营养干预对老年糖尿病患者血糖影响

目的：研究营养干预模式对老年糖尿病血糖水平的影响效果。方法：选取2011年5月-2013年6月期间在我院住院的78例老年糖尿病为研究对象,采用随机数字法分为观察组（n=40）和对照组（n=38）,对照组给予传统营养教育,观察组给予连续营养干预,比较两组患者的血糖水平,统计干预期间并发症情况。结果：干预后,两组患者空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平,观察组（6．23±1．02）mmol／L、（5．56±1．02）mmol／L、（5．12±0．34）％均低于对照组（6．88±1．25）mmol／L、（7．14±1．05）mmol／L、（5．52±0．38）％,（P〈0．05）;干预期间,观察组并发率（5．26％）显著低于对照组（13．15％）,（P〈0．05）结论：连续营养干预模式可有效控制老年糖尿病血糖水平,改善并发症率,值得推广。     

系统健康教育对初发糖尿病患者服药依从性、血糖控制的影响

目的研究系统健康教育对初发糖尿病患者服药依从性、血糖控制的影响。方法对初发糖尿病人院的患者进行一般健康教育后分为系统健康教育组（96例）和对照组（71例）,分别于入选后的1、3个月对患者服药情况和血糖情况进行随访对比。结果出院1个月后系统健康教育组服药依从性为81．2％（78／96）,空腹血糖为（6．80±1．23）mmol／L,而对照组分别为64．8％（46／71）和（7．30±1．37）mmol/L,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。出院3个月后系统健康教育组服药依从性为71．9％（69／96）,空腹血糖为（7．20±1．45）mmol／L,而对照组分别为47．9％（34／71）和（8．10±1．72）mmol]L,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论系统健康教育可以明显提高初发糖尿病患者服药依从性,可以更好地控制血糖水平。     

医院-社区-家庭一体化管理对糖尿病患者血糖和血脂控制的效果观察

目的观察医院-社区-家庭一体化管理对糖尿病患者血糖、糖化血红蛋白和血脂水平的影响,改善社区糖尿病控制效果。方法选择2010年1月至2012年1月确诊为2型糖尿病的150例患者,将患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组75例,对照组患者按常规的社区糖尿病管理方法管理,观察组进行医院-社区-家庭一体化管理,两组均干预1年,干预前后空腹抽血检测血糖（空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖）、糖化血红蛋白及血脂水平,进行患者满意度调查。结果观察组干预后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）均较干预前明显改善[（6．32±1．02）mmol／L比（9．43±2．42）mmol／L、（9．03±2．78）mmol／L比（12．93±5．48）mmol／L、（6．02±0．66）％比（8．39±1．62）％、（1．86±1．52）mmol／L比（3．21±1．61）mmol／L、（1．67±0．36）mmol／L比（1．28±0．41）mmol／L],差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,对照组仅空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白较干预前明显改善[（6．89±1．57）mmol／L比（9．34士3．04）mmol／L、（7．83±1．12）％比（8．31±1．75）％],差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,观察组干预后餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、TG明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组和对照组患者满意度分别为73．33％（55/75）、32．00％（24/75）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论医院-社区-家庭一体化管理能够更加系统、规范地防治糖尿病,有效改善血糖、糖化血红蛋白和血脂水平,尤其利于TG、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白的下降,有助于稳定病情,降低并发症,值得在诊治社区糖尿病中应用推广。     

糖化血红蛋白测定在糖尿病诊断中的临床意义

目的：探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbAIc）在糖尿病患者临床诊断中的应用价值,以及与空腹血糖、血糖水平的相关性分析。方法：选取糖尿病患者120例作为糖尿病组,120例健康人群120例作为健康对照组,测定空腹血糖、HbAlc水平。结果：糖尿病组空腹血糖（10．07±4．37）mmol／L显著高于对照组空腹血糖（5．23±1．33）mmol／L,对比差异有意义（p〈0．05）;糖尿病组HbAlc（8．24±2．34）％显著高于对照组HbAlc（5．54±1．46）％,对比差异有意义（P〈0．05）;糖尿病组空腹血糖与HbAlc测定水平表现为正相关。结论：糖化血红蛋白水平可充分反应血糖变化,且与空腹血糖、血糖水平均表现为正相关,故糖尿病诊断中,具有非常重要的临床意义和实用价值。     

胰岛素强化治疗在腹部手术患者肠外营养中的应用

目的：探讨腹部手术患者肠外营养（TPN）中使用胰岛素强化治疗（IIT）的效果及并发症。方法：选择2005年1月～2008年1月期间在我院行腹部手术后应用肠外营养患者52例,随机分成传统治疗组（对照组）和胰岛素强化治疗组（治疗组）。对照组28例,治疗组24例。两组间一般资料差异无统计学意义。对照组给予常规胰岛素治疗,控制血糖〈11．0mmol／L。治疗组给予胰岛素强化治疗,血糖控制在4．4-6．1mmol／L。观察7天。比较两组病人死亡率、肺部感染、消化道出血、伤口感染及低血糖反应发生率。结果：治疗组发生低血糖1例（3．57％）;对照组为1例（4．17％）,低血糖发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。治疗组术后切口感染率、术口愈合障碍率、肺部感染、消化道出血及死亡率均低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：腹部手术后肠外营养患者应用胰岛素强化治疗,与传统胰岛素治疗相比低血糖反应及死亡率并不增多,而且可以减少术后切口感染、切口愈合障碍、肺部感染、消化道出血等并发症,值得在临床中推广应用。     

甘精胰岛素对糖尿病腹部手术病人围手术期血糖控制的观察

目的观察甘精胰岛素治疗2型糖尿病腹部手术病人围手术期血糖控制的效果和安全性。方法36例2型糖尿病腹部手术病人随机分为A、B2组进行胰岛素治疗，A组为甘精胰岛素治疗组（n=20）；B组为胰岛素泵治疗组（n=16），2组治疗目标末梢血糖值为空腹≤7．0mmol／L和餐后2h血糖≤11．1mmol／L。结果2组患者都达到目标血糖值，血糖达标时间无差异，低血糖发生率差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论甘精胰岛素可以有效控制糖尿病手术患者围手术期血糖。保证了手术的实施和术后伤口的愈合。     

老年糖尿病胰岛素抵抗与脂代谢紊乱

目的：探讨老年糖尿病患胰岛素抵抗与脂代谢紊乱之间的关系。方法P：测定118例老年糖尿病患空腹血糖，血脂，载脂蛋白，胰岛素并与90例非糖尿病人作对照，糖尿病患被分为胰岛素抵抗组与非胰岛素抵抗组。结果：（1）胰岛素抵抗组的TG，CH，LDL，VLDL水平与非糖尿病人组及非胰岛素抵抗组相比显升高（P＜0．01）。（2）非胰岛素抵抗组与非糖尿病组相比CH明显升高（P＜0．05），结论：老年糖尿病胰岛素抵抗与脂代谢紊乱密切相关。     

2型糖尿病与活动性巨细胞病毒感染关系的探讨

目的：探讨2型糖尿病与活动性巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染的关系。方法：应用PCR技术和ELISA法分别检测47例2型糖尿病病人的血清中CMV DNA和CMV－IgM。以MCVDNA（或）CMV－IgM阳性为活动性CMV感染诊断指标。结果：PCR技术和ELISA法检测结果具有高度一致性（P＜0．001）。2型糖尿病病人活动性CMV感染率（53．19％）显著高于对照组（21．88％）（P＜0．01）,且活动性感染的病人中病程长于6个月者占72％。血糖水平较高的病人活动性CMV感染率与血糖水平较低者比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。结论：2型糖尿病病人中存在较高的再发感染,这可能与2型糖尿病发病有关。     

即时检验血糖仪检测指尖血及静脉全血血糖的临床分析

目的：探讨即时检验血糖仪指尖和静脉全血的血糖检验结果。方法：对来我院诊断、治疗的150例糖尿病患者相关资料进行分析,将其随机分为两组。对照组采用静脉全血检测,实验组采用指尖采血检测,比较两组不同方法检测结果。结果：实验组血糖检测指标为（9．92±5．04）mmol／L,高于对照组（9．42±4．37）mmol／L（P〈0．05）;实验组偏倚率为-1.5％,低于对照组（-13．9％）（P〈0．05）。结论：糖尿病发病率较高,临床上采用即时检验血糖仪指尖和静脉全血检测血糖都能取得良好效果,但是即时检验血糖仪指尖指标更符合要求,准确度更高,值得推广使用。     

糖尿病人胃排空检查和普瑞博思疗效观察

本文采用标准试验餐加固体小钡条作胃排空检查以观察糖尿病人胃排空状态及糖尿病伴胃轻瘫病人普瑞博思治疗效果。结果显示：（１）糖尿病人胃排空障碍发生率３８８９％，与正常对照组相比有非常显著差异（Ｐ＜０．００５，ｘ２值为１０．９３）；（２）糖尿病伴胃轻瘫组与糖尿病无胃轻瘫组相比，具有病程长、血糖水平高的特点；（３）普瑞博思１０ｍｇ，３次／日治疗两周后，糖尿病伴胃轻瘫病人的胃排空时间明显缩短，胃轻瘫症状评分明显下降（Ｐ值分别为＜０．０１和＜０．００１）。结论：胃轻瘫是糖尿病常见的并发症之一，多见于病程长、血糖水平高的病人，普瑞博思是治疗糖尿病性胃轻瘫的有效药物。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.