他克莫司替换环孢素A治疗肾移植后肝、肾功能损害的临床观察

19例用环孢素A(CsA)并相继出现肝和(或)肾功能损害的肾移植患者，用他克莫司(FK506)替换CsA治疗，取得了明显疗效，平均随访观察6个月，疗效稳定。     

国产与进口西罗莫司药物洗脱支架治疗冠心病临床疗效对比

目的评估国产西罗莫司药物洗脱冠状动脉(冠脉)支架在冠心病患者中应用的安全性及1年临床随访结果,并与同期应用进口药物洗脱支架(Cypher和Taxus)比较。方法与结果2003年5月至2004年6月,共计673例经冠脉造影证实的冠心病患者接受药物洗脱支架治疗,其中接受国产西罗莫司药物洗脱支架(Firebird,上海微创公司)224例,进口西罗莫司药物洗脱支架(Cypher,美国强生公司)246例,进口紫杉醇药物洗脱支架(Taxus,美国波士顿公司)203例。各组基础临床情况及造影特征均相似,尽管Firebird组患者平均每例置入支架数目较多且支架总长度较长,但其住院总费用仍显著低于其他两组。术后1年临床随访严重心脏不良事件(包括心源性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死和靶血管再次血运重建)发生率在Firebird组为9·0%、Cypher组为8·4%、Taxus组为11·2%,相互比较差异无统计学意义。造影证实Firebird组2例(0·9%)、Cypher组2例(0·9%)和Taxus组3例(1·6%)发生支架内血栓形成。结论国产西罗莫司药物洗脱冠脉支架治疗冠心病安全,其1年临床疗效与进口西罗莫司及紫杉醇药物洗脱冠脉支架相似。     

西罗莫司洗脱支架治疗急性心肌梗死的临床及冠状动脉造影随访观察

目的评价西罗莫司洗脱支架(CypherTM支架)治疗急性心肌梗死的安全性及远期疗效。方法78例急性心肌梗死患者行急诊介入术时接受了CypherTM支架治疗,78处靶病变共置入97枚CypherTM支架。观察手术成功率、并发症、随访期间心脏不良事件发生率、再狭窄率及晚期管腔丢失等。结果在78处靶病变中,完全闭塞病变占82·3%,狭窄达95%以上的病变占17·7%。所有支架均成功置入,无残余狭窄或残余狭窄<10%,未见任何并发症。临床随访10·0±3·6(6~15)个月,临床随访率100%,有2例症状复发,后经冠状动脉造影证实为支架内再狭窄所致,需再次血运重建,其余患者均未发生任何心脏不良事件,无1例死亡。64例患者术后9±2·2(6~14)个月复查了冠状动脉造影,造影随访率82·1%,支架近端边缘节段平均晚期管腔丢失(0·24±0·05)mm;支架内平均晚期管腔丢失(0·19±0·03)mm,支架远端边缘节段平均晚期管腔丢失(0·10±0·02)mm。靶病变再狭窄率为3·1%(2/64),病例复发率为3·1%(2/64),再次血运重建率为3·1%(2/64)。结论CypherTM支架治疗急性心肌梗死是安全可行的,其近期及术后9个月内的疗效是满意的,它能显著降低9个月内的支架内再狭窄率及再次血运重建率。     

环孢素A宜减不宜废

有关肾移植术后环孢素A(CsA)减撤问题的争论起源于近年人们对移植物长期存活问题的分析和思考。因为虽然CsA大大提高了移植物的短期存活率 ,而长期存活却未显著改善 ;与此同时 ,和钙调素抑制剂 (CNI,包括CsA与FK5 0 6 )长期应用相关的一些毒副作用与并发症 ,如高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、高尿酸血症以及肾功能减退等 ,严重影响着移植患者和移植物的长期存活。因此 ,近年有许多文章提出针对CNI的低毒性免疫抑制药物治疗方案 ,包括CNI减量节省使用乃至最后撤除停用的所谓Spar ing方案 ,和压根就避免采用CNI作为术后免疫抑制药物治疗的…     

FK506和环孢素A对肾移植患者血脂的影响

目的研讨FK506和环孢素A(CsA)对肾移植术后患者脂质代谢的影响。方法对我们近三年以FK506或CsA为主要免疫抑制剂的肾移植患者术后1年血脂变化进行统计及初步分析,明确两组患者脂质代谢的不同之处。结果CsA组(198例)术后患者血脂增高的比例明显高于FK506(36例,17.17％ vs 2.78％,P＜0.05)且CsA组血脂增高患者的手术前、后血脂水平亦有明显差异(4.3±1.2mmol／L vs 4.9±1.6mmol／L,P＜0.01)。结论肾移植患者术后应用FK506比CsA可以有效降低高脂血症的发病率。     

西罗莫司转换在肾移植受者中的应用

长期使用神经钙蛋白抑制剂（calcineurin inhibitor，CNI）防治肾移植后急性排斥反应（acute rejection，AR）可能会导致高血压、CNI肾毒性以及移植肾慢性化病变，最终导致肾小球滤过率（GFR）下降，移植肾功能丧失，目前正在探讨和寻求不同免疫抑制剂转换方案，以提高肾移植长期存活率。但对于转换方案的适应证，最佳时期和方法，至今均无明确结论。现有的资料也局限于单中心、     

小直径肾动脉狭窄应用西罗莫司洗脱支架的安全性和有效性

目的评估小直径肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者应用冠状动脉西罗莫司洗脱支架的安全性和有效性。方法两年内入选15例患者,平均年龄67·7岁。双侧肾动脉狭窄或闭塞和单侧肾动脉狭窄各6例,副肾动脉狭窄3例。应用2种国产西罗莫司洗脱(火鸟和同心)冠状动脉支架。研究主要终点包括术后1、3和6个月靶病变直径狭窄程度(再狭窄率)和肾功能状态。结果在15例患者19处病变共成功置入22个支架,其中西罗莫司洗脱支架19个,肾动脉金属裸支架3个。全部患者完成了1个月肾动脉Doppler超声随访和血清肌酐随访,其中5例和7例分别完成了3个月和6个月的前述随访,还有3例进行了6个月血管造影随访。随访结果均未显示靶血管再狭窄,并且肾功能较术前没有明显变化。结论冠状动脉西罗莫司洗脱支架可以安全和有效应用于治疗小直径肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者。     

ST段抬高心肌梗死应用国产西罗莫司洗脱支架与金属裸支架的对比研究

目的评估在ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者应用国产西罗莫司洗脱支架的安全性和有效性。方法将1年内连续入选STEMI的患者随机分为国产西罗莫司洗脱(火鸟)支架组或金属裸支架(BMS)组。对所有患者连续临床随访6个月,术后6个月常规行冠状动脉造影。试验主要终点是术后6个月靶病变区晚期管腔丢失(LLL),次要终点包括支架内血栓发生率和主要心脏不良事件(MACE)。结果试验前6个月共入选85例患者。国产西罗莫司(火鸟)支架组42例,平均年龄58·1岁。BMS组43例,平均年龄59·8岁。两组6个月血管造影随访率分别为47·6%和44·2%。6个月随访结果显示,国产西罗莫司(火鸟)支架组死亡率、靶血管重建率(TVR)和MACE分别为2·4%,0%和2·4%,BMS组相应为4·7%,31·6%和25·6%(P<0·05)。BMS组有1例发生支架内亚急性血栓。定量冠状动脉造影结果显示,国产西罗莫司(火鸟)支架组支架内平均LLL为0·18mm,BMS组为0·72mm。结论与BMS比较,国产西罗莫司(火鸟)支架能够有效降低STEMI患者6个月死亡率、TVR和MACE发生率,其急性或亚急性支架血栓发生率低。     

真实临床条件下国产西罗莫司药物支架的临床评价

目的观察国产西罗莫司药物支架的临床和造影随访效果。方法选择北京安贞医院心内科自2006年8月至2007年10月516例应用国产西罗莫司药物支架的患者,于置入支架9个月（±2个月）后进行电话或门诊随访主要心血管事件（MACE,包括心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建）的发生率,尽量进行冠状动脉造影随访,观察患者MACE事件总发生率;同时观察糖尿病亚组的治疗效果;初步评价各种类型病变,包括左主干病变、分叉病变、慢性闭塞病变、钙化病变、开口病变、小血管病变、急性闭塞病变、再狭窄病变的治疗效果;评价药物支架对于以上各类病变的疗效。结果516例患者共置入国产西罗莫司药物支架872枚,成功率为99.5%,其中随访到482例,随访率93.4%。随访到的患者中有18例患者发生MACE事件,发生率为3.5%。造影随访共239例患者,占总例数的46.3%,再狭窄率为11.3%。糖尿病亚组再狭窄率为14%。并对左主干病变、分叉病变、弥漫病变、慢性闭塞病变、小血管病变、钙化病变、急性闭塞病变、开口病变、再狭窄病变分别进行了描述。结论大样本研究显示应用国产西罗莫司药物支架可以取得比较好的疗效。糖尿病亚组患者应用国产药物支架效果良好、初步判断国产药物支架对于弥漫、开口、小血管、再狭窄病变有较好的疗效;对于左主干病变、分艾病变的疗效提示有益的结果,需要继续总结观察。     

环孢素 A应用过程中减药及撤药的体会

环孢素A (CsA )自1978年临床应用以来 ,显著地改善了器官移植的治疗效果 ,但CsA治疗的个体反应性差异很大 ,有时毒副作用显著 ,因此 ,合理应用CsA是决定移植成败的重要环节之一。尽管目前尚无一种公认的CsA治疗的固定方案 ,但是我们认为在设计个体化的治疗方案中应当考虑以下因素 :①有效地预防急、慢性排斥反应 ;②尽量减少CsA的副作用 ;③合理、适量联合使用其他免疫抑制剂 ;④适应患者 (特别是老人和儿童 )术后不同的病程和阶段。然而 ,临床上怎样才能做到合理应用CsA呢 ?我们对CsA具体的减量或撤除方法是 :首先 ,有关CsA的减量 ,…     

Sirolimus-based immunosuppression for treatment of cutaneous warts in kidney transplant recipients

Dermatological complications, especially skin infections, are very common following organ transplantation, and result in a lot of distress in the recipient. Herpes zoster, herpes simplex, and human papillomavirus infections are common infections in kidney transplant recipients, and therapeutic management is usually disappointing in immunosuppression state. We report here 2 cases of kidney transplant recipients who developed diffuse human papillomavirus-induced cutaneous warts with no response to conventional treatments. According to similar reports in organ transplant recipients, we modified the immunosuppressive regimen by converting to sirolimus, which led to a rapid relief from cutaneous warts in both patients. This evidence along with other case reports suggest that conversion to sirolimus may be considered as an effective strategy in cases of giant or multiple viral warts in kidney and perhaps other transplant recipients.     

Infections in renal transplant patients treated with cyclosporine or azathioprine

The incidence and severity of infectious complications were retrospectively investigated in 80 renal transplant patients who had been selected randomly to receive either cyclosporine (CsA) or azathioprine (Aza) in combination with low doses of corticosteroids. In the first 3 months, the incidence of infections was twice as high in the Aza-treated patients (p less than 0.05) which was due to an increase of predominantly minor infections. This increased incidence of infections was related to the increased number of anti-rejection treatments in the Aza-treated group. The types of infections were not different between the 2 treatment groups nor did the incidence of CMV infections differ. In the CsA-treated group, patients were randomly assigned at 3 months after transplantation to either continuation of CsA therapy or conversion to Aza. After conversion a small but not significant increase in predominantly minor infections was observed, which may be attributable to increased doses of corticosteroids given during the conversion. We conclude that in the first 3 months following transplantation, CsA therapy is associated with significantly less infections than Aza therapy; following conversion of CsA to Aza at 3 months only a small increase in the infection incidence is found.     

Coronary endothelial vasomotor function and vascular remodeling in heart transplant recipients randomized for tacrolimus or cyclosporine immunosuppression.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare changes in coronary endothelial function, systemic endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, and vascular remodeling in heart transplant recipients randomized to cyclosporin A (CyA) or tacrolimus (Tac) immunosuppression. BACKGROUND: Functional endothelial abnormalities and intimal thickening are sensitive measures of early cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). METHODS: The randomized, prospective study was performed in two groups of 22 patients, maintained on Tac or CyA and mycophenolate mofetil immunosuppression, 1 and 12 months after heart transplantation. We investigated epicardial luminal diameter, coronary blood flow velocity, and ET-1 plasma levels at 1 and 12 months after transplantation. Structural coronary alterations were determined using intravascular ultrasound. RESULTS: Epicardial vasomotor function at baseline and during follow-up was comparable between the groups. Deterioration of microvascular endothelial function during follow-up was significantly enhanced in the CyA versus Tac group (p < 0.05). Circulating ET-1 concentration increased in the CyA group but significantly decreased over time in the Tac group (CyA +17% vs. Tac -25%; p < 0.05). The time-dependent increase in mean intimal area was significantly enhanced in the CyA versus Tac group, whereas the vessel area significantly increased during follow-up in the Tac compared with the CyA group. CONCLUSIONS: Epicardial endothelial function is comparable between CyA- and Tac-treated patients. Microvascular endothelial function deteriorates more in CyA-treated patients, a finding that correlates with enhanced ET-1 concentration and an increased intimal area during follow-up. The mean vessel area in the Tac group increased over time, indicating positive vascular remodeling. Tac is superior to CyA with respect to microvascular endothelial function, intimal thickening, and vascular remodeling.     

肾移植术后“爬行肌酐”患者使用他克莫司替换环孢素A疗效观察

目的观察他克莫司（FK506）替换环孢素A（CsA）逆转肾移植术后“爬行肌酐”的可行性。方法24例肾移植患者术后均采用以CsA为主的三联免疫抑制方案，出现“爬行肌酐”后用FK506替换CsA。观察替换前后的移植肾功能变化，同时监测血压、抗高血压药物分值（AHS值）、血糖和血脂的变化，随访12个月。结果“爬行肌酐”患者采用FK506替换CsA后，移植肾功能较替换前明显好转，血肌酐下降明显（P〈0．05）；同时降低了血脂水平，并减少降脂药物及抗高血压药物的使用。结论肾移植术后“爬行肌酐”患者采用FK506替换CsA的治疗方案可以有效地改善或者稳定移植肾的功能。     

Impact of immunosuppression minimization and withdrawal in long-term hepatitis C virus liver transplant recipients

AIM: To investigate the effects of different immunosuppressive regimens and avoidance on fibrosis progression in hepatitis C virus (HCV) liver transplant (LT) recipients.METHODS: We retrospectively compared the liver biopsies of well-matched HCV LT recipients under calcineurin inhibitors (CNI group, n = 21) and mycophenolate (MMF group, n = 15) monotherapy, with those patients who successfully withdrawn immunosuppression (IS) therapy from at least 3 years (TOL group, n = 10). To perform the well-matched analysis, all HCV transplanted patients from December 1993 were screened. Only those HCV patients who reached the following criteria were considered for the analysis: (1) at least 3 years of post-operative follow-up; (2) patients with normal liver graft function under low dose CNI monotherapy (CNI group); (3) patients with normal liver graft function under antimetabolite (Micophenolate Mofetil or coated mycophenolate sodium) monotherapy (MMF group); and (4) recipients with normal liver function without any IS. We excluded from the analysis recipients who were IS free or under monotherapy for < 36 mo, recipients with cirrhosis or with unstable liver function tests.RESULTS: Thirty six recipients were enrolled in the study. Demographics, clinical data, time after LT and baseline liver biopsies were comparable in the three groups. After six years of follow-up, there was no worsening of hepatic fibrosis in the MMF group (2.5 ± 1.5 Ishak Units vs 2.9 ± 1.7 Ishak Units, P = 0.5) and TOL group (2.7 ± 10.7 vs 2.5 ± 1.2, P = 0.2). In contrast, a significant increase in the fibrosis score was observed in the CNI group (2.2 ± 1.7 vs 3.9 ± 1.6, P = 0.008). The yearly fibrosis progression rate was significantly worse in the CNI group (0.32 ± 0.35) vs MMF group (0.03 ± 0.31, P = 0.03), and TOL group (-0.02 ± 0.27, P = 0.02). No differences have been reported in grading scores for CNI group (2.79 ± 1.9, P = 0.7), MMF group (3.2 ± 1.5, P = 0.9) and TOL group (3.1 ± 1.4, P = 0.2). Twenty four patients were treated with low dose ribavirin (8 TOL, 7 MMF, 9 CNI). The hepatitis C titers were comparable in the three groups. No episodes of rejection have been reported despite differences of liver function test in the three groups during the observational period.CONCLUSION: IS withdrawal and MMF monotherapy is safe and seems to be associated with the slowest fibrosis progression in HCV LT recipients.     

Colonic perforation in patients with kidney transplant

Of a total of 320 renal transplants performed at our center in the last 8 years, two patients presented colonic perforation (0.62%). We emphasize the clinical manifestations, which were masked by the antiinflammatory properties of the steroids; for this reason, careful and repeated physical exams should be made out in the case of any episode of abdominal pain in these patients, as well as ancillary studies for early diagnosis. Surgical measures, which consist of exclusion of the septic focus in the peritoneal cavity, do not differ from those carried out in the general population with the same colonic pathology, although they require more cautious maneuvers and meticulous lavage of the peritoneal cavity. Alternatively, when exclusion is not possible, proximal colostomy and adequate drainage must be performed.     

Optimal blood concentration of cyclosporine among Iranian kidney transplant recipients

Introduction. Clinical information concerning cyclosporine dose reduction in Iranian kidney transplant recipients is limited. There are data in Asian, Caucasian, and Iranian ethnic kidney transplant recipients that recommend the trough level (C0) and 2-hour postdose level (C2) of cyclosporine may be different. Our aim was to determine therapeutic levels of C0 and C2 at different time after transplantation among Iranian transplant patients. Materials and Methods. Blood concentrations of cyclosporine were assessed in 4419 samples of kidney transplant recipients between 2008 and 2010. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the time of laboratory studies (< 3 months, 4 to 12 months, and > 1 year after transplantation). Both univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the correlation between cyclosporine blood levels and serum creatinine. Results. A total of 1270 kidney transplant patients with 4419 blood samples enrolled. The mean age of the donor was 28 ± 6 years (range, 6 to 64 years) and 82.6% were men and 17.4% were women. In the subset of patients with serum creatinine values of at least 1.6 mg/dL for men and 1.4 mg/dL for women, we determined C0 and C2 levels between therapeutic and undertherapeutic creatinine ranges at 3 different time interval after transplantation, as follows: the first 3 months, 230 ng/mL to 240 ng/mL and 725 ng/mL to 775 ng/mL; 4 to 12 months, 135 ng/mL to 156 ng/mL and 535 ng/mL to 612 ng/mL; and after 1 year, 95 ng/mL to 120 ng/mL and 420 ng/mL to 479 ng/mL for C0 and C2, respectively. Conclusions. The present study suggests that the cyclosporine levels for Iranian kidney transplant patients are lower compared to the recommended levels in western countries.     

肾移植合并感染性疾病178例临床分析

目的　探讨肾移植患者术后感染时间、种类和病原体分布情况及现行抗排异和预防感染措施的效果。方法　对 178例肾移植患者的临床资料进行 6个月～ 2年的回顾性分析。结果　 178例患者中合并感染性疾病 5 5例 (3 0 .9% )。肺炎、尿路感染、乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)、巨细胞病毒 (CMV)及单纯疱疹病毒 (HSV)感染的发生率分别为 9.5 5 %、5 .65 %、4.49%、2 .2 5 %和 3 .3 7% ;革兰阴性杆菌 (GNB)、真菌、HBV、CMV及HSV是肾移植患者最常见的病原体。肺炎、尿路感染和单纯疱疹多发生在移植后 1～ 6个月 ,乙型肝炎和CMV感染多见于移植术 6个月后。外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞及T淋巴细胞CD+ 4 /CD+ 8比值在感染组和非感染组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。环孢霉素 (CSA)、强的松 (Pred)、硫唑嘌呤 (AZA)及雷公藤多甙 (T) (方案CPAT)的抗排异方案和抗菌素的预防治疗可降低移植患者感染率。结论　肾移植患者各系统的感染率增加 ,通过实施有效的措施 ,其发生率可下降