贵州省1999年常规免疫接种率监测评价

贵州省 1999年常规免疫接种率监测及评价结果显示 :基础免疫卡介苗 (BCG)、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗 (OPV)、百白破混合制剂 (DPT)、麻疹疫苗 (MV)、乙型病毒性肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗的报告接种率分别为 94 9%、 98 4%、 96 3%、 98 1%和89 5 % ,估算接种率分别为 :70 2 %、 76 9%、 72 9%、 83 7%和 6 6 % ;加强免疫 (或复种 )中 7岁的OPV、MV、白喉破伤风二联类毒素 (DT)的报告接种率分别为 95 5 %、 94 5 %和 89 2 % ,估算接种率分别为 39 4%、 45 0 %和 31 3 % ;2岁的DPT加强免疫报告接种率为 95 0 % ,估算接种率为 73 9%。全省差值 (D)评价 ,报告接种率MV为“可疑” ,BCG、OPV、DPT、乙肝疫苗为“不可信” ;比值 (R)评价 3BCG/OPV与 3BCG/DPT为“可信” ,3MV/OPV与 3MV/DPT为“可疑”。用常规免疫、强化免疫和全省抽样调查出生率三方面的资料进行分析 ,提示 :流动儿童和超生、超龄儿童的摸底调查是计划免疫工作的难点 ,是导致我省常规免疫接种率偏低的主要原因     

聊城市2005年常规基础免疫接种率监测结果评价

[目的]评价常规基础免疫接种率监测结果。[方法]对聊城市2005年常规免疫接种率报表进行估算接种率、差值（D值）评价、比值（R值）评价。[结果]2005年“五苗”常规免疫报告接种率BCG为99．66％，OPV为99．69％，DPT为99．48％，MV为99．16％，HBV为99．67％；估算接种率BCG为85．93％，OPV为85．58％，DPT为82．48％，MV为81．15％，HBV为77．29％。报告接种率经D值评价，BCG、OPV属于可疑，DPT、MV、HBV属于不可信；经R值评价，R3为可疑，其他为可信。[结论]聊城市常规基础免疫报告接种率可信度较低。     

天津市红桥区1998～2002年常规免疫接种率报告与监测评价

目的评价红桥区常规免疫接种率的报告情况,以掌握免疫接种月报存在的问题.方法对红桥区1998～2002年常规免疫监测报表进行统计分析.结果口服脊髓灰质炎(OPV)、百白破(DPT)、麻疹疫苗(MV)、乙型肝炎疫苗HBV平均报告接种率分别为99.85%、99.86%、99.82%、99.85%,历年估算接种率范围分别为93.99%～99.91%、94.90%～99.91%、93.27%～99.63%、87.93%～97.62%.全区D值评价OPV、DPT、MV总体是可信的,乙型肝炎报告接种率40%可信,60%报告接种率可疑.比值R＝3 MV/OPV或DPT/OPV总体是可信的.结论流动儿童摸底调查是计划免疫工作重点,公安、统计、卫生各部门人口资料统计方法的整和是科学评价常规免疫监测的关键.统估算应种数＝出生数 流动儿童数,正确估算应种数是做好常规免疫监测评价的关键.     

2016年云南省普洱市常规免疫接种率监测结果评价分析

目的 了解云南省普洱市2016年常规免疫接种率监测工作情况,评价分析其常规免疫接种率水平、接种率质量并分析原因。方法 选取普洱市2016年EPI报告卡介苗（BCG）、乙肝疫苗（HepB）、脊灰疫苗（OPV）、百白破疫苗（DPT）和A群流脑疫苗（MPV - A）常规免疫接种数据,采用估算接种率、D值法、R值法、脱漏率等方法对报告接种率的可靠性进行评价分析。结果 普洱市2016年常规免疫接种率监测报告县、乡两级报告率都为100%;普洱市10县（区）BCG、HepB、OPV、DPT和MPV - A疫苗报告接种率在97.07%～100.00%之间,估算接种率在52.68%～175.60%之间。D 值评价,全市BCG为可信,OPV为可疑,HepB、DPT和MPV - A为不可信。R值评价,全市3BCG/HepB、3BCG/OPV、3BCG/DPT均为可疑。脱漏率评价,全市DPT、HepB 和OPV脱漏率都大于或接近10%。结论 普洱市常规免疫接种率保持在较高水平, R值评价、D值评价及脱漏率评价都提示可能存在接种率虚高与接种不完整的问题。     

包头市2010-2011年常规免疫接种率监测结果

目的了解包头市12个月龄儿童常规基础免疫接种情况,来促进免疫规划工作的平衡开展。方法利用估算接种率、差值(D值)、比值(R)值等方法,对包头市2010-2011年度12个月龄儿童常规免疫接种率报告进行综合评价。结果 5种疫苗累计报告接种率均达到98%以上,通过比较报告接种率与估算接种率两者的差距计算差值(D),评价报告接种率的可信性。D值显示:2010-2011年BCG、OPV、DPT为不可信,MV、HepB为可信。通过比较各疫苗间的应种人数计算比值(R)。R值显示:3BCG/OPV、3BCG/DPT、3BCG/HepB为可信,2010年3MV/OPV、3MV/DPT3、MV/HepB为不可信,2011年3MV/OPV、3MV/DPT3、MV/HepB为可信。结论通过加强流动儿童管理,注重对免疫规划管理人员的培训等措施,可有效提高儿童常规免疫接种率水平。     

2010年大连市常规免疫监测结果分析

目的评价大连市2010年常规免疫监测系统,分析存在问题及影响因素。方法采用差值（D）和比值（R）的计算,对大连市2010年常规免疫报告接种率真实性进行评价。结果大连市2010年常规免疫报告及时率和完整率均为100％。卡介苗（BCG）、乙肝疫苗（HepB3）、脊灰疫苗（OPV3）、百白破疫苗（DPT3）和麻疹疫苗（MV）报告接种率均在99％以上。D值显示,大连市BCG和HepB3为“可疑”,其他均为“可信”。R值评价,3MV／OPV3和OPV3／DTP3为“可信”;3BCG／HepB3为“可疑”;3BCG／OPV3为“不可信”。结论大连市2010年常规免疫监测系统报告接种率真实性较高。     

深圳市宝安区2000-2004年儿童基础免疫接种率评价

目的 了解深圳市宝安区常规免疫接种现状，评价2000-2004年报告接种率情况。方法 按《全国常规免疫接种率监测方案》的方法进行接种率评价。结果 全区2000-2004年卡介苗（BCG）、脊灰疫苗（OPV）、百白破疫苗（DPT）、麻疹疫苗（MV）及乙肝疫苗（HBV）基础免疫报告接种率均达到85．00％以上，估算接种率为81.38％～158．00％。报告接种率与估算接种率的差距（D值评价）显示，5年来基础免疫各种疫苗接种率均存在可疑和不可信情况。比值（R）评价显示，各种疫苗应种人数存在一定差距。结论 流动人口的免疫接种始终是广东省计划免疫工作的重点和难点，D值和R值可疑和不可信的主要原因是宝安区外来儿童的频繁流动引起的，主动掌握这部分儿童的人数和提高这部分人的接种率是提高全区儿童免疫接种率的关键。     

上海市松江区2007年常规免疫接种率监测与评价

接种率报告是免疫规划的基本工作，也是进行监测和评价的基础。为了解上海市松江区常规免疫接种率的报告情况，及时掌握我区国家免疫规划疫苗接种中存在的问题，现将2007年卡介苗（BCG）、乙型肝炎疫苗（HBV）、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗（OPV）、百白破联合疫苗（DPT）、麻疹疫苗（MV）的常规免疫接种率监测结果评价如下。     

红塔区常规免疫接种率监测评价

对红塔区 2 0 0 1年常规免疫接种率监测结果分析表明基础免疫 BCG报告接种率为“可疑”,OPV、DPT、MV、HAB为“可信”:加强免疫 4岁组 MV、7岁组 OPV、MV为“可疑”,1.5～ 2岁的 OPV、DPT、MV和 4岁组 OPV为“可信”:比值 (R)评价 ,基础免疫均为“可信”,加强免疫 1.5岁 R1 (M/ D)、R2 (M/ O)、R3(O/ D)和 4岁 R4 (M/ O)为“可信”,7岁组 R5(M/ O)为“可疑”。通过 D值和 R值的综合分析评价 ,提示应种儿童的流动、工作责任心和人员素质是影响我区常规接种率报告质量的原因。     

2008—2013年大连市常规免疫接种率监测结果评价

目的掌握2008—2013年大连市常规免疫接种率报告及监测状况。方法对大连市2008—2013年BCG、HBV、OPV、DPT和MV监测结果进行分析,采用差值（D）和比值（R）对报告接种率的真实性进行评价。结果大连市2008—2013年以区、县为单位报告完整性为100%;BCG、HBV3、OPV3、DPT3和MV报告接种率均在99%以上;D值评价的5种疫苗中,可信所占比例仅为23.33%,可疑所占比例为50%,不可信占26.67%。全市报告接种率的R值评价,可信所占比例为16.67%,可疑占45.83%,不可信占37.5%。结论 2008—2013年大连市常规免疫监测系统数据监测真实性较差,流动儿童的管理仍然是重点。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.