糖基化终末产物对破骨细胞骨吸收功能的影响祆

目的观察糖基化终末产物(AGEs)对破骨细胞骨吸收功能的影响.方法用人血清白蛋白和葡萄糖恒温孵育制备人AGEs,采用甲苯胺蓝染色和图像分析评价AGE对破骨细胞形成骨吸收陷窝的影响.结果低浓度AGEs(50～200 μg/ml)对骨吸收陷窝的面积和数目无明显影响;只有高浓度AGEs(500～1000 μg/ml)才能促进骨吸收陷窝面积的扩大和数目增加(P＜0.05).结论 AGE可能促进破骨细胞的骨吸收功能.     

降钙素对体外培养破骨细胞功能的影响

目的　观察降钙素对体外培养破骨细胞功能以及成骨细胞的骨保护素 (OPG)、细胞核因子 κB受体活化因子配基 (RANKL)的表达的影响。方法　分别用酶消化法和机械分离获得新生SD大鼠成骨细胞、破骨细胞 ,在培养液中分别加入不同浓度的降钙素 ,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶 (TRAP)染色观察破骨细胞数目、形态 ,Image ProPlus图像软件分析骨片上骨吸收陷窝的数目和面积。用RT PCR方法观察成骨细胞OPG、RANKL的表达。结果　各组破骨细胞数目随着降钙素浓度增加而减少 (P <0 .0 5 )。骨片培养5天 ,吸收陷窝计数的结果显示 ,10 -14 mol/L以上浓度降钙素对破骨细胞吸收功能均有明显抑制作用 ,并呈剂量相关性。 10 -12 mol/L组陷窝面积为对照组的 49% (P <0 .0 1) ,10 -8mol/L组为对照组的 3 0 % (P <0 .0 1)。降钙素组破骨细胞OPGmRNA表达较对照组升高 ,RANKL降低 (均P <0 .0 5 )。结论　除了直接作用于破骨细胞外 ,降钙素还通过影响成骨细胞上OPG、RANKL的分泌间接调控破骨细胞功能 ,抑制骨吸收。     

雌激素对体外培养破骨细胞功能的影响

目的　探讨雌激素对体外培养破骨细胞功能的影响。　方法　利用酶动力学法测定培养基中酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶 (TRAP)活性 ;共聚焦显微镜观察破骨细胞内氢离子随雌激素浓度的变化情况 ;LeicaQuantimet 5 0 0图像分析系统对骨吸收陷窝进行图像分析 ;扫描电镜观察骨吸收陷窝变化。　结果　随着雌激素浓度的升高 ,处理组与对照组ACP和TRAP的活性分别从(1 6 9± 0 13)U/L和 (1 6 0± 0 14)U/L降低到 (1 16± 0 31)U/L和 (0 93± 0 34)U/L(均为P <0 0 1) ,骨吸收陷窝的数目与面积从 (13 2 5± 1 5 2 )个 /片和 (4 82 2 7± 2 2 5 2 3) μm2 减少到 (4 6 8± 0 2 4)个 /片与(35 6 35± 145 41) μm2 ,处理组与对照组比较差异具有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1)。破骨细胞相对荧光值经过短暂的下降后持续上升 ,在第 12 0 0s时达到最高值。　结论　雌激素能够抑制氢离子释放 ,同时能改变ACP和TRAP活性 ,因而能直接抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收功能。     

葡萄糖对大鼠骨髓破骨细胞骨吸收功能的影响

目的 观察葡萄糖对大鼠骨髓破骨细胞骨吸收功能的影响,探讨糖尿病骨质疏松的发病机制.方法 用巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、RANKL诱导大鼠骨髓单个核细胞分化为破骨细胞,同时给予不同浓度的葡萄糖(0、5.5、15、25 mmol/L)干预,通过观察骨吸收陷窝数量和面积比及破骨细胞膜表面整合索αvβ3(CD61)表达水平分析葡萄糖对破骨细胞骨吸收功能的影响.结果 (1)高糖(25 mmoL/L)组培养7 d骨吸收陷窝数量和面积比与其他3组相比明显增多(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).(2)高糖组破骨细胞膜表面CD61表达量及平均荧光强度3 d时与其他3组相比均明显上调(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);5、7 d时与对照组(0 mmol/L)相比明显上调(P＜0.05).结论 高糖可增强破骨细胞的骨吸收功能,这可能是糖尿病骨质疏松的发病机制之一.     

IGF-Ⅰ对破骨细胞骨吸收的促进作用依赖于成骨细胞的协同

目的 探讨胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ)对破骨细胞骨吸收的促进作用是否需要成骨细胞的协同.方法 体外培养MC3T3小鼠成骨细胞及NF-κB受体的配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)诱导分化成熟的破骨细胞,分别给予重组人胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(rhIGF-Ⅰ)进行干预,Western印迹检测IGF-Ⅰ受体的活化情况.以0、10 ng/ml的rhIGF-Ⅰ直接干预破骨细胞或与成骨细胞在Transwell双层培养板中共培养的破骨细胞,MTT法测定破骨细胞增殖;流式细胞仪检测破骨细胞凋亡率;实时PCR检测组织蛋白酶K基因的表达.将不同方式干预的破骨细胞接种在骨磨片上,光镜观察骨吸收陷窝的形成.结果 在成骨细胞、破骨细胞表面均检测到可被IGF-Ⅰ激活的IGF-Ⅰ受体.仅在成骨细胞、破骨细胞共培养时rhIGF-Ⅰ能够促进破骨细胞活细胞的增殖(P＜0.05);抑制破骨细胞的凋亡(P＜0.05);上调组织蛋白酶K基因的表达(P＜0.05);增加骨吸收陷窝的数量及面积.IGF-Ⅰ对单独培养的破骨细胞则作用不明显.结论 IGF-Ⅰ对破骨细胞骨吸收的促进作用需要成骨细胞的协同.     

骨片吸收陷窝光镜计数法定量测定破骨细胞功能

目的检测体外培养破骨细胞(OC)的骨吸收功能。方法应用改良的Fenton等人的方法，接种大鼠OC于骨片上培养，不同时间取骨片超声去除细胞后，甲苯胺蓝染色．光学显微镜下可见骨吸收陷窝呈多种形态蓝紫色异染，并根据骨片上陷窝的数目定量OC的骨吸收能力。结果经与扫描电镜观察结果比较，证明该骨吸收陷窝计数法衡量体外培养破骨细胞(OC)的骨吸收能力，可靠简便快速。结论应用此方法可表明益钙宁（eCT)对OC骨吸收功能有明显抑制作用。     

类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞向破骨细胞分化实验研究

目的观察类风湿关节炎(RA)滑膜组织中破骨细胞来源以及核因子κB受体活化子配体(RANKL)在诱导破骨细胞分化过程中的作用。方法取6例RA和6名正常关节的滑膜组织,用胶原酶消化法获得滑膜细胞,通过免疫磁珠法分选获得CD68+/-滑膜细胞。用外源性RANKL16μg/L、巨细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)25μg/L及地塞米松醋酸酯1×10-8mol/L诱导各组滑膜细胞分化。通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色、降钙素受体(CTR)免疫荧光检测、骨吸收陷窝形成方法鉴定破骨细胞。并在RA滑膜CD68+细胞中加入0~8ng/ml梯度浓度的RANKL,观察不同浓度RANKL对RA滑膜CD68+细胞分化的影响。结果RA滑膜CD68+细胞在RANKL诱导14d后,RA滑膜CD68+细胞组出现CTR阳性、TRAP染色阳性细胞并有骨吸收陷窝形成。RA滑膜CD68+细胞在体外经RANKL诱导后分化形成的破骨细胞功能与RANKL剂量有关。结论RA滑膜组织中前体破骨细胞来源于滑膜CD68+细胞,在体外RANKL诱导下可以分化为成熟破骨细胞。RANKL体外诱导剂量影响RA滑膜CD68+细胞分化功能。     

大鼠破骨细胞数量和功能的增龄性变化

目的　探讨大鼠破骨细胞生物学功能的增龄变化规律。　方法　SD大鼠以月龄划分为 7组 :<2 4h及 1、3、7、12、16和 18月龄组 ,由大鼠腰椎椎体分离破骨细胞体外培养 ,采用抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色、吸收陷窝定量分析技术和RT PCR等手段 ,比较各组大鼠破骨细胞的数量、骨吸收功能和功能酶转录水平的变化。　结果　多核破骨细胞数量呈双峰样改变 ,峰值分别为 3月龄的113～ 132个 /孔和 16月龄的 10 6～ 14 7个 /孔 ;细胞丰度于 3月龄后开始减低 ,16月龄有小幅反弹 ,由12月龄的 8%～ 9%升高至 12 %～ 35 % ;融合指数与月龄呈正相关 (r =0 73～ 0 85 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;吸收陷窝面积 3月龄后持续缩小 ;组织蛋白酶K、质子泵 116亚基mRNA水平由 3月龄峰值缓慢下调 ,基质金属蛋白酶 9转录水平维持恒定。　结论　破骨细胞数量和功能随增龄呈现阶段性特征 ,骨吸收存在 3、16月龄的 2次活跃 ,第 2次激活的特点和机制有待进一步研究。     

蛇床子素对NFATc1基因表达及破骨细胞分化的影响

目的研究蛇床子素(osthole,OST)对破骨细胞形成和骨吸收的影响,并初步分析其分子机制。方法体外构建破骨细胞诱导培养体系,通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)法、骨吸收陷窝扫描电镜观察鉴定成熟破骨细胞,采用CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8)法筛选无细胞毒性的药物浓度组,使用细胞骨架荧光染色法观察OST对其形态的影响。使用骨吸收陷窝甲苯胺蓝染色进行面积定量分析,并统计吖啶橙荧光染色后凋亡破骨细胞的比例,采用荧光定量PCR法测定OST对NFATc1等相关破骨基因表达的影响。结果体外成功构建破骨细胞培养体系,通过CCK-8法筛选出10-6、10-5mol/L两组药物浓度。OST可使破骨细胞肌动蛋白环变细,伪足和褶皱区消失。OST 0、10-6、10-5mol/L组TRAP染色阳性数目分别为104. 6±4. 5、80. 4±3. 7、58. 2±3. 1,融合指数分别为(44. 3±3. 3)%、(20. 3±0. 9)%、(12. 6±0. 6)%,各浓度组组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05);该3组诱导的破骨细胞产生的骨陷窝数目为41. 67±1. 16、34. 01±2. 65、26. 33±4. 16,骨陷窝面积(μm2/片)分别为1 445 942. 0±164 150. 0、904 080. 8±47 346. 0、641 049. 1±1 993. 0,各浓度组组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05);该三组破骨细胞凋亡率分别为:26. 3%、30. 1%、37. 2%,OST组凋亡率较对照组明显升高,且差异有统计学意义(P0. 05),但两浓度组之间差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。RANKL诱导后NFATc1、CTSK、MMP-9、TRAP、INTE-BETA3、C-SRC的mRNA表达量分别为空白组的2. 147±0. 246、30. 5±1. 643、43. 54±2. 908、9. 116±0. 392、6. 664±0. 395、4. 131±0. 408倍,与空白组相比表达量均明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0. 01);OST干预后,各组表达量均受到明显抑制,OST组表达量与RANKL对照组相比差异也均具有统计学意义(P0. 05)。除了NFATc1外,两浓度组组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论 OST可以通过调控NFATc1等破骨基因表达抑制破骨细胞的分化。     

Light诱导类风湿关节炎滑膜细胞向破骨细胞转化

目的 观察Light在类风湿关节炎(RA)滑膜细胞向破骨细胞转化过程中的作用.方法 取8例RA患者滑膜组织,胶原酶消化获取滑膜细胞,每例滑膜细胞分成5份培养,第1组加入巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(MCSF)作阴性对照,第2组加入MCSF和LIGHT,第3组加入MCSF和核因子(NF)-κB受体激动剂配体(RANKL),第4组加入MCSF、LIGHT和RANKL,第5组加入LIGHT.体外培养2周后,行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色,F肌动蛋白(F-actin)染色以及象牙片上骨吸收陷窝观察破骨细胞的形成和活性.结果 第1组和第5组TRAP(-),F-actin(-),象牙片上无骨吸收陷窝形成;第2组TRAP(+),F-actin(+),骨陷窝形成(+),多核破骨细胞呈圆形和椭圆形,体积较小,骨陷窝分散,体积较小;第3组TRAP(++).F-actin(++),骨陷窝形成(++),多核破骨细胞体积大,骨陷窝较多,体积大,形态不规则;第4组TRAP(+++),F-actin(+++),骨陷窝形成(++++),多核破骨细胞更多,骨陷窝大且有融合趋势.结论 Light能诱导RA滑膜细胞向破骨细胞转化,并能促进RANKL诱导滑膜细胞向破骨细胞转化的能力.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.