Bilaterale Ruptur des Lig.patellae bei Diabetes mellitus

Bilateral ruptures of patellar tendon are a rare event and occur mainly in older patients suffering from systemic diseases like lupus erythematosus, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis or are taking longterm corticosteroids. Only few cases of spontaneous bilateral rupture of patellar tendon without underlying systemic disease are described in literature up to now. This report provides a patient with bilateral patellar tendon rupture, where in further check up and follow up only a mild diabetes mellitus treated by diet could be detected as systemic disease. In current opinion diabetes mellitus does not belong to the "typical" underlying systemic diseases for tendon ruptures. In literature research diabetes mellitus was only mentioned once together with a bilateral patellar tendon rupture.     

Neglected bilateral rupture of the patellar tendon: A case report

Simultaneous bilateral rupture of the patellar tendon (PT) is extremely rare and is generally associated to some chronic diseases. When the rupture becomes chronic, it is more difficult to repair that as it remained untreated.The diagnosis, which is clinical, is often delayed, guided by standard radiography and confirmed by ultrasound or MRI.The management of a bilateral neglected, chronic patellar tendon rupture must address some serious difficulties: the proximally retracted patella, the reconstruction of the patellar tendon, finally, the temporary protection of this repair.We report a case of neglected bilateral rupture of the patellar tendon in a chronic hemodialysis patient, treated with a plastic surgery of the ipsilateral quadriceps tendon.     

Diagnosis and treatment of closed complete rupture of patellar tendon. Analysis of 11 cases]

Eleven cases of closed complete rupture of patellar tendon (4 neglected ruptures and 7 fresh ruptures) were treated. Seven of them were treated in extension for 6-8 weeks after operation, 1 was immobilized with patellar traction in the early stage on bed, and 3 were mobilized and assisted with movable brace standing and walking through the body weigh on the knee in the early stage after operation. The aim was to promote the functional recovery of the knee joint. The mechanism of injury, clinical diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of closed rupture of patellar tendon were discussed in combination with clinical experience. And the suggestion of movement and active recovery in the early stage after patellar tendon surgery was put forward.     

Le fratture articolari ed extra-articolari del ginocchio

Joint fractures of the knee include epiphyseal detachments of the distal femur and proximal tibia (types 3 and 4 according to Salter-Harris). Extra-articular fractures include: avulsion of the tibial spines, detachment of the anterior tuberosity and patellar fractures. Fractures involving the distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphysis are relatively infrequent but may lead to long-term complications owing to the formation of post-traumatic bone bridges. Unless the fracture is composed, surgical treatment is always indicated. Avulsion fractures of the tibial spines occur as a result of a chondro-epiphyseal detachment of the insertion of the cruciate ligaments (predominantly the anterior one). They are infrequent injuries (3 per 100,000 cases per year, 2% of all knee injuries). Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment prevent unfortunate outcomes. Adolescent tibial tubercle fractures are uncommon, high-energy injuries sometimes combined with patellar tendon rupture; they represent a frequently missed diagnosis. Open reduction/internal fixation is generally required. Patellar fractures are caused by direct trauma (primary osseous fractures) or by an eccentric load during extension of the knee (sleeve and avulsion fractures). Most fractures require open reduction/internal fixation. The complication rate is low but late reconstruction of missed injuries may result in an extensor deficit.

     

Rupture of the quadriceps tendon: an association with a patellar spur

We reviewed the records of 107 consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for disruption of the knee extensor mechanism to test whether an association existed between rupture of the quadriceps tendon and the presence of a patellar spur. The available standard pre-operative lateral radiographs were examined to see if a patellar spur was an indicator for rupture of the quadriceps tendon in this group of patients. Of the 107 patients, 12 underwent repair of a ruptured patellar tendon, 59 had an open reduction and internal fixation of a patellar fracture and 36 repair of a ruptured quadriceps tendon. In the 88 available lateral radiographs, patellar spurs were present significantly more commonly (p < 0.0005) in patients operated on for rupture of the quadriceps tendon (79%) than in patients with rupture of the patellar tendon (27%) or fracture of the patella (15%). In patients presenting with failure of the extensor mechanism of the knee in the presence of a patellar spur, rupture of the quadriceps tendon should be considered as a possible diagnosis.     

Old rupture of the patellar tendon. A case report

A 46-year-old man with pain and instability in the right knee and a long-neglected rupture of the patellar tendon was treated by means of tendon reconstruction. External skeletal fixation between the patella and the tibial tubercle allowed for early exercise of the knee joint, resulting in a favorable range of knee motion. This method is considered to be helpful in the reconstruction of old and disabling patellar tendon ruptures.     

保留止点半腱肌、股薄肌肌腱重建修复陈旧性髌韧带断裂2例报告

目的探讨利用保留止点半腱肌、股薄肌肌腱重建修复陈旧性髌韧带断裂的的治疗方法和疗效。方法采用保留止点半腱肌、股薄肌腱横穿髌骨隧道后重叠缝合重建髌韧带并加用减张钢丝固定方法治疗2例陈旧性髌韧带断裂。结果2例患者均得到随访,分别随访18个月与24个月。术后2、3、6、12、18个月及2年分别对2例病人进行Lysholm评分,术后1年平均分达到80分以上,显示治疗结果为优。结论对于陈旧性髌韧带断裂患者,取半腱肌及股薄肌对其加强重建辅以钢丝内固定手术为临床操作方便、疗效较为可靠的方法。     

Tendon rupture of the extensor muscles of the knee

Five cases of rupture of the quadriceps tendon and two cases of rupture of the patellar ligament form the authors' own patient material (1975-1984) are reviewed. It seems we must differentiate between rupture of the quadriceps tendon (namely, rupture in an elderly patient with degeneratively changed tendon in trivial traumas) on the one hand, and rupture of the patellar ligament (rupture in the young patient with considerable trauma, as in sports) and hence a more or less purely traumatically caused rupture, on the other. Except for one case of spontaneous rupture associated with cortison treatment for several years, the four remaining quadriceps tendon ruptures were based on the same accident mechanism, the average age of these patients being 65 years: on trying to stabilize themselves while stumbling, the quadriceps muscle was suddenly tensed. In both cases of rupture of the patellar tendon, rupture occurred while jumping off a springboard during sports activities. The authors advocate protecting the tendon suture in quadriceps tendon rupture via a walking cast of the femur; in rupture of the patellar ligament, it is recommended to effect wire cerclage between patella and tuberositas tibiae. In each case, functional exercise should be initiated as early as possible.     

Achilles tendon rupture. Occurrence with a closed ankle fracture

A 61-year-old man, involved in an automobile accident, sustained a complete Achilles tendon rupture with an ipsilateral, closed slightly displaced medial malleolus ankle fracture. The tendon rupture was not diagnosed before operation but was recognized at the time of open reduction of the ankle. This rare combination of injuries was apparently secondary to hyperdorsiflexion of the foot. The tendon rupture would have been missed had surgical treatment not been required. Unrecognized tendon ruptures associated with closed ankle fractures may be a cause of residual ankle-foot weakness, pain, loss of motion, or a combination thereof.     

髌骨下极撕脱粉碎性骨折合并髌韧带损伤的治疗

目的探讨髌骨下极撕脱粉碎性骨折合并髌韧带损伤的治疗方法与临床效果。方法 2003年1月-2008年12月,采用镍钛记忆合金聚髌器内固定及阔筋膜移植修复5例交通事故伤致髌骨下极撕脱粉碎性骨折合并髌韧带损伤。其中男3例,女2例;年龄20～48岁,平均33.7岁。骨折程度:3例髌骨下极3个骨折块,2例4个骨折块;髌韧带损伤情况:3例韧带中段横型撕裂,1例近胫骨结节处斜型撕裂,1例纵向撕裂尚未完全离断。受伤至手术时间为1～5 d。结果患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、深静脉血栓形成等并发症发生。术后第2天复查X线片示髌骨高度与髌韧带长度比例恢复1∶1。5例均获随访,随访时间10～22个月,平均18个月。术后3～12周4例患侧膝关节屈曲度达健侧水平,1例膝关节屈曲功能稍差(约100°)。术后3～5个月骨折均达骨性愈合。术后12～15个月取出聚髌器,均未发生骨折复位丢失或再骨折。随访期间无骨折块移位、植入物松动和断裂、髌韧带再次断裂等并发症发生。末次随访时根据张春才等膝关节评分标准评定疗效:获优3例,良1例,可1例,优良率80%;根据胥少汀等综合评分法评定膝关节功能:获优2例,良2例,中1例,优良率80%。结论镍钛记忆合金聚髌器内固定联合阔筋膜移植修复髌骨下极撕脱粉碎性骨折合并髌韧带损伤可有效恢复伸膝装置的完整性,内固定充分可靠,局部应力诱导成骨,结合术后早期功能锻炼能获得满意疗效。     

Posterior dislocation of total knee arthroplasty.

Posterior dislocation of the prosthesis after total knee arthroplasty is an infrequent but serious complication. Seven patients with this complication were treated from January 1985 until October 1989. Five of the seven dislocations occurred in primary total knee arthroplasties and two occurred after revision arthroplasty. Limb alignment before arthroplasty, when it could be determined, was valgus in all patients, averaging 25 degrees. In each case there was an identifiable problem with the knee extensor mechanism: five had patellar dislocations, one a patellar tendon rupture, and one a patellar fracture. In three of the posterior dislocations, there was also an imbalance of the flexion and extension gaps with excessive laxity of the ligaments in flexion. Treatment was individualized. In two patients, the knee was reduced closed and the patella subsequently tracked so that no reoperation was necessary. One ruptured patellar tendon could not be repaired in a 94-year-old patient with cardiac disease. A cylinder cast was applied with poor results. Operative intervention was required in four patients, one of whom required only a patellar realignment procedure. The three other patients required component revision procedures, however, in addition to patellar realignment procedures. In these three patients, laxity of the knee in flexion was so severe that posterior instability could not be corrected merely by patellar relocation. At a follow-up examination (average, 21 months postoperatively), all six patients who were treated as recommended had good results with no further dislocations, with the exception of the one patient with a patellar tendon rupture.     

Neglected rupture of the patellar tendon

Neglected rupture of the patellar tendon is a rare but well recognised complication of knee trauma. We present the case of a 43-year-old man who sustained a complete rupture of the patellar tendon of his left knee following a fall. Clinical diagnosis was delayed by 2 months and was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment began with skeletal patellar traction and was followed by late reconstruction of the patellar tendon and transfer of the gracilis and semitendonosus tendons supplemented by figure-of-eight tension band wiring. Received: 6 November 1997     

Patellar and quadriceps tendon ruptures

Ten cases of rupture of quadriceps tendon and seven cases of rupture of the patellar ligament were studied. All patients were reexamined. One must differentiate between rupture of the quadriceps tendon (tendon ruptures in elderly patients with degeneratively changed tendon in trivial trauma) and rupture of the patellar tendon (tendon rupture in younger patients with considerable trauma). All the patients were discussed with regard to accident mechanism, histology, underlying systemic and local diseases, therapy and results. There were good results in all patients with rupture of the patella tendon. In seven of the ten patients with quadriceps tendon rupture, we noted also good results. Three patients had residual pain and restricted motion and function of the knee. In two of these cases, diagnosis and reconstruction was delayed for months, the other patient had an infection of an implanted knee endoprosthesis in the injured knee.     

Re-revision of a patellar tendon rupture in a young professional martial arts athlete

A 27-year-old professional martial arts athlete experienced recurrent right knee patellar tendon rupture on three occasions. He underwent two operations for complete patellar tendon rupture: an end-to-end tenorrhaphy the first time, and revision with a bone-patellar-tendon (BPT) allograft. After the third episode, he was referred to our department, where we performed a surgical reconstruction with the use of hamstring pro-patellar tendon, in a figure-of-eight configuration, followed by a careful rehabilitation protocol. Clinical and radiological follow-ups were realized at 1, 3, and 6 months and 1 and 2 years postop, with an accurate physical examination, the use of recognized international outcome scores, and radiograph and MRI studies. As far as we know, this is the first paper to report a re-revision of a patellar tendon rupture.     

Verletzung großer Sehnen

The etiology and mechanisms of Achilles, patellar and quadriceps tendon ruptures are very similar. Age dependent changes in tendon structure and disorders such gout, diabetes, rheumatic diseases and chronic renal failure are associated causes. The main mechanism of rupture is indirect trauma. Although clinical diagnosis is easy, ruptures are still frequently missed. Sonography is the main standard diagnostic tool. MRI is indicated only in special cases. Open operative repair is the most common treatment for quadriceps and patellar tendon ruptures. Treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures is moving towards an individualized choice of therapy. Percutaneous and other “minimally invasive” techniques will play an increasingly important role.     

Patellarsehnenruptur

Rupture of the patellar tendon is a rare injury which in most cases affects patients older than 40 years. If a rupture is overlooked or a false diagnosis is made there can be far-reaching consequences for the affected patient. Clinically, rupture of the patellar tendon shows an easily recognizable triad of limitation of active knee extension, elevated patella and a palpable depression. Because at least a partial osseus avulsion of the tendon is mostly present, patients often complain of severe pain. Complete rupture of the patellar tendon must always be treated surgically. Contraindications are extensive accompanying injuries and a life-threatening condition of the patient. In order to avoid complications early mobilization and exercise of the patient are necessary. If the diagnosis and therapy are correct good to very good results can mostly be achieved.     

Bilateral metachronous rupture of the patellar tendon.

We present a case of a 37-year-old man who sustained a rupture of his left patellar tendon approximately 48 hours after rupturing his right patellar tendon. This temporal pattern illustrates two important aspects of patellar tendon injury-that rupture of the degenerated patellar tendon may occur without any prodromal warning and that it may elude detection even if the patient is examined by several physicians.     

Damage to large tendons: Achilles, patellar and quadriceps tendons]

The etiology and mechanisms of Achilles, patellar and quadriceps tendon ruptures are very similar. Age dependent changes in tendon structure and disorders such gout, diabetes, rheumatic diseases and chronic renal failure are associated causes. The main mechanism of rupture is indirect trauma. Although clinical diagnosis is easy, ruptures are still frequently missed. Sonography is the main standard diagnostic tool. MRI is indicated only in special cases. Open operative repair is the most common treatment for quadriceps and patellar tendon ruptures. Treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures is moving towards an individualized choice of therapy. Percutaneous and other "minimally invasive" techniques will play an increasingly important role.     

Patellar tendon rupture after total knee arthroplasty

Between 1973 and 1985, 18 knees in 17 patients were treated for rupture of the patellar tendon after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), accounting for 0.17% of the TKAs performed at the authors' institution during the same interval. Follow-up study was from two and one-half years to four years. Four ruptures occurred in patients who had had a distal patellar realignment procedure, and one occurred after knee manipulation. Only two xenograft reconstructions and two of four staple fixation procedures were successful. After treatment of the patellar tendon rupture, four knees developed deep infection. Avoidance of this complication seems paramount because the results of treatment are discouraging. Patients at high risk at the time of the initial TKA seem to be those with limited preoperative motion in whom surgical exposure is difficult.     

Treatment of Extensor Tendon Disruption After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review

BackgroundPatellar or quadriceps tendon ruptures after total knee arthroplasty constitute a devastating complication with historically poor outcomes. With advances in soft tissue reconstruction and repair techniques, treatment has become more nuanced. Numerous graft options for reconstruction and suture techniques for repair have been described but there is no consensus regarding optimal treatment.MethodsA search of PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus was conducted. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed. Type of intervention performed, type of injury studied, outcome measures, and complications were recorded. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed.ResultsTwenty-eight articles met inclusion criteria. The complication rate after repair of patellar tendon (63.16%) was higher than the complication rate after repair of quadriceps tendon (25.37%). However, the complication rate for patellar and quadriceps tendon tears after autograft, allograft, or mesh reconstruction was similar (18.8% vs 19.2%, respectively). The most common complication after extensor mechanism repair or reconstruction was extension lag of 30° or greater (45.33%). This was followed by re-rupture and infection (25.33% and 22.67%, respectively). Early ruptures had a higher overall complication rate than late injuries.ConclusionExtensor mechanism disruption after total knee arthroplasty is a complication with high morbidity. Reconstruction of patellar tendon rupture has a much lower complication rate than repair. Our findings support the recommendation of patellar tendon reconstruction in both the early and late presentation stages. Quadriceps rupture can be treated with repair in early ruptures or with reconstruction in the late rupture or in the case of revision surgery.