三氧化二砷对BXSB狼疮鼠生存时间及脾细胞分泌白细胞介素-4干扰素-γ的影响

目的探讨三氧化二砷（ATO）对BXSB狼疮小鼠生存时间、外周血抗dsDNA抗体水平及离体脾脏单个核细胞白细胞介素（IL）-4、干扰素（IFN）-γ分泌水平的影响。方法BXSB狼疮小鼠44只，随机分为2组，治疗组予腹腔内注射ATO，对照组注射等量生理盐水，酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测其外周血抗dsDNA抗体水平，并将生存时间作比较；另外，通过体外培养脾脏单个核细胞比较C57和BXSB小鼠脾脏单个核细胞分泌IL-4、IFN-γ水平的差异，然后观察ATO对BXSB小鼠脾脏单个核细胞IL-4、IFN-γ分泌水平的影响，同时观察ATO对细胞活性的影响。结果ATO可延长BXSB狼疮小鼠的生存时间，显著降低其外周血中抗dsDNA抗体的水平；1μmol／L浓度的ATO对小鼠脾脏单个核细胞的活性无明显影响：与C57小鼠相比，BXSB狼疮小鼠脾脏单个核细胞在体外经有丝分裂原刺激之后分泌IL-4、IFN-γ水平较高，ATO能显著抑制其分泌。结论ATO可延长BXSB狼疮鼠的生存时间，降低其外周血抗dsDNA抗体的水平．提示ATO对BXSB狼疮鼠有一定的治疗作用；ATO抑制该小鼠脾脏单个核细胞IL-4和IFN-γ的分泌可能是其发挥治疗作用的重要机制之一。     

细粒棘球绦虫重组亲肌肉抗原ZW-15免疫小鼠LncRNA 031520表达的研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨长链非编码RNA031520(LncRNA 031520)分子在细粒棘球绦虫重组亲肌肉抗原ZW-15诱导小鼠免疫保护的表达分析。方法36只雌性BALB/c小鼠分为PBS对照组、弗氏佐剂组和ZW-15免疫组,12只/组。PBS对照组、弗氏佐剂组分别皮下多点注射PBS溶液和完全/不完全弗氏佐剂100μl/只,ZW-15免疫组注射重组抗原100μl/只(10μg/只)。弗氏佐剂组和ZW-15免疫组初次免疫使用完全弗氏佐剂,加强免疫使用不完全弗氏佐剂。共免疫3次,初次免疫后的2次加强免疫间隔时间为两周。免疫小鼠经麻醉取血,分离血清。采用ELISA法检测特异IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b抗体水平。无菌取脾脏,分离淋巴细胞采用流式细胞术分选CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞及B淋巴细胞群;利用qRT-PCR检测CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞及总淋巴细胞中LncRNA 031520及内参GAPDH的表达;利用流式细胞术检测脾脏CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞中IFN-γ、IL-4的表达。使用SPSS 17.0统计软件和Graphpad Prism 8.0绘图软件对实验数据进行统计分析。结果小鼠经亲肌肉重组抗原ZW-15免疫后血清特异IgG、IgG1、IgG2a及IgG2b抗体水平均升高,且均显著高于PBS组、弗氏佐剂对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。LncRNA 031520在ZW-15免疫组CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞、总淋巴细胞中相对表达量显著高于PBS对照组和弗氏佐剂对照组(P<0.01),在ZW-15免疫组B淋巴细胞及CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞中相对表达量与PBS对照组及弗氏佐剂对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。免疫组小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞Th1亚群标志分子IFN-γ表达量为(19.07±3.44)%,显著高于PBS对照组(8.03±2.67)%和弗氏佐剂对照组(9.37±1.25)%(P<0.05),Th2亚群标志分子IL-4表达量为(0.79±0.02)%,显著高于PBS对照组(0.44±0.13)%和弗氏佐剂对照组(0.50±0.15)%(P<0.05)。结论LncRNA 031520在细粒棘球绦虫重组亲肌肉抗原ZW-15免疫小鼠淋巴细胞中表达上调,可能在亲肌肉抗原抵御细粒棘球蚴感染中发挥免疫保护作用。     

细粒棘球绦虫重组亲肌肉抗原ZW-15免疫小鼠LncRNA 031520表达的研究

目的探讨长链非编码RNA031520(LncRNA 031520)分子在细粒棘球绦虫重组亲肌肉抗原ZW-15诱导小鼠免疫保护的表达分析。方法 36只雌性BALB/c小鼠分为PBS对照组、弗氏佐剂组和ZW-15免疫组,12只/组。PBS对照组、弗氏佐剂组分别皮下多点注射PBS溶液和完全/不完全弗氏佐剂100μl/只,ZW-15免疫组注射重组抗原100μl/只(10μg/只)。弗氏佐剂组和ZW-15免疫组初次免疫使用完全弗氏佐剂,加强免疫使用不完全弗氏佐剂。共免疫3次,初次免疫后的2次加强免疫间隔时间为两周。免疫小鼠经麻醉取血,分离血清。采用ELISA法检测特异IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b抗体水平。无菌取脾脏,分离淋巴细胞采用流式细胞术分选CD4~+T淋巴细胞、CD8~+T淋巴细胞及B淋巴细胞群;利用qRT-PCR检测CD4~+T淋巴细胞、CD8~+T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞及总淋巴细胞中LncRNA 031520及内参GAPDH的表达;利用流式细胞术检测脾脏CD4~+T淋巴细胞中IFN-γ、IL-4的表达。使用SPSS 17.0统计软件和Graphpad Prism 8.0绘图软件对实验数据进行统计分析。结果小鼠经亲肌肉重组抗原ZW-15免疫后血清特异IgG、IgG1、IgG2a及IgG2b抗体水平均升高,且均显著高于PBS组、弗氏佐剂对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.001)。LncRNA 031520在ZW-15免疫组CD4~+T淋巴细胞、总淋巴细胞中相对表达量显著高于PBS对照组和弗氏佐剂对照组(P0.01),在ZW-15免疫组B淋巴细胞及CD8~+T淋巴细胞中相对表达量与PBS对照组及弗氏佐剂对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。免疫组小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞Th1亚群标志分子IFN-γ表达量为(19.07±3.44)%,显著高于PBS对照组(8.03±2.67)%和弗氏佐剂对照组(9.37±1.25)%(P0.05),Th2亚群标志分子IL-4表达量为(0.79±0.02)%,显著高于PBS对照组(0.44±0.13)%和弗氏佐剂对照组(0.50±0.15)%(P0.05)。结论 LncRNA 031520在细粒棘球绦虫重组亲肌肉抗原ZW-15免疫小鼠淋巴细胞中表达上调,可能在亲肌肉抗原抵御细粒棘球蚴感染中发挥免疫保护作用。     

B细胞刺激因子受体融合蛋白改善BXSB狼疮鼠病变的研究

目的 观察腹腔注射B细胞刺激因子受体融合蛋白(BAFF-R-IgG4mut)对狼疮鼠病变的影响.方法 100μl的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)、200 μg人IgG4和100 μg BAFF-R-lgG4mut融合蛋白分别经腹腔注入10周龄BXSB狼疮鼠,每周注射3次,共注射5周.分别检测狼疮鼠外周血BAFF水平、外周血和脾脏组织中B220~+CD5~-B细胞、CD3~+CD4~-CD8~+T细胞和CD3~+CD4~+CD8~-T细胞的表达,检测尿蛋白、IgG型抗双链DNA(dsDNA)抗体、肾脏病理损伤指标和狼疮鼠的存活率.以方差分析和X~2检验进行数据统计.结果 实验组9、10、12、15周龄鼠外周血BAFF水平分别是(2.0±1.6)ng/ml、(4.1±2.2)ng/ml、(3.7±1.9)ng/ml、(3.9±1.8)ng/ml,较对照组下降(P<0.01);外周血、脾脏组织中B220~+CD5~-细胞比率较埘照组下降(P<0.01),蛋白尿、IgG型抗dsDNA抗体产生减少,IgG在肾组织沉积及肾组织病理损伤较对照组明显减轻(P<0.01),存活率较对照组延长(P<0.01). 结论 BAFF-R-IgG4mut融合蛋白改善BXSB狼疮鼠病变.     

不同时期应用抗L3T4单抗治疗的自身免疫性心肌病小鼠免疫球蛋白G亚型分析

目的:探讨不同阶段应用抗L3T4单抗治疗自身免疫性心肌病对小鼠血清抗线粒体ADP/ATP载体抗体和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)亚型的影响。方法:将24只小鼠随机分为4组,每组6只。用含有人线粒体ADP/ATP载体肽的免疫液免疫近交系Balb/C小鼠建立类扩张型心肌病(DCM)模型(DCM组);以不含肽免疫液免疫小鼠作为对照组;在同时用含有ADP/ATP载体肽的免疫液的第0、1、2天连续3d以400μg抗L3T4单抗免疫小鼠获得早期治疗组;在给予ADP/ATP载体肽的免疫液第4个月初始连续3d给予抗L3T4单抗治疗获得中期治疗组。以ELISA法检测其血清中抗ADP/ATP载体抗体水平和IgG亚型(IgG1、IgG2a、IgG2b和IgG3)的变化;采用流式细胞术检测小鼠脾脏中CD4 T细胞内γ干扰素(IFN-γ)/白细胞介素(IL)-4的表达。结果:早期治疗组与对照组小鼠抗ADP/ATP载体抗体检测均为阴性,而中期治疗组与DCM组抗体均为阳性。DCM组各亚类水平均较对照组明显升高;早期治疗组IgG1、IgG2b和IgG3的产生均受到抑制,其水平接近对照组;中期治疗组IgG1水平介于DCM组和早期治疗组之间,IgG2b和IgG3的生成与DCM组差异无统计学意义,但显著高于早期治疗组;而治疗组与DCM组IgG2a水平则差异无统计学意义。早期治疗组小鼠IFN-γ/IL-4百分含量与对照组相比差异无统计学意义,但明显低于DCM组;中期治疗组IFN-γ的百分含量较DCM组更高,IL-4的百分含量介于DCM组和早期治疗组之间。结论:抗L3T4单抗治疗能够抑制DCM小鼠血清中的抗ADP/ATP载体抗体及IgG1亚型的生成和Th2相关细胞因子IL-4的百分含量,且以早期治疗的效果更明显。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者T淋巴细胞PTA1表达的研究

目的：研究血小板和T细胞活化抗原1（PTA1）在系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）外周血T淋巴细胞的表达及其与SLE活动相关性，探索活化T细胞在SLE发病中的作用。方法：应用双色直接荧光标记，流式细胞仪分析27例（其中活动期13例，非活动期14例）SLE患者和30名健康志愿者的CD3，CD4，CD8淋巴细胞，在植物血凝素（PHA）刺激下PTA1（CD226）表达，同时检测SLE患者抗dsDNA抗体，C3和C4补体，疾病活动度用SLEDAI记分，结果：SLE患者组CD3，CD4，CD8淋巴细胞上PTA1表达率均高于正常对照组，CD3上PTA1表达两组差异有显著性（P＜0．01），活动期SLE组CD3，CD4，CD8细胞上PTA1表达均高于正常对照组和非活动期SLE组（P＜0．01），而非活动期SLE组与正常对照组差异无显著性（P＞0．05），SLE患者CD3，CD8细胞PTA1表达与SLEDAI，抗dsDNA抗体之间呈正相关，与C3，C4补体水平呈负相关，CD8细胞PTA1表达与SLEDAI，抗dsDNA抗体，C3，C4补体水平呈直线相关（P＜0．05），结论：SLE患者存在T细胞亚群异常活化，活动期SLE淋巴细胞PTA1表达增高，SLE患者CD8细胞PTA1表达异常与SLEDAI，抗dsDNA抗体，C2和C4补体之间有明显相关，CD8细胞活化程度与SLE疾病程度有关，PTA1可能参与了SLE的免疫发病机制。     

Coomb''s试验在慢性乙型肝炎治疗中的应用

了解Coomb’s试验在乙型病毒性肝炎中的临床意义。收集了132例住院病例，男性87例，女性45例，平均年龄为43．2岁，急性肝炎15例，慢性中度92例，慢性重度17例，慢性重症8例。对上述病例分别在入院时、住院中期或后期进行了Coomb’s试验、抗核抗体(ANA)系列和T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4／CD8)检测。急性重型、慢性重度及慢性重症肝炎患者均可出现直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性，其中广谱、抗-C3、抗IgG阳性分别为19、19和2例，而间接抗人球蛋白试验仅1例阳性。ANA阳性和CD4／CD8下降均为19例。且以上各指标滴度与病情严重程度呈正相关。Coomb‘s试验检测对乙型病毒性肝炎的病情监测与治疗有指导意义。     

三氧化二砷对MRL/lpr自发性狼疮小鼠抗双链DNA抗体和DNA甲基转移酶及CD11a表达的影响

目的 探讨三氧化二砷(ATO)对MRL/lpr自发性狼疮小鼠抗双链DNA(dsDNA)抗体及DNA甲基转移酶1(DNMT1)和黏附分子淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(LFA-1)的亚基CD11a表达的影响及其可能作用机制.方法 将MRL/lpr狼疮鼠随机分为ATO治疗组、0.9％氯化钠注射液(NS)对照组和环磷酰胺组.另设正常C57/BL小鼠,随机分为ATO治疗组和NS对照组.以上每组各10只,隔日腹腔注射,给药2个月后处死,SYSMEX KX21血常规测定仪测定血常规,酶联免疫吸附试验(EMSA)法测各组小鼠血清抗dsDNA抗体水平;反转录.聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测2组小鼠外周血单个核细胞的DNMT1及CD11a转录水平的表达情况.采用方差分析和配对t检验进行统计学处理.结果 ①MRL/lpr小鼠ATO 治疗组血清抗dsDNA抗体水平(0.89±0.07)和CD11 a(0.43±0.25)均低于NS对照组(1.77±0.28.P＜0.01和0.99±0.31,P＜0.05),DNMT1 (0.32±0.30)高于NS对照组(0.16±0.26,P＜0.05);②MRL/lpr小鼠ATO治疗组及环磷酰胺治疗组小鼠的血清抗dsDNA抗体水平(分别为0.90±0.07和0.66±0.22)较NS组(1.77±0.28)下降,且ATO治疗组小鼠的血清抗dsDNA抗体水平高于环磷酰胺治疗组(P＜0.05):ATO组DNMT1(0.32±0.30)高于环磷酰胺治疗组(0.16±0.18,P＜0.05),CD11 a(0.43±0.25)低于环磷酰胺治疗组(0.86±0.31,P＜0.05);③在C57/BL小鼠中.ATO治疗组和NS对照组之间以上指标差异均无统计学意义.结论 ATO 能减少狼疮小鼠体内自身抗体产生,逆转其低甲基化状态;但是对正常小鼠的抗体水平和其甲基化状态并无明显影响.     

大黄和黄芪水提醇沉液注射治疗BXSB狼疮鼠的实验研究

目的 为了开发治疗系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）的新药，我们应用大黄、黄芪溶液注射治疗BXSB狼疮样小鼠，以观察其疗效。方法 应用水提醇沉法制取大黄黄芪溶液，15只BXSB雄性小鼠及6只雌鼠被随机分成三组，分别应用大黄黄芪溶液、地塞米松及生理盐水腹部皮下注射。考马斯亮蓝分光度法被用来检测小鼠尿蛋白含量，应用免疫荧光法检测小鼠血清抗核抗体（ANA）滴度及肾内免疫复合物沉积。结果 中药组及地塞米松组BXSB小鼠的尿蛋白含量及血清ANA滴度均明显低于生理盐水组（P＜0．01或P＜0．05），两组肾内免疫复合物沉积也轻于生理盐水组（P＜0．05）加药组BXSB小鼠的24h尿蛋白含量低于地塞米松组（P＜0．05）。结论 大黄、黄芪水提醇沉液可降低BXSB小鼠尿蛋白含量及血清ANA滴度，减少肾内免疫复合物沉积，对BXSB狼疮样小鼠有较为肯定的疗效。     

广州管圆线虫感染小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群和细胞因子的变化

摘 要：目的 观察小鼠感染广州管圆线虫后脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群及其细胞因子分泌水平的变化。方法 用从褐云玛瑙螺体内检获的广州管圆线虫第3期幼虫感染BALB/c小鼠, 感染后第19d及第25d分批处死小鼠, 分离脾细胞,使用细胞内细胞因子荧光染色方法, 用流式细胞仪检测脾脏淋巴细胞中的T细胞亚群的含量,用双抗夹心ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清细胞因子的浓度。结果 与对照组比较,感染小鼠脾脏CD4+、CD4+IL-4+T淋巴细胞比例显著上升,而CD4+ IL-17 +、CD4+IFN-γ+T淋巴细胞比例显著下降;脾细胞培养上清细胞因子IL-4水平明显升高,而IL-17水平明显下降。同时,感染程度和感染时间等因素也可造成脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群及其细胞因子分泌水平的变化。结论 小鼠感染广州管圆线虫后,表现以脾脏CD4+T淋巴细胞大量增殖和Th2型淋巴细胞极化为特点。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.