹胰岛素水平明显增高（P＜0．01），与血浆甘油三酯增高呈正相关（P＜0．05），与空腹血糖及血浆胆固醇无关（P＞0．05）。提示高胰岛素血症可视为NIDDM患者脂肪肝形成的一个独立危险因素。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血浆 IL－1β水平变化与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的：探讨妊娠糖尿病患者血浆白介素－1β（IL－1β）水平的变化及与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法选取妊娠糖尿病组（GDM）65例,正常对照组（NC）55例,同时采集病史、进行体格检查并留取血浆,测定其空腹血糖、胰岛素、血脂和空腹 IL－1β的水平,采用 HOMA－IR 模型公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数,两因素间关系采用 Pearson 相关分析,多个变量间的分析采用多元逐步回归分析。结果 GDM 组 Fins、HOMA－IR 指数较 NC 组增高（ P ＜0．05）,HOMA－β指数较 NC 组降低（ P ＜0．05）,空腹血浆 IL－1β水平 GDM 组显著高于 NC 组（ P ＜0．01）;相关分析 HOMA－IR 指数与IL－1β、SBP、DBP、Fins、FPG、TC、TG、LDL－C 及 apo－B 呈正相关关系（ P ＜0．05）,与 HDL－C 呈负相关关系（ P ＜0．05）。校正 WHR 及 BMI 的影响后,HOMA－IR 指数与 IL－1β、DBP、Fins、FPG、TC、TG 及 LDL－C 呈正相关关系（ P ＜0．05）;与HDL－C 呈负相关关系（ P ＜0．05）。结论妊娠糖尿病患者血浆 IL－1β水平升高可间接反应胰岛素抵抗程度。     

胰岛素抵抗、高脂血症、体重指数与2型糖尿病脂肪肝的关系探讨

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗、高脂血症、体重指数与2型糖尿病脂肪肝（DFL）的关系。方法对2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝的患者进行身高、体重、空腹血糖（FBG）、血脂（TG、TC、HDL、LDL）、血浆胰岛素（FINS）测定,计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）、体重指数（BMI）,同时检查是否合并其他的糖尿病慢性并发症,并与2型糖尿病非脂肪肝患者进行比较。结果2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝组与未并发脂肪肝组相比TG、TC、LDL、FINS、FBG、BMI均升高,HDL、ISI降低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论2型糖尿病合并脂肪肝患者存在脂代谢紊乱、胰岛素抵抗及超重,而且大血管的并发症发生率较高。对2型糖尿病尽可能防止高胰岛素血症,控制血糖,维持正常血脂,减少胰岛素抵抗（IR）,对预防和减少2型糖尿病脂肪肝的发生具有重要临床意义。     

2型糖尿病患者非酒精性脂肪肝患病率及其相关危险因素研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的患病率及其相关危险因素。方法选取2012年1—12月2型糖尿病患者210例,与同期健康体检者212例（健康对照组,A组）,根据有无高尿酸血症将2型糖尿病患者分为糖尿病组（B组,62例）,糖尿病并发高尿酸血症组（C组,148例）。测定三组体质量指数（BMI）、三酰甘油（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、血尿酸（UA）、空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FiNs）或C肽、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（AIJT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）,采用B型超声定性测定脂肪肝的有无,稳态模型评估法（HOMA）评估胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA．IR）,比较各组NAFLD惠病率及生化指标。结果B、C组NAFLD患病率均显著高于A组;A组血UA、FINs或C肽、TG、BMI、Hcy、HOMA．IR显著低于其他两组,而HDL显著高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义（火O．05）;B组及C组TC、ALT、LDL显著高于A组,C组AST显著高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归结果显示,BMI、HOMA—IR、TG、血UA是NAFLD的独立危险因素f比值比（OR）=1．204、1．335、1．452和1．006．P〈O．051。结论2型糖尿病患者NAFLD患病率明显升高,尤其是合并高尿酸血症：HOMA—IR、BMI、UA、TG是2型糖尿病患者发生NAFLD的独立危险因素。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.