蓝百合提取物镇咳作用的初步研究

目的探讨蓝百合提取物(Agapanthus africanus L extracts,AE)的镇咳效果及其初步作用机制。方法采用雾氨、二氧化硫诱导小鼠咳嗽实验以及辣椒素诱导豚鼠咳嗽实验来评价AE镇咳的效果;采用辣椒素诱导鼠肺泡及血清释放C-纤维P物质,观察AE外周镇咳作用途径。结果与对照组相比,高剂量的AE(400 mg·kg-1)不但可有效地延长雾氨以及二氧化硫诱导小鼠咳嗽的潜伏期(P0.01),也可有效减少咳嗽次数(P0.05),且各剂量间有较好的量效关系;高剂量的AE可显著地抑制辣椒素诱导的豚鼠咳嗽次数(P0.01)。与对模型相比,AE对辣椒素诱导豚鼠肺泡及血清C-纤维P物质的释放有显著的抑制作用(P0.05)。结论 AE具有较好的镇咳作用,其效果可能与AE抑制C-纤维P物质的释放有关。     

射干止咳胶囊对咳嗽豚鼠的镇咳作用

目的 研究射干止咳胶囊对咳嗽豚鼠的镇咳作用及其机制。方法 采用枸橼酸钠引咳实验，考察射干止咳胶囊对豚鼠咳嗽潜伏期及5、10 min内咳嗽次数的影响；采用辣椒素刺激引咳实验，考察射干止咳胶囊对豚鼠咳嗽潜伏期及咳嗽次数的影响，并测定豚鼠肺泡灌洗液及血清P物质水平，探究其止咳作用机理；采用烟熏诱导慢性支气管豚鼠模型，考察射干止咳胶囊的镇咳作用及对炎症因子的影响。结果 射干止咳胶囊各剂量组(0.026、0.052、0.104g/kg)能够延长枸橼酸、辣椒素所致豚鼠咳嗽的潜伏期(P<0.05,P<0.01),减少咳嗽次数(P<0.05,P<0.01),抑制豚鼠P物质的释放(P<0.01);射干止咳胶囊中剂量组(0.052 g/kg)可延长烟熏豚鼠潜伏期(P<0.05),降低咳嗽次数(P<0.01),射干止咳胶囊各剂量组(0.026、0.052、0.104 g/kg)均能降低炎症因子的释放(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 射干止咳胶囊具有镇咳作用，其机制可能与P物质释放有关。     

青风藤及青藤碱在体内外对吗啡依赖模型戒断反应的影响

目的 通过吗啡依赖豚鼠离体同肠实验及吗啡依赖小鼠催促戒断实验,观察青风藤醇提液及有效成份青藤碱在体外及体内对吗啡成瘾后催促戒断反应的影响.方法 将豚鼠离体回肠标本段在含吗啡(3μmol/L)的37.5℃Krebs液中孵育4 h,形成吗啡依赖回肠,加入纳洛酮(1μmol/L)引起戒断性收缩,观察青风藤或青藤碱预先作用对其影响.以剂量递增法形成吗啡依赖小鼠模型,用纳洛酮进行催促戒断,观察小鼠的戒断反应.结果 青风藤醇提液(1、2、4 mg/ml)以及青藤碱(10、50、250μmol/L)均可不同程度地抑制吗啡依赖豚鼠同肠的戒断性收缩反应,作用呈剂量依赖趋势.青风藤醇提液20 g/kg或青藤碱60 mg/kg,连续3天体内给药,能明显抑制吗啡依赖小鼠纳洛酮催促后产生的跳跃反应.结论 青风藤及其主要成分青藤碱在体内外均能有效抑制吗啡依赖引起的戒断症状.     

连翘对水貂呕吐模型止呕作用的研究

目的:利用水貂呕吐模型观察连翘的止呕作用。方法:(1)将水貂随机分为6组,第1组灌胃蒸馏水15ml/kg,第2组腹腔注射昂丹司琼2mg/kg,第3、4、5、6组分别ig连翘水煎液3g/kg、10g/kg、15g/kg和连翘醇提液10g/kg;第2组给药后0.5h,其余五组给药后1h,分别ip顺铂7.5mg/kg。记录各组动物在给予顺铂后6h内的呕吐潜伏期、干呕和呕吐次数。(2)将水貂随机分为3组,第1组ig蒸馏水15ml/kg,第2组ip甲氧氯普胺4mg/kg,第3组ig连翘水煎液10g/kg。第2组给药后0.5h,其余2组给药后1h,分别皮下注射阿朴吗啡1.0mg/kg。记录各组动物在给予阿朴吗啡后6h内的呕吐潜伏期、干呕和呕吐次数。(3)将水貂随机分为3组,第1组ig蒸馏水15ml/kg,第2组ip甲氧氯普胺4mg/kg,第3组ig连翘水煎液10g/kg。各组给药后0.5hi,.g.硫酸铜40mg/kg,记录各组动物在给予硫酸铜后6h内的呕吐潜伏期、干呕和呕吐次数。结果:连翘能够延长顺铂、阿朴吗啡、硫酸铜所致的水貂呕吐潜伏期,减少干呕次数。结论:连翘对上述三种经典催吐剂导致的水貂呕吐模型均具有止呕作用。     

丹参提取物对小鼠吗啡身体依赖性的影响

目的观察丹参提取物对小鼠吗啡身体依赖性的影响。方法反复sc吗啡建立小鼠吗啡身体依赖模型,以ip纳洛酮诱发其戒断症状。分别在建立吗啡依赖模型同时或建立后ip给予不同剂量的丹参提取物,观察长期预防性给药和急性给药对小鼠纳洛酮催促后戒断反应症状的影响,并且观察丹参提取物自身潜在的身体依赖性。结果和吗啡模型组相比,丹参提取物长期预防性给药(100~200 m g/kg),小鼠跳跃数减少(P<0.05),预防性给药(200 m g/kg)组体重下降也显著改善(P<0.05);急性给药(500 m g/kg)能明显减少吗啡依赖小鼠的跳跃数(P<0.05),急性给药(200~500 m g/kg)能一定程度改善体重的下降,但无统计学意义;丹参提取物长期给药不存在自身的身体依赖性。结论丹参提取物在一定程度上抑制小鼠吗啡身体依赖的形成,可以缓解吗啡依赖小鼠的戒断症状,且自身无潜在身体依赖性。     

对叶百部总生物碱对辣椒素致豚鼠咳嗽的影响

研究对叶百部总生物碱对辣椒素致豚鼠咳嗽的影响。方法豚鼠灌胃给予对叶百部总生物碱(5、10、20 mg/kg)或磷酸可待因(10 mg/kg)3 d后,采用辣椒素喷雾复制咳嗽模型,记录咳嗽次数和咳嗽潜伏期。ELISA法检测空腹血清和肺组织中P物质(SP)水平,HE染色观察气管和肺组织的病理变化。结果与正常组比较,模型组豚鼠血清和肺组织SP水平增加(P0.01),气管和肺组织均出现不同程度损伤,气管黏膜增厚和肿胀,肺泡萎陷;与模型组比较,对叶百部总生物碱组豚鼠咳嗽潜伏期延长,咳嗽次数减少(P0.01),血清和肺组织SP水平降低(P0.01),气管和肺组织病理损伤明显减轻。结论对叶百部总生物碱可拮抗辣椒素所致豚鼠咳嗽反应,其机制可能与该成分可减轻辣椒素对呼吸系统的损伤、抑制神经肽SP表达有关。     

川芎嗪对吗啡依赖离体豚鼠回肠戒断收缩的影响

目的观察中药川芎的主要成分川芎嗪对吗啡依赖离体豚鼠回肠催促戒断反应的影响,评价川芎嗪对吗啡依赖豚鼠回肠的作用。方法采用豚鼠回肠体外孵育方法。催促戒断收缩由1μmol/L纳络酮加入已在含3μmol/L吗啡的37.5℃Krebs液中孵育4 h的离体豚鼠回肠引起。分别在给予纳络酮前、后1 min加入不同浓度的盐酸川芎嗪,观察豚鼠回肠的收缩反应。结果川芎嗪100,200,300μmol/L对正常回肠收缩未见明显影响。当川芎嗪100,200,300μmol/L在加入纳洛酮前1 min给药,纳洛酮催促的回肠戒断性收缩被明显抑制,与吗啡依赖对照组相比较有显著性差异(P<0.05或P<0.01)。川芎嗪200,300μmol/L在加入纳洛酮后1 min给药,对戒断性收缩也有明显抑制作用。结论川芎嗪对纳洛酮催促的吗啡依赖豚鼠离体回肠戒断性收缩的形成有抑制作用,对已出现的戒断收缩也有明显阻断作用。提示川芎嗪具有抑制吗啡戒断症状的作用。     

祛痰宁的抗炎,止咳,平喘作用

祛痰宁0.10—0.40g/kg ig给药能明显抑制鸡蛋清引起的大鼠足肿胀;0.05—0.20g/kg ip及0.10—0.40g/kg ig给药时,对巴豆油引起的小鼠耳肿胀有极强的抑制作用;0.10—0.40g/kg ig给药对浓氨水引起的小鼠咳嗽也有明显的抑制作用,但平喘作用不明显;昆明种小白鼠LD_(50)ig为4.64±0.84g/kg,ip为0.58±1.18g/kg。     

青风藤及青藤碱在体内外对吗啡依赖模型戒断反应的影响

目的通过吗啡依赖豚鼠离体回肠实验及吗啡依赖小鼠催促戒断实验,观察青风藤醇提液及有效成份青藤碱在体外及体内对吗啡成瘾后催促戒断反应的影响。方法将豚鼠离体回肠标本段在含吗啡（3μmol/L）的37.5℃Krebs液中孵育4h,形成吗啡依赖回肠,加入纳洛酮（1μmol/L）引起戒断性收缩,观察青风藤或青藤碱预先作用对其影响。以剂量递增法形成吗啡依赖小鼠模型,用纳洛酮进行催促戒断,观察小鼠的戒断反应。结果青风藤醇提液（1、2、4mg/ml）以及青藤碱（10、50、250μmol/L）均可不同程度地抑制吗啡依赖豚鼠回肠的戒断性收缩反应,作用呈剂量依赖趋势。青风藤醇提液20g/kg或青藤碱60mg/kg,连续3天体内给药,能明显抑制吗啡依赖小鼠纳洛酮催促后产生的跳跃反应。结论青风藤及其主要成分青藤碱在体内外均能有效抑制吗啡依赖引起的戒断症状。     

甘草次酸衍生物对大鼠肾损伤的保护作用

目的研究甘草次酸衍生物(TY501)对大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法分别ip给予大鼠100 mg/kg庆大霉素和8 mg/kg顺铂造成肾损伤模型,ig给予TY501,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(SCr)的变化。结果大鼠ig不同剂量的TY501均能在不同程度上缓解庆大霉素和顺铂造成的肾损伤,与模型组相比明显降低大鼠血清BUN和SCr值。结论 TY501对急性肾损伤具有保护作用。     

Evaluation of antitussive activity of Lagerstroemia parviflora leaf extract

The methanol extract of the leaves of Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb was investigated for its effect on a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in mice. It exhibited significant antitussive activity when compared with the control in a dose-dependent manner. The L. parviflora extract (100, 200, 300 mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of cough reflex at 90 min after drug administration and the antitussive activity was comparable to that of codeine phosphate, a standard antitussive agent.     

Antitussive,expectorant and bronchodilating effects of ethanol extract of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench roots

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Root of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (RSB) is an herbal medicine in Traditional Chinese Medicine, still used in some rural areas in Central China as an alternative remedy to treat cough and asthma.

Aim of the study

The study was aimed at evaluating the antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating effects of ethanol extract of RSB, support its folk use with scientific evidence, and lay a foundation for its further researches.

Materials and methods

RSB was extracted with 80% ethanol aqueous in reflux conditions, solutions were concentrated in reduced pressure, and lyophilized in vacuum to yield the RSB extract. Antitussive evaluations were carried out with three different models including ammonia liquor induced mice cough, capsaicin induced mice cough, and citric acid induced guinea pigs cough; phenol red secretion experiments in mice were performed to evaluate the expectorant ability; bronchodilating effects were evaluated with a bronchoconstrictive challenge induced by acetylcholine chloride and histamine in guinea pigs.

Results

In all the three antitussive tests, treatment of RSB significantly inhibited the frequency of cough, and prolonged the cough latent period in animals. And high dose of RSB (200 mg/kg in mice and 100 mg/kg in guinea pigs) created therapeutic activities as good as standard antitussive drug codeine phosphate (20 mg/kg). In the expectorant evaluation, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg RSB treatment had significantly increased the amount of phenol red output for 0.39, 1.18, and 1.96 folds in mice tracheas. In the bronchodilating test, RSB treatment at 100 mg/kg extended the preconvulsive time for 44.84% compared with that of before treatment in guinea pigs.

Conclusions

RSB is an effective alternative medicine for the treatment of cough with potent antitussive, expectorant and bronchodilating activities.     

喘息灵胶囊原方与去除马兜铃新方的止咳功效比较

目的:观察喘息灵胶囊原方(含马兜铃)和新方(不含马兜铃)的止咳功效差异。方法:选用小鼠氨水引咳法和豚鼠枸橼酸引咳法,采用生物检定6点法比较两方的止咳作用并计算其效价比(R)。结果:两方三个剂量(原方0.75g/kg、1.5g/kg、3.0g/kg,新方0.68g/kg、1.3g/kg、2.7g/kg)均能明显延长动物咳嗽潜伏期时间,减少咳嗽次数。原方与新方计算比较,小鼠氨水引咳法延长咳嗽潜伏期时间R(95%可信限)=0.97(0.94～1.00),减少咳嗽次数R(95%可信限)=1.05(0.73～1.36);豚鼠枸橼酸引咳法延长咳嗽潜伏期时间R(95%可信限)=0.62(0.46～0.77),减少咳嗽次数R(95%可信限)=0.73(0.28～1.19)。结论:喘息灵胶囊原方与去除马兜铃新方均有明显的止咳功效,两方的效价大致相当。     

Studies on in vivo antitussive activity of Leucas lavandulaefolia using a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in mice

The methanol extract of Leucas lavandulaefolia was investigated for its effects on a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in mice. It exhibited significant antitussive activity when compared with control in a dose-dependent manner. The antitussive activity of the extract was comparable to that of codeine phosphate (10 mg/kg), a prototype antitussive agent. The Leucas lavandulaefolia extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. p.o. showed inhibition of cough by 35.0, 51.9, and 56.5% within 1 h of performing the experiment.     

Evaluation of antitussive potential of Jussiaea suffruticosa linn. extract in albino mice

The antitussive activity of a methanol extract of Jussiaea suffruticosa Linn. (MEJS) (family Onagraceae) leaves has been evaluated for its potential on a cough induced by sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) gas model in mice. The extract (MEJS) showed significant antitussive activity in a dose dependent manner. The antitussive potential of MEJS was comparable to that of codeine phosphate (10 mg/kg), a standard drug. The extract (MEJS) at a dose level of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. showed appreciable inhibition on the cough reflex by 48.52% and 59.8% respectively during 120 min of the experiment.     

Studies on antitussive activity of Drymaria cordata Willd. (Caryophyllaceae)

The methanol extract of Drymaria cordata Willd, was investigated for its effect on a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in mice. It exhibited significant antitussive activity when compared with the control in a dose-dependent manner. The antitussive activity of the extract was comparable to that of codeine phosphate, a prototype antitussive agent. The D. cordata extract (100, 200, 400 mg/kg) showed 11.6%, 31.6% and 51.5% inhibition of cough with respect to the control group.     

Evaluation of anti-tussive activity of Chamaedorea tepejilote

Aim of the study

Evaluate the potential inhibition of cough in a mouse model induced by sulfur dioxide gas of methanol and chloroform extracts of aerial parts of Chamaedorea tepejilote.

Material and methods

The antitussive effect was examined using the Ogyhara method. The extracts and theobromine were orally administered to mice. Each extract was administered to one group (400 mg/Kg) and theobromine (2 mg), and negative control received PVP. The frequency of cough was measured at 60, 90 min after the administration of chloroform extract.

Results

The water extract of C. tepejilote had no effect on the pharmacological model used in this study. The effects of the methanol and chloroform extracts of this plant on sulfur-dioxide-induced cough in experimental animals show activity dose-dependently in the range between 100 to 500 mg/Kg. At doses of 400 mg/kg, the methanol and chloroform extracts inhibited cough by 41.72% and 49.1%, respectively; these results are comparable to the effect produced by the antitussive agent theobromine (53.4% inhibition).

Conclusions

Both extracts exhibited significant antitussive activity, and the effect of the chloroform extract was dose dependent. The antitussive activity of this extract was comparable to that of theobromine. The effect of chloroform extract on the trachea was also tested; it did not relax pre-contractions in guinea pig trachealis induced KCl, carbachol or histamine.     

Evaluation of antitussive potential of Ionidium suffruticosam Ging. (Violaceae) extract in albino mice

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antitussive potential of methanol extract of Ionidium suffruticosam Ging. (Violaceae) which was investigated for its effect on a cough model induced by sulfur dioxide gas in albino mice. It exhibited significant dose-dependent antitussive activity when compared with the control, 250 and 500 mg/kg (p.o.) of the extract showing 28.37% and 54.16% inhibition of the cough with respect to control group. The antitussive activity of the extract was comparable to that of codeine phosphate, a prototype antitussive agent.     

Antitussive and central respiratory depressant effects of Stemona tuberosa

Aims of the study

Stemona alkaloids with distinctly different chemical skeletons are recently reported as the active components in the antitussive herb Baibu derived from the root-tubers of Stemona tuberosa. This study aims to determine if alkaloids of this herb contribute equally to the antitussive functions, act on the same sites of cough reflex, and play any role in inducing central respiratory depressant effects.

Materials and methods

Antitussive potency of four major alkaloids was evaluated on guinea pigs with citric acid aerosol to induce cough. The action sites of the alkaloids on cough reflex pathway were tested with electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in guinea pigs. The central respiratory effects of croomine were also tested on guinea pigs.

Results

Croomine, neotuberostemonine and stemoninine showed similar antitussive potency, while tuberostemonine showed much weaker antitussive potency. Neotuberostemonine, tuberostemonine and stemoninine acted on the peripheral cough reflex pathway, while croomine acted on the central part. Croomine also showed obvious central respiratory depressant effects.

Conclusions

The four major Stemona alkaloids in Stemona tuberosa do not contribute equally to antitussive potency in guinea pigs. Neotuberostemonine, tuberostemonine and stemoninine target on peripheral cough reflex pathway. Croomine acts on central sites in the cough reflex pathway and demonstrates central respiratory depressant effects, which can partly account for the adverse reactions reported for the herb.     

苏黄止咳颗粒平喘止咳作用的实验研究

目的:观察苏黄止咳颗粒平喘、止咳、祛痰作用。方法:采用乙酰胆碱与组织胺等量混合液引喘法、致敏动物抗原攻击法、豚鼠气管段法观察其平喘作用;采用氨水、枸橼酸喷雾致咳法观察其止咳作用;采用气管段酚红排出法观察其祛痰作用。结果:苏黄止咳颗粒可显著延长乙酰胆碱与组织胺混合液引发豚鼠抽搐的潜伏期,降低致敏动物抗原攻击致哮喘豚鼠气管肺灌流液中白细胞数及腹腔液中肥大细胞脱颗粒发生率,明显降低气管平滑肌张力;显著延长枸橼酸喷雾引咳豚鼠的咳嗽潜伏期,减少其咳嗽次数,延长氨水喷雾致咳小鼠的半数小鼠咳嗽时间;并增加小鼠气管对酚红的排出量。结论:苏黄止咳颗粒具有明显平喘、止咳、祛痰作用。