改良婴幼儿孤独症量表中文版的信效度

目的:引进改良婴幼儿孤独症量表(Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers,M-CHAT),并检验信效度。方法:对93名符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的门诊就诊的儿童孤独症患儿进行M-CHAT中文版评定,其中64名患儿同时评定儿童孤独症行为量表(ABC),56名患儿同时评定儿童孤独症评定量表(CARS),以检验其校标效度。53名患儿2～4周后再次进行M-CHAT中文版评定,以检验重测信度。对85名正常儿童进行M-CHAT中文版评定。共有117名被试(56名孤独症儿童,61名正常对照)的2位家长同时单独对被试进行M-CHAT中文版评定,以检验评分者信度。结果:M-CHAT中文版单项评分者信度Kappa值为0.24～1,总分评分者信度相关系数为0.79;单项重测信度Kappa值为0.27～1,总分重测信度相关系数为0.77(均P<0.01)。M-CHAT中文版内部一致性检验Cronbachα系数为0.85(P<0.01)。M-CHAT中文版各条目与总分之间的相关系数为-0.21～0.73;M-CHAT中文版总分与ABC、CARS总分之间的相关系数分别为0.34与0.53(均P<0.01)。M-CHAT中文版的灵敏度为0.96,特异度为0.60。结论:改良婴幼儿孤独症量表中文版的总体信度、效度较好,灵敏度较高,可用于我国儿童孤独症的早期筛查;但其特异度偏低,有待进一步修订完善。     

简明国际神经精神访谈中文版筛查地震受灾者创伤后应激障碍的信效度

目的:评价简明国际神经精神访谈(Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI)中文版诊断地震受灾者中创伤后应激障碍(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,PTSD)的信度和效度。方法:以定式临床访谈患者版(Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-ⅣPatients,SCID-P)的PTSD诊断作为"金标准",评估MINI-PTSD中文版的效标效度。方便选取193名直接经历汶川地震的受灾者,选择其中8人进行研究者内部一致性评定,另选择185人进行MINI和SCID-P中文版PTSD模块的访谈,完成率为98.4%(182/185)。评估后20天对其中50名调查对象再次进行MINI-PTSD访谈,以评价MINI-PTSD的重测一致性。结果:MINI-PTSD中文版的研究者间一致性和重测一致性Kappa值均为0.63。MINI诊断PTSD的灵敏度为83.3%,特异度为79.3%,阳性预测值为54.7%,阴性预测值为94.1%。结论:MINI-PTSD中文版对诊断地震后创伤后应激障碍有较好的信效度,适合作为灾后创伤后应激障碍诊断性筛查工具。     

儿童孤独症筛查量表的编制与信度、效度分析

目的:编制儿童孤独症筛查量表,并对该量表进行信度和效度分析.方法:基于目前精神医学界对儿童孤独症临床表现和诊断的认识及孤独症诊断访谈量表的研究结果编制量表.选择儿童孤独症组、精神发育迟滞组和正常儿童组作为研究对象进行信度、效度检验.结果:该量表各项目的评定者信度和重测信度(Kappa值)分别为0.429-0.639(除一项外)和0.404-0.732.各因子的评定者信度和重测信度(相关系数)分别为0.944-0.988和0.840-0.984.量表总分的评定者信度和重测信度(相关系数)分别为0.933和0.986.量表的分半信度为0.969.同质性信度除一项外,其他各项目间的相关系数为0.444-0.855.P均<0.01.该量表各项目的鉴别诊断效度:三组间χ2值为20.658-108.152;各两组间Z值分别为2.186-9.264(除二项外).各因子的区分效度:三组间F值为138.227-468.368;各两组间组间均数差为2.916-14.542.量表总分的区分效度:三组间F值为562.563,各两组间组间均数差为10.91-34.64.p为0.029-0.000.量表的所有项目可聚为三个因子.筛查界限分为21分,诊断界限分为24分.结论:该量表具有较好的信度和效度,可用于儿童孤独症的筛查和诊断.     

孤独症谱系商儿童版-中文版的效度和信度

目的:检验孤独症谱系商(AQ)儿童版-中文版的效度信度。方法:对符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)孤独症诊断标准的门诊101例4～11岁孤独症儿童和124例年龄相匹配的正常儿童进行AQ儿童版-中文版评定。以两组间AQ儿童版-中文版总分及因子分比较确定区分效度;以DSM-IV诊断为金标准,以ROC方法确定界限分及灵敏度、特异度; 10例孤独症儿童和10例正常儿童的两位家长同时单独填写AQ儿童版-中文版以检验评分者信度; 10例孤独症儿童和10例正常儿童家长于首次评定2周后再次进行AQ儿童版-中文版评定,以检测重测信度;以Cronbach a系数检验内部一致性。结果:孤独症组AQ儿童版-中文版总分及各分量表分均高于正常对照组[如总分:(94. 2±15. 6)vs.(54. 4±13. 2),P 0. 001]; ROC曲线下面积为0. 98 (P 0. 01),界限分取73时,量表的灵敏度为0. 96,特异度为0. 90;量表总分评分者信度ICC和重测信度ICC分别为0. 80 (P 0. 001)和0. 92 (P 0. 001);量表内部一致性检验Cronbach a系数为0. 94 (P 0. 01),5个分量表的Cronbach a系数为0. 69～0. 89 (均P 0. 01)。结论:AQ儿童版-中文版的效度、信度较好,灵敏度、特异度较高,可用于儿童孤独症的临床筛查。     

中文版精神病高危症状量表的信度和效度

目的:检验中文版精神病高危症状量表(SOPS)的信度和效度。方法:经原著者同意,汉化英文版精神病高危综合征定式访谈(SIPS)工具,该工具包括精神病高危症状量表(SOPS)。应用中文版SIPS在心理咨询中心筛选出104例精神病高危综合征(PRS)个体,对其进行SOPS评分。用组内相关法(ICC)计算评估者间一致性信度;Cronbachα系数计算内部一致性信度;计算单项与总和的Spearman相关系数;应用探索性因子分析检测SOPS的结构效度;应用Pearson相关分析探讨SOPS与阳性及阴性症状量表(PANSS)的同时效度;半年后对PRS个体随访,观察向精神病性障碍的转化率,评估预测效度。结果:中文版SOPS评定者间一致性系数为0.96;Cronbachα系数为0.71;各条目与总分的相关系数在0.19到0.66之间(P0.05);探索性因子分析得到3个因子,解释总方差的43.9%,除了P3夸大观念、P4知觉异常/幻觉,其余项目的因子载荷均高于0.4;同时效度分析,SOPS总分与PANSS总分显著相关(r=0.63,P0.01);半年后随访发现PRS个体向精神病性障碍的转化率为5.8%。结论:中文版SOPS评估精神病高危症状具有良好的信度和效度,可以用于评估及研究我国的精神病高危患者。     

中文版布罗塞特暴力风险评估量表测评儿童青少年严重精神障碍患者的效度和信度

目的:检验中文版布罗塞特暴力风险评估量表(BVC)在我国儿童青少年精神障碍患者中的效度信度。方法:临床精神科工作的6名专家对中文版BVC量表的内容效度评定。选取346例符合DSM-IV精神分裂症、双相I型障碍躁狂发作诊断标准的4～16岁患者,中文版BVC量表每8h评估一次,用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)攻击性因子检验同时效度,根据暴力行为出现的真实结果检验量表的预测效度;应用Cronbach α系数检验量表的内部一致性信度。结果:中文版BVC量表的内容效度为0.91,总分与CBCL攻击性因子得分之间呈中度正相关(r=0.32,P0.01)。ROC曲线下面积为0.93(P0.01),临界点为2时,工具灵敏度为83.7%,特异度为89.0%。量表的内部一致性信度Cronbach α系数为0.90,题总相关系数r=0.60～0.80(P0.01)。结论:中文版BVC量表测评儿童青少年严重精神障碍患者的同时效度、预测效度和信度符合测量学基本要求。     

广泛性焦虑量表在军人群体应用中的信度和效度

目的:检验广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)在军人群体中的信度与效度。方法:采用分层随机抽样方法抽取553名军人完成GAD-7、患者健康问卷抑郁症状群量表(PHQ-9)的评定;随机抽取113名接受美国精神障碍诊断和统计手册第4版临床定式访谈(Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV,SCID),并计算GAD-7的信度系数、敏感度、特异度等。结果:GAD-7的内部一致性系数为0.876;GAD-7与PHQ-9总分相关系数为0.653。在与SCID比较时,GAD-7的灵敏度为92.3%,特异度为90.5%,Kappa值为0.847(P0.05)。ROC曲线中,在GAD-7截点值取10分时,灵敏度和特异度分别为89%和82%,曲线下面积为91.7%。结论:GAD-7在军人群体应用中具有较好的信度和效度。     

婴儿和学前幼儿诊断性评估中文版注意缺陷多动障碍模块的效度和信度

目的:引进婴儿和学前幼儿诊断性评估(DIPA),评价其中注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)诊断模块的效度和信度。方法:经原作者同意后,将DIPA翻译为中文版。根据以注意力不集中或多动为主诉的244例疑似ADHD学龄前儿童及医院周边社区幼儿园招募的90例正常学龄前儿童,以精神科临床医生根据精神障碍诊断与统计手册的ADHD诊断标准进行的临床诊断为金标准,评价DIPA诊断学龄前ADHD的效度。4名评定者分别独立对被试进行DIPA诊断,考察评定者间一致性。其中39例被试在DIPA访谈后14d,再次接受DIPA访谈,考察重测信度。结果:以临床诊断为金标准,对DIPA进行效度检验显示,诊断一致性的kappa值为0.81,诊断学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍的灵敏度为89%,特异度为96%。DI-PA的评定者间一致性kappa值为0.79,重测信度为0.89。结论:婴儿和学前幼儿诊断性评估中文版的ADHD诊断模块具有较高的效度和信度,可用于临床学龄前ADHD的诊断。     

简明神经精神量表中文版在老年痴呆患者中的信效度

目的:建立简明神经精神量表(Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire,NPI-Q)的中文版,并考察其在老年痴呆患者中的信度和效度。方法:经原作者同意后,将NPI-Q翻译为中文版。10例痴呆患者由3名测评员使用NPI-Q联合评定,检验量表的评定者间一致性信度。对86例痴呆患者及30例健康对照进行AD病理行为评分表(behavioral pathologyin Alzheimer's disase,BEHAVE-AD)、简明精神病量表(The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale,BPRS)与NPI-Q评定,检验量表的效标效度,其中30例痴呆患者间隔24h重复评定,检验量表的重测信度。结果:(1)内部一致性,NPI-Q的严重程度分量表Cronbach α系数为0.566,条目间平均相关系数为0.098;痛苦程度分量表Cronbach α系数为0.642,条目间平均相关系数为0.130。(2)评定者间一致性信度,严重程度分量表组内相关性系数(ICC)为0.97;痛苦程度分量表组内相关性系数(ICC)为0.94。(3)重测信度,严重程度分量表重测相关系数为0.89;痛苦程度分量表重测相关系数为0.86。(4)效标效度,严重程度分量表总分与BEHAVE-AD总分、BPRS总分相关系数分别为0.70和0.40;痛苦程度分量表总分与BEHAVE-AD总评相关系数为0.76。(5)痴呆组严重程度、痛苦程度评分均高于正常对照(中位数:10vs.1.5,10vs.0;均P0.001)。(6)探索性因子分析获得精神病性、异常行为、失自控及情感障碍4个公因子。4个公因子对方差的累计贡献率为58.3%。各条目在相应公因子上的因子负荷在0.596～0.803之间。结论:简明神经精神量表中文版的信效度符合量表测量学的要求,但仍然需要扩大样本进行更深入的研究分析。     

精神症状评定量表中文版的信度、效度分析

目的:建立精神症状评定量表(PSYRAT)中文版,并分析其信度和效度。方法:选取221例符合精神障碍诊断和统计手册第四版(DSM-IV)精神分裂症、精神分裂症样障碍、分裂情感性精神障碍、妄想性精神障碍、短暂精神病性障碍诊断标准的患者进行PSYRAT、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定。结果:总量表的标准化Cronbach’sα系数为0.943,重测信度为0.853,评估者间一致性为0.998。各条目对因子的负荷系数为0.840-0.929。PSYRAT幻听、妄想分量表及总分与PANSS量表的幻觉、妄想及阳性症状量表分的相关系数分别为0.909、0.833及0.737。结论:精神症状评定量表(PSYRAT)中文版具有良好的信度和效度,可作为评定幻听及妄想严重程度的有效测量工具。     

Degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility of diopside, akermanite, and bredigite ceramics

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three bioceramics in the CaO-SiO(2)-MgO systems with different composition on the in vitro degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility. The degradation was evaluated through the activation energy of Si ion release from ceramics and the weight loss of the ceramics in Tris-HCl buffers. The in vitro bioactivity of the ceramics was investigated by analysis of apatite-formation ability in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The cytocompatibility was evaluated through osteoblast morphology and proliferation. The results showed that the activation energy of Si ion release increased and the degradation decreased from bredigite to diopside ceramics with the increase of Mg content, and the apatite-formation ability in SBF decreased. The Ca, Si, and Mg containing ionic products from three ceramics could stimulate cell proliferation at lower concentration, and inhibit cell proliferation with the increase of ion concentrations. Furthermore, osteoblasts could adhere, spread, and proliferate on three ceramic disks, and cell proliferation on diopside was more obvious than that on other two ceramic disks.     

Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella

This review presents the current taxonomy of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella, along with the current methods for the identification of each species within the three genera, incorporating both conventional biochemical and commercial methods. While all of these organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, individual case reports and nosocomial outbreak reports that demonstrate their ability to cause major infectious disease problems are presented. Lastly, anticipated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are reviewed. Many of these organisms are easily controlled, but the advent of newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents has led to some problems of which laboratorians need to be aware.     

Structure,hemagglutinins, and subgroup position of adenovirus 20, 25, and 28

Summary By ultracentrifugation and red cell adsorption experiments it was proved, that hemagglutinating activity of adenovirus types 20, 25, and 28 against monkey blood cells is associated with the virus particles; while no soluble hemagglutinins were found for type 20 and 25, the soluble hemagglutinating activity of type 28 against rat blood cells was located in a dodecon. The length of the fibres, as observed on the virus surface or in pentons, was 115 to 120 Å for type 20, 25, and 28, coinciding with a reference virus (type 9–15) of subgroup II.These data support the previous suggestion, that adenovirus 20, 25, and 28 belong to subgroup II.Aided by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, on EEG topography, mood, heart rate, cortisol, and vigilance

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, were assessed in 12 male habitual smokers in a repeated-measures design. Caffeine (0-mg vs. two 150-mg doses administered in a decaffeinated/sugar-free cola drink post-baseline and 90 min later) was crossed with nicotine (ad libitum own dosing vs. 1.0-mg machine-delivered dose vs. 0.05-mg machine-delivered dose). Participants smoked a total of five cigarettes at 30-min intervals over a 2-hr period. Caffeine and nicotine had large effect sizes on electroencephalogram (EEG) power; however, these effects were modulated by the eyes open versus closed condition, the other drug, and electrode site. EEG effects of open versus closed eyes tended to be of the same size and direction as those of nicotine and caffeine. However, whereas nicotine increased EEG power in some higher frequency bands in some conditions, caffeine decreased EEG power across almost all conditions. Serum cortisol concentration, vigor, and pleasantness were increased by nicotine, but not by caffeine. Level of depressive mood depended on an interaction of caffeine and nicotine. Vigilance performance was enhanced significantly by caffeine and was increased almost significantly by nicotine. The findings were interpreted in terms of common and differential mechanisms of the two drugs.     

Degradation, cytotoxicity, and biocompatibility of NIPAAm-based thermosensitive, injectable, and bioresorbable polymer hydrogels

A thermosensitive, injectable, and bioresorbable polymer hydrogel, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone acrylate-co-acrylic acid) [poly(NDBA)], was synthesized by radical copolymerization with 7.00 mol % dimethyl-γ-butyrolactone acrylate in tetrahydrofuran. The chemical composition was determined by acid titration in conjunction with (1) H NMR quantification. The molecular weight and polydispersity were determined by gel permeation chromatography in conjunction with static light scattering. The degradation properties of the polymer hydrogel were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, percentage mass loss, cloud point test, and swelling ratio over time. It was found that the initial lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the polymer is between room temperature and body temperature and that it takes about 2 weeks for the LCST to surpass body temperature under physiological conditions. An indirect cytotoxicity test indicated that this copolymer has relatively low cytotoxicity as seen with 3T3 fibroblast cells. The in vivo-gelation and degradation study showed good agreement with in vitro-degradation findings, and no detrimental effects to adjacent tissues were observed after the complete dissolution of the polymer. ? 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.     

Demands,desires, and well-being: An assessment of events,responses, and outcomes

This project investigated the impact of daily events, varying in source of causation, on reports of physical and mental well-being in a multiple-measurement design (5 days). Subjects responded daily to health and mood instruments and to instruments assessing event occurrence, responses to events, and outcomes of those responses. Events were either environment-initiated “demands” or self-initiated “desires.” Positive and negative components of well-being are found to be differentially impacted by types of events and by the different event properties. The procedure was sensitive to the particular “ecology of events” representative of this particular subject sample. The results suggest the validity of a multicomponent analysis of both events and well-being in a dynamic, multiple-measurement approach. Implications for future research employing this model are then briefly discussed.     

Epidemiology,Diagnosis, Treatment,and Control of Trichinellosis

Summary: Throughout much of the world, Trichinella spp. are found to be the causative agents of human trichinellosis, a disease that not only is a public health hazard by affecting human patients but also represents an economic problem in porcine animal production and food safety. Due to the predominantly zoonotic importance of infection, the main efforts in many countries have focused on the control of Trichinella or the elimination of Trichinella from the food chain. The most important source of human infection worldwide is the domestic pig, but, e.g., in Europe, meats of horses and wild boars have played a significant role during outbreaks within the past 3 decades. Infection of humans occurs with the ingestion of Trichinella larvae that are encysted in muscle tissue of domestic or wild animal meat. Early clinical diagnosis of trichinellosis is rather difficult because pathognomonic signs or symptoms are lacking. Subsequent chronic forms of the disease are not easy to diagnose, irrespective of parameters including clinical findings, laboratory findings (nonspecific laboratory parameters such as eosinophilia, muscle enzymes, and serology), and epidemiological investigations. New regulations laying down rules for official controls for Trichinella in meat in order to improve food safety for consumers have recently been released in Europe. The evidence that the disease can be monitored and to some extent controlled with a rigorous reporting and testing system in place should be motivation to expand appropriate programs worldwide.     

Detection, identification, and comparison of Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides ochraceus, and DF-1.

Working independently, three laboratories had recognized considerable similarity among certain strains of dysgonic, fermentative, capnophilic, surface translocating, gram-negative bacilli referred to as Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides ochraceus, and Center for Disease Control biogroup DF-1. To determine the relationship among these groups, 21 strains were exchanged and independently characterized by the three laboratories. Additionally, a fourth laboratory examined the deoxyribonucleic acid homologies of the same strains. Using methods common to dental microbiology, eight of the strains had been isolated from the gingival sulcus and periodontal lesions and identified as Capnocytophaga. Three strains isolated from blood and transtracheal aspirate had been characterized by conventional anaerobic methods and recorded as B. ochraceus. Ten strains isolated from sputum, blood, throat, spinal fluid, and tracheal aspirate had been identified as DF-1 with the methods of E. O. King and a buffered single-substrate technique. All strains were similar in respect to colonial and microscopic morphology, surface translocation, biochemical features, gas-liquid chromatograms of metabolic end products, and deoxyribonucleic acid composition. We conclude that these biogroups should be termed Capnocytophaga species.