Hemodynamic changes after resection of thoracic duct for en bloc resection of esophageal cancer

An en bloc resection of esophageal cancer is one of the most radical forms of esophagectomy, and includes the resection of the thoracic duct, but a relatively high hospital motality rate has been reported. There is very little knowledge on the pathophysiological changes after resection of the thoracic duct. We examined 24 patients who underwent en bloc resection. Some patients developed severe tachycardia or shock postoperatively which subsided after a massive infusion of plasma. Analysis of the fluid balance revealed that much more fluid was necessary during surgery and the postoperative 24 h than in patients treated by a standard esophagectomy. Postoperative lymphangiography or CT revealed abnormal collateral lymphatics around the kidneys or in the pelvic cavity. This suggests the development of the lymphaticovenous shunts, which differed depending on the anatomy of each patient. One patient with chronic hepatitis developed uncontrollable ascites. These are important findings which can hopefully reduce the high rate of hospital death after this operation.     

Laparoscopic partial cystectomy with en bloc resection of the urachus for urachal adenocarcinoma

Abstract:   Urachal carcinoma accounts for less than 1% of bladder cancers. The preferred treatment is wide local excision with partial or radical cystectomy. Two patients who presented with urachal carcinoma underwent laparoscopic partial cystectomy with en bloc resection of the urachus and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy as a less morbid, minimally invasive surgical alternative. Laparoscopic excision was successfully carried out in two cases with an uneventful convalescence.     

Factors affecting postoperative course and survival after en bloc resection for esophageal carcinoma

Background

To identify factors affecting postoperative course and survival after esophagectomy for cancer and reasons for improved survival over time.

Methods

Complete esophageal resection was attempted for middle and lower third esophageal carcinomas in 386 consecutive patients between January 1982 and January 2002. Two study periods were analyzed: 1982 to 1993 and 1994 to 2002. Prognostic factors were identified by multivariate analysis and the two periods compared.

Results

Hospital mortality rate decreased from 5.4% to 2.9% (p = 0.245). Both anastomotic leakage and pulmonary complications rates decreased from 9.8% to 2.2% (p = 0.001) and 24.1% to 19.3% (p = 0.295), respectively. An increased proportion of patients had R0 resection in the latter period, 78.5% versus 67.0%, (p = 0.028). Five-year survival rate after R0 resection increased from 29% to 46% (p = 0.001), with a decreased recurrence rate from 65.8% to 44.3% (p = 0.002). Three favorable prognostic factors were identified: low pT stage, pN0 stage, and operation during the 1994 to 2002 study period.

Conclusions

Short-term outcome and survival of patients with resected esophageal cancer have improved over time. Advances in perioperative technique, staging methods, and surgical management combined with higher patient selection and use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation may be responsible for this progress.     

经尿道等离子柱状电极整块切除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效观察

目的:明确经尿道等离子柱状电极膀胱肿瘤整块切除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾性分析2013年6月~2015年6月我院收治的146例非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中行等离子柱状电极膀胱肿瘤整块切除术患者80例(等离子柱状电极整块切除组),经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除患者66例(TURBT组),分析两组患者术前、术中和术后临床资料,统计两组各项并发症差异并纳入Clavien-Dindo分级进行比较,随访肿瘤复发情况。结果:两组手术均获成功。两组患者一般资料、手术时间、术后膀胱冲洗时间、留置尿管时间、术后并发症比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。标本所含逼尿肌数目等离子柱状电极整块切除组明显高于TURBT组(P<0.01)。等离子柱状电极整块切除组和TURBT组2年累积复发率分别为37.5%和39.4%,两组无复发生存率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:采用等离子柱状电极整块切除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤,是安全可行的。     

Node status in transmural esophageal adenocarcinoma and outcome after en bloc esophagectomy

OBJECTIVE: Adenocarcinoma has replaced squamous cell as the most common esophageal cancer in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and location of lymph node metastases, the feasibility of performing an R0 resection, and disease recurrence and survival in patients with transmural adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. METHODS: Forty-four patients with transmural adenocarcinoma underwent en bloc esophagectomy with systematic thoracic and abdominal lymphadenectomy. They were followed up for a median of 23 months. RESULTS: Actuarial survival for the entire group was 26% at 5 years. The most important predictors of the likelihood of recurrent disease and 5-year survival were the presence and number of lymph node metastases and the ratio of involved to total removed nodes. Seven patients (16%) were found to have no lymph node metastases and had an 85% 5-year survival. In contrast, patients with more than 4 involved nodes or a node ratio greater than 0.1 had a high likelihood of recurrence and death. Location of involved lymph nodes did not predict the likelihood of recurrence or death. Despite all patients having transmural tumors, recurrence within the field of the en bloc resection occurred in only 1 patient (2%). CONCLUSIONS: En bloc esophagectomy in patients with transmural esophageal adenocarcinoma is required to obtain the survival benefit of an R0 resection, to adequately assess lymphatic tumor burden, and to be able to predict the likelihood of recurrence and death and thereby guide the use of postoperative adjuvant therapy.     

Prospective analysis of the diagnostic yield of extended en bloc resection for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or gastric cardia

BACKGROUND: The extent of lymph node dissection can affect tumour node metastasis staging. The resulting 'stage migration' might hamper stage-by-stage comparison between different forms of oesophageal resection. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic impact of extended en bloc lymphadenectomy in staging (adeno)carcinoma of the mid/distal oesophagus or gastric cardia. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 74 patients (67 men and seven women; median age 63 (range 40-78) years) who underwent extended oesophagectomy between 1994 and 2000. RESULTS: A median of 31 (range 15-78) lymph nodes was resected (and identified), with a median of 5 (range 0-31) positive nodes. Twenty-seven patients (36 per cent) had tumour-positive nodes in extended fields: 15 patients (20 per cent) in the abdomen and 15 patients (20 per cent) in the mediastinum. Subcarinal nodes were most affected (19 per cent). Extended resection led to tumour upstaging in 17 patients (23 per cent); two patients had isolated positive subcarinal nodes and 15 other tumours became M1a owing to positive nodes near the coeliac axis, hepatic artery or splenic artery. Tumour positivity in paratracheal or aortopulmonary nodes occurred in 8 per cent of patients, without influencing staging. CONCLUSION: Extended en bloc lymphadenectomy altered staging in 17 of 74 patients (23 per cent) with adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus or cardia, mainly into M1a owing to positive coeliac nodes (20 per cent).     

Surgery for primary vertebral tumors: en bloc versus intralesional resection

The decision to select en bloc resection or intralesional resection needs to be tailored to each individual patient and circumstance. Though complete resection with long-term progression-free survival is the goal, it is not always feasible, nor advisable, depending on what the patient's expectations are and what the risk of complications may be. However, in cases with favorable circumstances and consensus agreement between physicians, surgeons, and patients, aggressive en bloc removal of spinal tumors can be extremely valuable and may offer the only chance at cure for otherwise devastating malignancies.     

Vertebral en bloc resection for lung cancer: twelve years' experience

OBJECTIVES: To report a single-institution retrospective study of radical en bloc resection for lung cancer invading the spine. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2004, 32 patients underwent partial or total vertebrectomy for non-small cells lung cancer with spinal extension. Twenty-one received induction treatment (chemotherapy, N=16; radiation, N=1 and chemoradiotherapy, N=4). Pneumonectomy was performed in 3 patients, lobectomy in 26 patients and wedge resection in 3 patients. Partial vertebrectomy was performed in 26 patients and total vertebrectomy was performed in 6 patients. Tumor stage was IIb in 9 patients, IIIa in 2 patients and IIIb in 21 patients. RESULTS: There was no immediate postoperative mortality. Major morbidity was observed in 10 patients (31%), including 4 complications related to spinal surgery. For 28 patients, a completed resection was achieved (87%). 2-years survival was 65% and 5-years survival was 24%. Completed resection and induction chemotherapy appear to be determinant prognostics factors (respectively p=0,01 and p=0,04 in univariate analysis). CONCLUSION: Radical en bloc resection with vertebrectomy for lung cancer is technically demanding. Encouraging long-term survival suggest that this surgical approach could be a valid option for selected patients with vertebral involvement of lung cancer.     

Long-term outcomes following en bloc resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of the head with portomesenteric venous invasion

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to clarify the prognostic influence of venous resection of the portal vein (PV) or superior mesenteric vein (SMV) on long-term outcomes in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) of the head with suspected vascular invasion.MethodsFrom May 1995 to December 2014, a total of 557 patients underwent surgery with curative intent for pancreatic cancer of the head.ResultsAmong 557 patients, 106 (19%) underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with PV-SMV resection and 89 (75.5%) of these patients were confirmed to have true pathological invasion. The 5-year overall survival rate in patients underwent PV-SMV resection was significantly lower compared with those who did not (18.7% versus 24.3%; p = 0.002). Patients with negative resection margins who underwent PV-SMV resection had a better prognosis than those with positive resection margins who did not undergo PV-SMV resection with positive resection margins (17% versus 6.3% in 5-year overall survival rate; p = 0.003). The overall morbidity rate was not significantly different between PV-SMV resection group and no PV-SMV resection group (p = 0.064). On multivariate analysis, margin status, advanced T stage (3 or 4), lymph node metastasis, and adjuvant therapy were independent prognostic factors for survival.ConclusionPV-SMV resection was related to lower overall survival. However, on multivariate analysis, margin status was a more important prognostic factor than PV-SMV resection and true pathological invasion for survival. Therefore, en bloc PV-SMV resection should be performed when PV-SMV invasion is suspected to achieve R0 resection.     

Curative resection for low rectal adenocarcinoma: abdomino-perineal vs anterior resection

OBJECTIVE: Local recurrence after abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum for tumours has been reported to occur in up to a third of patients in contrast to 4% after restorative anterior resection. METHOD: Low rectal tumours were defined as tumours within 8 cm of the anal verge and were treated by either stapled low anterior resection (SLAR) or abdomino-perineal excision of the rectum (APER). One hundred and seventy-eight patients with tumours in the lower third of the rectum (30% of 591 rectal cancers) underwent surgical resection between 1980 and 2001. Data were collected prospectively; 68 (38%) had SLAR and 110 (62%) had APER with median follow up of approximately 12 years; 54 SLAR (79%) and 76 APER (69%) had curative procedures on clinical and pathological criteria. RESULTS: Local and distant recurrence occurred in seven (13%) and eight (15%) patients in the SLAR group and six (8%) and 14 (18%) patients in the APER group, respectively. Overall 5-year survival was 63% and 60% in the SLAR and APER groups, respectively CONCLUSION: For rectal cancers within 8 cm of the anal verge, both procedures achieved equivalent results measured by low local recurrence rates and overall survival.     

Radical en bloc resection of the temporal bone

An interdisciplinary approach was used to treat 10 cancers of the ear and mastoid in nine consecutive patients by combining radical temporal bone resection with a full course of postoperative radiation therapy. We found this approach very successful in increasing the safety of this extensive operation, resulting in a significant disease-free interval for the patients. We also found that the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap provides a distinct improvement in reconstruction of these surgical defects in one stage and enables the patient to tolerate the radiation therapy without complications.     

Long-term outcomes following en bloc resection for sacral tumor: a retrospective analysis of 93 cases

Sacral tumors are rare. Appropriate surgical resection is crucial to treat the disease while minimizing disease recurrence. We present the results of 93 patients with sacral tumors to analyze the long-term functional and oncological results of patients undergoing en bloc resection. The medical data between January 2003 and July 2010 was retrospectively reviewed. None of the 93 patients died intra- or postoperatively. Patients undergoing intralesional curettage (range, 6500-25,000 mL; mean, 13,500 mL) lost more blood than those patients with wide excision (range, 1000-8100 mL; mean, 3590 mL). Mean follow-up duration from the time of surgery until most recent clinic visit or death was 44.5 months (range, 6-105 months). This study is an educational tool regarding primary sacral tumors and provides evidence on the treatment. It presents results from a large group of patients with sacral tumor. After follow-up, we did not find that sacrificed nerve roots and surgical margins have an impact on the recurrence of the tumor. Patients undergoing intralesional curettage lost more blood than those patients with wide excision. Postoperative bladder/bowel dysfunction was more severe for patients with removal of S1 and S2.     

Radical en bloc resection for lung cancer invading the spine

OBJECTIVE: We reviewed our 8-year experience with en bloc partial and total vertebrectomy for lung cancer invading the spine and report outcome and survival. METHODS: Nineteen patients with lung cancers involving the spine underwent en bloc resection. Eleven received induction treatment (chemotherapy, n = 5; chemoradiotherapy, n = 4; and radiation, n = 2). Pneumonectomy was performed in 3 patients, lobectomy in 13 patients, and wedge resection in 3 patients. Hemivertebrectomy was performed in 15 patients, and total vertebrectomy was performed in 4 patients. The median number of resected vertebral bodies was 3 (range, 1-4). Tumor stage was IIIB in 14 patients, IIIA in 1 patient, and IIB in 4 patients (hemivertebrectomy is performed in the case of T3 disease to obtain free margins). Surgical nodal status was N0 in 13 patients, N1 in 3 patients, N2 in 1 patient, and N3 (supraclavicular) in 2 patients. Complete macroscopic and microscopic resection was achieved in 15 (79%) patients. RESULTS: There was no immediate postoperative mortality. Morbidity was observed in 10 patients, including 4 (21%) complications related to the spinal surgery. The median hospital stay was 30 days. Seven patients were alive after a mean follow-up of 26 months (range, 7-74 months). The 1- and 5-year predicted survivals (updated) are 59% and 14%, respectively. Nine local recurrences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: En bloc resection of chest tumors with vertebrectomy is technically demanding, and postoperative morbidity should be critically addressed with this aggressive surgical intervention. However, an encouraging long-term survival observed in this series suggests that en bloc resection could be a valid option in selected patients with vertebral involvement of chest tumors.     

En bloc resection of the duodenum for locally advanced right colon adenocarcinoma

Direct invasion of colorectal adenocarcinoma into adjacent structures occurs frequently, but only rarely is the duodenum involved. This study was undertaken to assess the safety and efficacy of en bloc resection of locally advanced right colon carcinoma invading the duodenum. A retrospective review of 49 patients with locally advanced colon cancer, surgically managed between 2000 and 2005, was performed. Forty-six patients underwent en bloc resection of colon and adjacent organs not involving the duodenum. Three patients with duodenal invasion underwent en bloc partial duodenectomy. The mean operative blood loss, length of stay, postoperative morbidity, and mortality compare favorably between these two groups of patients. Of the 46 patients with en bloc resection of other organs, 27 are alive at 12 to 60 months follow up. Two patients with duodenal invasion are alive without recurrence at 15 and 20 months follow up. En bloc resection of colon cancer invading the duodenum can be performed safely because morbidity and mortality rates are comparable to those attending extended resections of other locally advanced colon carcinomas. Overall survival in patients who underwent surgery with curative intent justifies en bloc duodenal resection in selected patients.     

Feasibility and effectiveness of en bloc resection of the esophagus for esophageal cancer. Results of a prospective study.

En bloc resection of the esophagus was attempted by right thoracotomy, laparotomy, and left cervicotomy in 82 patients suffering from an esophageal cancer. Tumors were classified by the depth of wall penetration and node involvement: 21 tumors penetrated at the most into but not through the muscle (W1), and 61 invaded the full thickness of the wall (W2). Twenty-five were associated with normal lymph nodes (N0), 26 with metastatic thoracic nodes only (N1), and 31 with metastatic extrathoracic nodes (N2). Digestive continuity was restored by gastric pull-up in all cases except one in which the transverse colon was used. Thirty day and hospital mortality were 0 and 2.4% (2/82) respectively. Posterior mediastinectomy was feasible in 65 patients but in seven of them an unsuspected metastatic spread was detected during the second step of the operation. It was not feasible in 17 patients owing to the involvement of adjacent mediastinal organs. It was feasible in all W1 tumors and in 72% of W2. Feasibility did not significantly depend on the tumor location or length. Of the 24 palliative operations, 17 were carried out for N2 tumors. After potentially curative mediastinectomy (N = 58), three year survival was 38% and after palliative operation (N = 24), 18 months survival was 11% only. After mediastinectomy, survival dropped as the node involvement and the depth of wall penetration increased (W1: 66%, W2: 28%, N0: 58%, N1: 32% at three years and N2: 17% at 2 years). Overall survival in group N2 was not significantly different from that achieved in palliative cases and no patient classified W2 N2 was alive at 18 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)