与人工髓核置换相关的国人腰椎间盘结构测量

背景：临床多根据影像资料中腰椎间盘径线尺寸来选择假体型号和预计置入数量。 目的：以X射线片和MRI测量分析正常人腰椎间隙高度、腰椎间盘及髓核径线,获取与人工髓核假体相关的椎间盘基础数据。 方法：随机抽取157名正常成年人标准腰椎侧位X射线片,测量腰椎间隙前缘、中点和后缘高度。随机抽取106名正常成年人腰椎MRI片,测量椎间盘及髓核的横径和矢状径。 结果与结论：①X射线片：椎间隙自上而下逐渐增宽,腰椎间隙后高较低,近50%的L2/3、L3/4、L4/5椎间隙后高和约39.5%的L5/S1椎间隙后高位于7~9 mm区间。②MRI片：腰椎间盘横径和矢状径从L2/3至L5/S1依次增大。约46.7%的椎间盘矢状径大于37 mm,仅49.0%的髓核矢状径大于24 mm;本组髓核平均横径33.5 mm,平均矢状径23.4 mm。髓核矢状径均大于12 mm。约22.9%的髓核矢状径大于24 mm。提示多数国内患者需行单枚PDN假体置入,7 mm为最适用的PDN假体高度,临床不宜将椎间盘矢状径大于37 mm作为国人PDN假体置入数量的术前预评价指标。     

正常成人腰椎间盘相关参数的测量和意义

目的　测量正常成人腰椎间盘相关参数,为设计符合国人腰椎结构特征的人工腰椎间盘和人工髓核提供参数值,同时提供正常人腰椎间隙高度数据,为临床诊断腰椎疾病提供依据。 方法　随机抽取自2010.1~2013.1间,腰背痛患者的MRI阴性图像资料300例（男136例,女164例）。分别测量L1/2~L5/S1 5个节段椎间隙的前高、中高、后高、角度以及L2/3~L5/S1 4个节段的椎间盘矢径、横径和髓核矢径、横径。 结果　各测量值年龄差异不显著（P>0.05）。性别差异显著,且测量值多为男性大于女性。节段差异显著（P<0.05）,椎间盘前高和角度的测量值随着节段增加而递增,中高、后高、椎间盘矢径和横径、髓核矢径和横径的测量值除L5/S1节段外都随着节段的增高而递增。各节段椎间盘的矢径和横径,髓核的矢径和横径间存在线性关系。 结论 腰椎间隙高度测量对腰椎疾病的诊断具有参考价值;在设计人工腰椎间盘和人工髓核时应考虑性别和节段差异,并且应符合矢径和横径间的线性规律。     

中国人腰椎间盘结构与人工椎间盘置换相关的参数测量

背景：全椎间盘置换已应用多年,但国内鲜见对人腰椎间盘结构测量的大样本系统研究。 目的：为中国人腰椎间盘假体置换手术和设计提供参考数据。 方法：选取中国成年尸体41具(男22例,女19例),解剖获得完整的腰椎标本。测量椎体软骨板断面厚度。随机抽取正常成年人标准腰椎正侧位X射线片157例(男89例,女68例)。测量椎体上/下横径、上/下矢状径和椎间隙高度。 结果与结论：成年尸体及正常成年人标准腰椎正侧位X射线片显示腰椎间盘软骨板厚度、椎体上/下横径、矢状径和椎间隙高度均不存在性别差异(P > 0.05)。除L1/2相邻椎体矢状径、L3/4相邻椎体横径和L4/5相邻椎体矢状径外,其余椎间盘相邻椎体横径或矢状径的差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),但各径线实测数值之间差距均较小。腰椎间隙自L1/2至L4/5逐渐增宽,前缘高度大于后缘高度。L5/S1椎间隙与其他腰椎间隙存在较大差异,其相邻终板间夹角明显增大。     

腰部髓核的应用解剖

本文对30例成人尸体的腰部髓核的形态进行了观察,测量了其厚度、矢径、横径及面积,计算了髓核的厚度与其椎间盘厚度及其上位椎体的厚度的比值。旨在为临床人工髓核的应用提供参考资料。     

侧隐窝横、矢径测量在腰椎管狭窄症的诊断意义

目的探讨侧隐窝狭窄的原因及其横、矢径测量在腰椎管狭窄症的诊断意义。方法利用30例横断面、8例矢状面标本,观测侧隐窝、黄韧带、椎间盘等结构。结果 (1)L3-5骨性侧隐窝矢径为(6.97±0.95)、(6.46±0.86)、(6.37±0.54)mm,盘黄间隙矢径为(7.21±0.82)、(7.20±0.79)、(7.01±0.59)mm;(2)椎间盘横径、矢径均存在性差,各椎体间的椎间盘也存在差异;黄韧带厚度、侧隐窝横径及矢径均无侧差,但黄韧带厚度存在性差,侧隐窝横径、矢径均无性差;(3)椎间盘前缘高度大于后缘,L4～5前、后缘高度之比较L5～S1小。结论⑴不同性别、不同腰椎间的形态数据存在显著差异;⑵椎间盘、黄韧带数据均可作为诊断侧隐窝狭窄的参考指标;⑶侧隐窝狭窄是导致腰椎管狭窄的一个重要因素。     

脊柱腰段外侧区的解剖及其临床意义

目的为腰椎间盘穿刺摘除髓核的进针部位提供解剖学资料。方法解剖观察成人尸15具(男11、女4)脊柱腰段外侧区血管神经的配布及无血管神经区的位置与范围。结果脊柱腰段L1～L5外侧无血管神经区的范围为正方形,长(上下距离)最小均值为25．03±3．46mm,最大均值为2L 52±5．56mm,宽(前后距离)最小均值为23．75±6．67mm,最大均值为32．81±4．37mm;L5～S1区为三角形,长平均为16．42±3．80mm,宽平均为13．63±3．37mm。结论经L1～L5区外侧区的椎间盘外侧面进针行相应髓核摘除术是安全的。L5～S1．外侧无血管神经区范围较小,进针较困难。     

人工髓核置换术治疗退变性腰椎间盘病的近期效果

目的：评价人工髓核置换术治疗退变性腰椎间盘疾病的近期效果。方法：2002年1月至2003年6月，对单节段退变性腰椎间盘病患者施行人工髓椎置换术21例，男15例，女6例，平均年龄39．1岁；均为单节段退变性腰椎间盘疾病，其中L4～5例，L5S116例；病程4个月～10年，平均26个月。19例经后侧手术入路，2例经腰大肌的前外侧入路；均采用单枚PDN置入：PR725型4例，PR925型1例，PW525型2例，PW725型14例。结果：所有患者均获得随访，平均14个月。患者术后临床症状、运动功能明显改善，椎间隙高度增加。Oswrestry疼痛功能指数评分由术前61％改善为术后1年的17％，VAS评分则由8．2分降为2．8分。早期有2例假体发生移位，引起神经受压症状而再次手术。临床优良率达90．5％。结论：人工髓核PDN置换术能有效地治疗退变性腰椎间盘病，近期效果满意。     

胰体的矢状断层解剖研究

在30套成年男性腹部连续矢状断层标本上,胰体呈三角形(7.67%)、菱形(13.33%)和椭圆形(10%);其最长前后径3.34±0.81cm,最长上下径3.41±0.68cm,主胰管主要位于胰体矢状面的前上部(50%)和中心部(26.67%);胰体中段主胰管的内径为1.40±0.43mm.此外,还详细研究了胰体在连续矢状断面上的识别和毗邻.     

中国北方地区成人椎弓根形态的测量及其临床意义

目的:探讨中国北方地区成人C3～L5椎弓根形态的连续性变化及其地区差和性别差.方法:选用中国北方出土的干燥椎骨(C3～L5)124套(其中男112侧,女136侧),采用人体测量方法,测量了椎弓根的横、矢状径和长度.结果:1.颈椎的椎弓根横径、椎弓根矢状径和椎弓根长(x±s,mm)男性分别为6.12±0.60、7.27±0.85和7.27±0.89,女性分别为5.33±0.79、6.73±0.85和7.29±0.96.胸椎的椎弓根横径、椎弓根矢状径和椎弓根长(x±s,mm)男性分别为6.69±0.65、13.52±0.85和11.46±0.94.女性分别为5.97±0.86、12.38±0.99和11.42±1.03.腰椎的椎弓根横径、椎弓根矢状径和椎弓根长(x±s,mm)男性分别为13.81±0.78、15.71±0.81和12.62±0.95,女性分别为11.71±0.89、14.64±1.09和12.14±1.05.2.椎弓根横径、矢状径和长度均具有明显的性别差.3.中国北方地区与十堰地区的椎弓根的横径、矢状径和长度有较明显的差别.结论:椎弓根的横、矢状径和长度具有明显的性别差和地区差.     

颈椎椎间盘人工髓核置换术的生物力学评价

目的 :对颈椎椎间盘实施人工髓核置换术并进行生物力学评价 ,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法 :取 6具新鲜人尸体颈椎标本 (C2 ～T1 ) ,制成四种脊柱功能单位 (FSU)的试验模型 :正常颈椎 ,椎间盘髓核全切 ,人工髓核植入及椎间植骨。分别对其进行生物力学测试 ,记录不同运动状态下脊柱节段运动范围 (ROM)的改变情况。并摄片了解人工髓核植入前后脊柱试件影像学的变化。结果 :与髓核切除组比较 ,人工髓核植入或椎间植骨后 ,颈椎节段活动明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。人工髓核植入组与椎间植骨组相比较 ,节段活动差异无显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。动态影像学资料显示 ,人工髓核置入后 ,椎间隙高度和脊柱生理曲度都得以恢复。结论 :颈椎椎间盘人工髓核的植入能较好地恢复椎间盘的解剖结构 ,有助于脊椎生理曲线的恢复 ,从而在一定程度上增加失稳脊柱节段的稳定性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.