Correlations between gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported an increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The increasingly negative intrathoracic and transdiaphragmatic pressure should facilitate of reflux-events during apnea. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there exists a link between endoscopic severity of reflux disease and the parameters of obstructive sleep apnea and the typical symptoms of reflux disease. METHODS: 57 patients with proven obstructive sleep apnea were divided into two groups according to the severity of the sleep apnea: "mild-moderate"--apnea-hypopnea index > or = 5-30, n = 27, "severe"--apnea-hypopnea index > 30, n = 30. All patients underwent upper panendoscopy, apnea monitoring during the night and were asked about existing and frequency of typical reflux symptoms. RESULTS: All examined patients in both groups showed significant overweight and there was a positive correlation between body mass index and the degree of sleep apnea (p = 0.0002). The occurrence of erosive reflux disease was significantly higher in "severe" group (p = 0.0001). Using a logistic regression analysis a positive correlation was found between endoscopic severity of reflux disease and apnea-hypopnea index (p = 0.016). 49.5% of all patients experienced the typical symptoms of reflux disease at least three times a week and there was not significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: The study reveals that in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea, erosive reflux disease is more frequent and a positive correlation can be found between severity of reflux disease and sleep apnea as well.     

儿童睡眠呼吸障碍及其相关因素调查

[目的]研究儿童睡眠呼吸障碍(阻塞性睡眠呼吸低或暂停综合征)的发病特征同时探讨其相关因素的作用。[方法]选择某院2009年5月～2011年5月儿科收治的112例患有睡眠呼吸障碍的儿童作为观察组,同时选择210例体检正常儿童做为对照组,所有观察对象均进行相应OSA阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停疾病特异性问卷调查、血常规、动脉血气分析,并拍摄鼻咽部X线片同时采用监测仪对其进行整夜多导睡眠监测(Polysom nography,PSG),并分析患儿呼吸暂停同期指数血氧饱和、睡眠效率与疾病的相关性。[结果]观察组儿童的OSA评分、呼吸暂停通气指数、血氧饱和度、睡眠效率明显低于对照组儿童,而体重指数与扁桃体肿大程度显著高于对照组儿童,50%的患儿生活质量受到严重影响,另外扁桃体增大(OR=2.51,P﹤0.01)与腺样体大(OR=4.41,P﹤0.01)以及肥胖(OR=20.54,P﹤0.01)均是儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的危险因素。OSA评分与呼吸暂停通气指数、儿童体重及扁桃体肿大程度呈明显正相关(r=0.351,0.311,0.592,P﹤0.01),与血氧饱和度呈负相关(r=-0.384,P﹤0.01)。[结论]儿童睡眠呼吸障碍严重影响儿童的生活质量,且其发病因素与儿童扁桃体增大、腺体大,肥胖间具有一定的关系,可以通过从病因着手控制儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的发生。     

Prevalence of night sweats in primary care patients: an OKPRN and TAFP-Net collaborative study

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with night sweats among adult primary care patients. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study. POPULATION: Adult patients in 2 primary care practice-based research networks (PBRNs) during 1 week in the summer and 1 week in the winter in the years 2000 and 2001. OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured the prevalence of pure night sweats and night and day sweats in all patients and subgroups defined by age and sex, clinical variables associated with night sweats, and the frequency, severity, and rate of reporting. RESULTS: Of the 2267 patients who participated, 41% reported experiencing night sweats within the last month, including 23% with pure night sweats and an additional 18% with day and night sweats. The prevalence of night sweats in both men and women was highest in the group aged 41 years to 55 years. In multivariate analyses, factors associated with pure night sweats in women were hot flashes and panic attacks; in men, sleep problems. Variables associated with night and day sweats in women were increased weight, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, use of antihistamines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and other (non-SSRI, non-tricyclic) antidepressants; in men, increased weight, hot flashes, and greater alcohol use. A majority of patients had not reported their night sweats to their physicians, even when frequent and severe. CONCLUSIONS: Night sweats are common and under-reported. Pure night sweats and night and day sweats may have different causes. With regard to the etiologies of pure night sweats, panic attacks and sleep disorders need further investigation.     

Review of nocturnal sleep-related eating disorders

This review provides a historical background on sleep-related eating disorders, summarizes findings from a series of 38 adults, and presents a current classification. The “night—eating syndrome” was first reported in 1955; only nine reports on this syndrome appeared during the next 36 years, seven being single-case studies and two containing the objective monitoring of sleep, that is, polysomnography. In 1991 our sleep center reported on 19 cases, and in 1993 on 38 cases, diagnosed by polysomnography and clinical evaluations. Mean age was 39 years, mean duration of night—eating was 12 years, 66% were women, 68% had nightly binge eating, and 44% were overweight from night—eating. Sleepwalking was the predominant disorder responsible for night—eating; restless legs syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, and various other conditions (including two cases of anorexia nervosa) were also identified. Cognitive-behavioral therapies were ineffective, but pharmacotherapy was very effective in controlling night—eating and inducing loss of excess weight, and often consisted of a dopaminergic agent taken with codeine at bedtime. Thus, sleep-related eating can be an occult but often treatable cause of obesity. Further research, utilizing polysomnography, is encouraged.     

Prevalence of sleep apnea and electrocardiographic disturbances in morbidly obese patients

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of sleep apnea in morbidly obese patients and its relationship with cardiac arrhythmias. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Fifty-two consecutive morbidly obese (body mass index > or = 40 kg/m2) outpatients from the Obesity Clinic of the National Institute of Nutrition Salvador Zubirán underwent two nights of polysomnography with standard laboratory techniques. Electrocardiographic polysomnography signals (Lead II) were evaluated by two experienced cardiologists, and sleep complaints were measured with a standard sleep questionnaire (Sleep Disorders Questionnaire). In order to make comparisons between groups with different severities of sleep-disordered breathing, we classified the patients in four groups using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI): Group 1, AHI 5 < 15 (n = 10); Group 2, AHI 15 < 30 (n = 10); Group 3, AHI 30 < 65 (n = 14); Group 4, AHI > or = 65 (n = 17). RESULTS: A wide range of sleep-disordered breathing, ranging from AHI of 2.5 to 128.9 was found. Ninety-eight percent of the sample (n = 51) had an AHI > or = 5 (mean = 51 +/- 37), and 33% had severe sleep apnea with AHI > or = 65 with a mean nocturnal desaturation time of <65% over 135 minutes. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present in 31% of the patients. Cardiac rhythm alterations showed an association with the level of sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation. DISCUSSION: We conclude that there is a high prevalence of sleep apnea in morbidly obese patients and that the risk for cardiac arrhythmias increases in this population in the presence of a severe sleep apnea (AHI > or = 65) with severe oxygen desaturation (SaO2 < or = 65%).     

Effect of short sleep duration on daily activities--United States, 2005-2008

Little is known about the extent to which insufficient sleep affects the ability of U.S. adults to carry out daily activities. The National Sleep Foundation suggests that adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night; shorter and longer sleep durations have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. To assess the prevalence of short sleep duration (<7 hours on weekday or workday nights) and its perceived effect on daily activities, CDC analyzed data from the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). This report summarizes the results, which found that 37.1% of U.S. adults reported regularly sleeping <7 hours per night, similar to the 35.3% reporting <7 hours of sleep in a 24-hour period in another report using self-reported data. Short sleep duration was more common among adults aged 20--39 years (37.0%) or 40-59 years (40.3%) than among adults aged ≥60 years (32.0%), and more common among non-Hispanic blacks (53.0%) than among non-Hispanic whites (34.5%), Mexican Americans (35.2%), and persons of other races/ethnicities (41.7%). Among six sleep-related difficulties assessed, the most prevalent was not being able to concentrate on doing things, reported by 23.2% of U.S. adults. Perceived sleep-related difficulties were significantly more likely among persons reporting <7 hours of sleep than among those reporting 7-9 hours of sleep. Based on these findings, at least one third of U.S. residents do not get enough sleep on a regular basis, and this impairs their ability to perform daily tasks. Chronic sleep deprivation also has a cumulative effect on mental and physical well-being and can exacerbate chronic diseases.     

Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic population of women 40-55 years of age

A community-based survey was conducted during 1995-1997 of factors related to menopausal and other symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic sample of 16,065 women aged 40-55 years. Each of seven sites comprising the Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN) surveyed one of four minority populations and a Caucasian population. The largest adjusted prevalence odds ratios for all symptoms, particularly hot flashes or night sweats (odds ratios = 2.06-4.32), were for women who were peri- or postmenopausal. Most symptoms were reported least frequently by Japanese and Chinese (odds ratios = 0.47-0.67 compared with Caucasian) women. African-American women reported vasomotor symptoms and vaginal dryness more (odds ratios = 1.17-1.63) but urine leakage and difficulty sleeping less (odds ratios = 0.64-0.72) than Caucasians. Hispanic women reported urine leakage, vaginal dryness, heart pounding, and forgetfulness more (odds ratios = 1.22-1.85). Hot flashes or night sweats, urine leakage, and stiffness or soreness were associated with a high body mass index (odds ratios = 1.15-2.18 for women with a body mass index > or =27 vs. 19-26.9 kg/m2). Most symptoms were reported most frequently among women who had difficulty paying for basics (odds ratios = 1.15-2.05), who smoked (odds ratios = 1.21-1.78), and who rated themselves less physically active than other women their age (odds ratios = 1.24-2.33). These results suggest that lifestyle, menstrual status, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status affect symptoms in this age group.     

Self-reported organic and nonorganic sleep problems in schoolchildren aged 11 to 15 years in Vienna.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of self-reported sleep problems, to examine associations among demographic characteristics, familial factors, and sleep problems, and to investigate the association between the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and nonorganic sleep disorders. METHODS: An anonymous questionnaire with 22 questions was designed. 332 schoolchildren (aged 11-15 years, mean age 12 years and 9 months; median, 12 years; 56% female, 44% male) from two high schools in Vienna were investigated with regard to self-reported symptoms characteristic for obstructive sleep apnea and for parasomnia/insomnia. Data were analyzed by definition of three groups (problem, occasional problem, and nonproblem sleepers, and by calculation of an insomnia/parasomnia sum score). Statistical analysis included nonparametric tests (Mann Whitney-U and Kruskal), Pearson correlation test, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Twelve percent reported at least one sleep problem every night, 76% reported occasional sleep problems, and 12% had no sleep problems. Girls were affected more frequently than boys (p <.01). Children with sleep problems suffered more often from concentration difficulties (p <.05), daytime fatigue (p <.001), and daytime naps (p <.05). Children who snored had nightmares (10% vs. 2%, p <.01), night terrors (4% vs. 1.5%, p <.001), sleepwalking (1.4% vs. 1%, p <.05), and nocturnal awakening (16% vs. 5%, p <.01) more frequently. On multiple regression analysis, 23% of the variability of a defined parasomnia/insomnia sum score had the characteristic OSA symptoms of nocturnal sweating, dryness of the mouth, snoring, hyperactivity, and daytime fatigue. CONCLUSION: 12% of schoolchildren aged 11-15 years reported sleep problems almost every night. The children suffer from daytime fatigue, naps, and concentration difficulties. Nearly one-fourth of the symptoms of parasomnia/insomnia were associated with characteristic signs of OSA, suggesting the importance of a routine clinical investigation in children with so-called nonorganic sleep disorders.     

Sleep disturbance in menopause

Sleep problems (i.e., insomnia) affect midlife women as they approach and pass through menopause at rates higher than at most other stages of life. The purpose of this article is to critically review what is known about insomnia (perceived poor sleep) and physiologically assessed sleep, as well as sleep-related disordered breathing (SDB), in women according to menopausal status and the role of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) hormones. Self-report evidence that sleep difficulties are related to the hormonal changes of menopause is mixed. Data from studies in which sleep was physiologically measured reveal that sleep problems appear corequisite with hot flashes and sweats. Results are difficult to compare across studies because of varying methodologies in how sleep quality and patterns were assessed and how age cohorts and menopausal status were defined. The risk of SDB increases with age, although women are less susceptible at any age than men. As with men, snoring, obesity, and high blood pressure are clear risk factors. Some women may be underdiagnosed for SDB, as they have somewhat different symptom manifestations than men. Usually, frank apnea is not as evident. Primary care clinicians should be mindful of the potential for SDB in women who are obese, have high blood pressure, are cognizant of snoring, and report morning headaches and excessive daytime sleepiness. Improved care will result from consistently incorporating sleep insomnia assessments into practice as a basis for referring to sleep centers as necessary or prescribing sleep-enhancing behavioral and pharmacological treatments.     

睡眠期间卧室夜灯暴露与儿童情绪症状的关联

目的 探讨睡眠期间卧室夜灯暴露与儿童情绪症状的关联,为后续开展有效预防和干预措施提供科学依据。方法 对2021年12月在安徽省滁州市天长市2所小学招募的1 926名四至六年级学生开展问卷调查,收集一般人口统计学信息、夜灯和窗帘使用情况、情绪症状等资料。采用二元Logistic回归分析探讨夜灯使用情况与儿童情绪症状的相关性。结果 儿童抑郁症状、广泛性焦虑症状、社交恐惧、强迫症状报告率分别为2.5%,2.6%,3.4%和2.5%。有12.6%的儿童睡眠期间经常开夜灯,22.0%的儿童睡眠期间不关窗帘。二元Logistic回归分析显示,经常开夜灯睡觉与儿童抑郁症状(OR=2.29,95%CI=1.04～5.03)、社交恐惧(OR=1.93,95%CI=1.02～3.64)、强迫症状(OR=3.44,95%CI=1.72～6.88)风险增加有关(P值均<0.05)。结论 睡眠期间卧室夜灯暴露与儿童情绪症状报告率存在正向关联。应重视儿童睡眠期间卧室光环境,减轻夜间光暴露对儿童心理健康的不利影响。     

Vasomotor symptoms are not associated with reduced bone mass in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study

The association of menopause-related vasomotor symptoms with later bone mineral density (BMD) at axial and appendicular sites was examined in community-dwelling older women. Subjects were 894 postmenopausal women from the Rancho Bernardo Study who had BMD measured in 1988-1991 and responded to a 1989 mailed survey that included questions about menopause symptoms. Mean age was 73 years (SE +/- 9.5, range 47-97), and mean age at menopause was 47 years (SD +/- 6.8, range 21-62). Vasomotor symptoms were recalled by two thirds (68%) and night sweats by 36% of all women, with no significant differences in symptom frequency by age or type of menopause. Postmenopausal estrogen (PME) had been used by 644 women (72%) for an average duration of 12.3 (+/-11) years. Among women who reported current estrogen use with a duration >3 years, those who experienced vasomotor symptoms had significantly higher BMD at the lumbar spine (p = 0.01), femoral neck (p = 0.05) and midshaft radius (p = 0.05) compared with women who did not experience symptoms. Vasomotor symptoms were not associated with BMD among past or never PME users or among women who reported current PME use for 3 or fewer years. Analyses stratified by age, type of menopause, or when PME use began showed similar results. Women who reported night sweats also had no difference in BMD compared with women without night sweats. In conclusion, vasomotor symptoms are not a marker for low BMD years after menopause in women with access to healthcare. Vasomotor symptoms significantly increased the likelihood of continued use of PME, which was in turn associated with higher BMD levels.     

睡眠与2型糖尿病关系的病例对照研究

目的 探讨睡眠相关行为与2型糖尿病(T2DM)发病情况之间的关系,有效制定T2DM患者睡眠行为护理干预措施.方法 科研设计采用1∶1匹配的病例对照研究法;资料收集采用问卷调查法;资料处理分析采用t检验及多元条件Logistic回归模型分析法.结果 病例组与对照组睡眠质量差异有统计学意义(t=10.15,P＜0.05).睡眠相关行为:午睡情况、晚睡情况、打鼾情况、入睡困难情况、夜间睡眠充足与否及睡眠质量等因素与T2DM发病存在关联,多元条件Logistic回归模型的OR值和OR95％CI分别为[(OR =6.70,95％CI:4.29～10.44); (OR =7.57,95％CI:4.14～13.86)(OR=4.02,95％CI:2.56～6.31); (OR=6.95,95％CI:3.52～13.71); (OR=3.25,95％CI:1.99～5.30);(OR=5.70,95％CI:3.65～8.87)].结论 睡眠相关行为与T2DM发病密切相关,晚睡、打鼾、入睡困难、夜间睡眠不足、睡眠质量差等因素可能为T2DM发病的危险因素,适当午睡可能是T2DM发病的保护性因素.     

Natural history of menopause symptoms in primary care patients: a MetroNet study

BACKGROUND: The association between changes in menopausal status and menopause-related symptom reporting over the course of the menopause transition is not well understood, especially whether there are any racial differences in this association. OBJECTIVE: To determine (1) the prevalence and the natural history of menopause symptoms among primary care patients approaching, or at menopause; (2) the relationship between self-reported symptoms and menopausal status; and (3) whether this relationship varies in African American and white women. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional self-report survey of 342 women aged 40 to 55 years (31.6% African American) were recruited from 8 family practice centers in 2000 and 2001. RESULTS: Among 251 women without surgical menopause, 133 (53.0%) were premenopausal, 72 (28.7%) were peri-menopausal, and 46 (18.3%) were postmenopausal. The most commonly reported symptoms were joint/muscle pain and headache, which did not vary by menopausal status. As many as 28.6% of the women with regular menstruation reported hot flashes, and 18.8% had night sweats; although both symptoms were strongly associated with changes in menopausal status (P < .01). During the natural menopausal transition, white women had increasing trends of nervousness, memory loss, vaginal dryness, loss of sexual interest, hot flashes, and night sweats while African American women only had increasing trend of painful sex and hot flashes. In multivariate analyses, loss of sexual interest was associated with postmenopause status in white but not in African American women. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms are not uncommon among premenopausal women and become more prevalent as the transition through menopause occurs. The prevalence of vasomotor symptoms in premenopausal women may be an under-recognized aspect of the natural history of the menopause transition. African American and white women may present different symptoms through menopause transition.     

Sleep disturbances and cause-specific mortality: Results from the GAZEL cohort study

Poor sleep is an increasing problem in modern society, but most previous studies on the association between sleep and mortality rates have addressed only duration, not quality, of sleep. The authors prospectively examined the effects of sleep disturbances on mortality rates and on important risk factors for mortality, such as body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes. A total of 16,989 participants in the GAZEL cohort study were asked validated questions on sleep disturbances in 1990 and were followed up until 2009, with <1% loss to follow-up. Body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes were measured annually through self-reporting. During follow-up, a total of 1,045 men and women died. Sleep disturbances were associated with a higher overall mortality risk in men (P = 0.005) but not in women (P = 0.33). This effect was most pronounced for men <45 years of age (≥3 symptoms vs. none: hazard ratio = 2.03, 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 3.33). There were no clear associations between sleep disturbances and cardiovascular mortality rates, although men and women with sleep disturbances were more likely to develop hypertension and diabetes (P < 0.001). Compared with people with no sleep disturbances, men who reported ≥3 types of sleep disturbance had an almost 5 times' higher risk of committing suicide (hazard ratio = 4.99, 95% confidence interval: 1.59, 15.7). Future strategies to prevent premature deaths may benefit from assessment of sleep disturbances, especially in younger individuals.     

Prevalence and predictors of night sweats, day sweats, and hot flashes in older primary care patients: an OKPRN study

PURPOSE: We wanted to estimate the prevalence of night sweats, day sweats, and hot flashes in older primary care patients and identify associated factors. METHODS: We undertook a cross-sectional study of patients older than 64 years recruited from the practices of 23 family physicians. Variables included sociodemographic information, health habits, chronic medical problems, symptoms, quality of life, and the degree to which patients were bothered by night sweats, daytime sweating, and hot flashes. RESULTS: Among the 795 patients, 10% reported being bothered by night sweats, 9% by day sweats, and 8% by hot flashes. Eighteen percent reported at least 1 of these symptoms. The 3 symptoms were strongly correlated. Factors associated with night sweats in the multivariate models were age (odds ratio [OR] 0.94/y; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-0.98), fever (OR 12.60; 95% CI, 6.58-24.14), muscle cramps (OR 2.84; 95% CI, 1.53-5.24), numbness of hands and feet (OR 3.34; 95% CI, 1.92-5.81), impaired vision (OR 2.45; 95% CI, 1.41-4.27), and hearing loss (OR 1.84; 95% CI, 1.03-3.27). Day sweats were associated with fever (OR 4.10; 95% CI, 2.14-7.87), restless legs (OR 3.22; 95% CI, 1.76-5.89), lightheadedness (OR 2.24; 95% CI, 1.30-3.88), and diabetes (OR 2.19; 95% CI, 1.22-3.92). Hot flashes were associated with nonwhite race (OR 3.10; 95% CI, 1.60-5.98), fever (OR 3.98; 95% CI, 1.97-8.04), bone pain (OR 2.31; CI 95%: 1.30-4.08), impaired vision (OR 2.12; 95% CI, 1.19-3.79), and nervous spells (OR 1.87; 95% CI, 1.01-3.46). All 3 symptoms were associated with reduced quality of life. CONCLUSION: Many older patients are bothered by night sweats, day sweats, and hot flashes. Though these symptoms are similar and related, they have somewhat different associations with other variables. Clinical evaluation should include questions about febrile illnesses, sensory deficits, anxiety, depression, pain, muscle cramps, and restless legs syndrome.     

西安市小学生睡眠打鼾现状及对生活质量的影响

目的 调查西安市小学生的睡眠打鼾现况,分析其对儿童生活质量的影响,为小学生的睡眠相关健康教育提供科学依据。 方法 参考匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)量表和儿童OSAHS特异性生活质量调查(OSA-18) 量表自行设计调查问卷,以学校为单位,按照分层随机抽样的方法选取2018年2—6月西安市4区4所小学1 813名6~14岁小学生,对其进行睡眠相关情况及生活质量问卷调查,并对数据进行统计分析。 结果 1)57.2 %的小学生睡眠时伴有打鼾,40.2%有夜间梦话/夜惊,33.8 %睡眠时伴有磨牙,表明睡眠问题在小学生中也普遍存在。2)男生打鼾(54.9%)所占比例高于女生(45.1%)(P=0.002);打鼾组小学生出现夜间梦话/夜惊、磨牙、白天嗜睡及好动的比例(48.2%、41.8%、28.7%、58.5%)均高于非打鼾组(29.8%、23.1%、20.2%、51.5%)(P<0.01)。3)在OSA-18调查表总评分方面,打鼾组与非打鼾组差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),且在睡眠障碍、身体状态、情绪问题、白天功能、对监护人影响方面得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。4)Pearson相关分析发现,整夜睡眠时间与白天功能得分呈负相关(r=-0.212,P <0.05)。结论 睡眠障碍问题在小学生中普遍存在,且睡眠打鼾为其最主要表现形式。睡眠打鼾是影响儿童睡眠质量、生活质量的重要问题,在小学生中普遍存在,需要引起家长、学校以及社会多方的重视,以保障青少年的健康成长。     

Schlafst?rungen im Kindesalter

Several different systems are used to classify sleep disorders. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-2), established in 2005 by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), utilizes eight different categories [1]: insomnias, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnias, circadian rhythm disorders, parasomnias, sleep-related movement disorders, isolated symptoms/normal variants/unresolved issues, as well as other sleep disorders. Sleep disorders are a frequent problem during infancy and childhood, and at least 20% of children in elementary school describe having sleep problems, which are often accompanied by abnormal behavior, hyperactivity, and lack of concentration and result in problems at school. Several sleep disorders, for example, obstructive sleep apnea, have been observed to cause physical diseases as well as growth and developmental problems [2, 3]. Thus, it is essential to detect the problem early, to obtain a differentiated diagnosis, and initiate appropriate therapeutic measures.     

云南大一学生吃夜宵和不吃早餐状况及其与焦虑症状的关联

目的 研究云南大一年级学生吃夜宵和不吃早餐交互效应与焦虑症状的关联,为预防和减轻大学生的焦虑症状提供参考依据。方法 在云南省昆明和大理整群选取3所高校的9 960名一年级大学生,使用膳食频率调查表评估大学生饮食行为,使用中文版21条目抑郁-焦虑-压力量表的焦虑分量表评估大学生的焦虑症状,使用广义线性模型和Logistic回归模型分析吃夜宵和不吃早餐的交互效应与大学生焦虑症状的关联。结果 最近1个月平均每周大学生吃夜宵和不吃早餐的比例分别为72.5%(7 217/9 960)和61.6%(6 131/9 960),大学生焦虑症状检出率为28.9%(2 875/9 960)。吃夜宵与大学生焦虑症状的关联有统计学意义(OR=1.40～2.54),不吃早餐与大学生焦虑症状的关联有统计学意义(OR=1.23～1.60)(P值均<0.05)。吃夜宵和不吃早餐交互效应与大学生的焦虑症状呈正相关(相乘交互效应,β=0.06,95%CI=0.02～0.10,P<0.01;相加交互效应,OR=2.00,95%CI=1.59～2.51,P<0.01)。结论 吃夜宵且不吃早餐的云南大学生焦虑...     

睡眠体位对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的影响研究

目的 分析睡眠体位对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）患者的影响.方法 选取我院2013年7月至2014年6月收治的52例OSAHS的患者为研究对象,在2天内运用多导监测仪器连续检测患者的睡眠指标.第一夜对睡眠的第一阶段、第二阶段和第三阶段分别进行检测,检测内容包括：清醒的时间总和,患者的睡眠结构,患者的暂停呼吸数目,暂停呼吸的低通气指数,最低血氧饱和度（％）,最大暂停呼吸的时间（s）和平均动脉压（mm Hg）.第二夜,让患者穿戴特制背心（其背后有口袋）,在口袋盛有高尔夫球一枚.增强对患者的巡视和督促,使患者呈侧卧位.对上述指标进行检测并记录,并对比治疗前后指标变化.结果 患者各睡眠阶段的监测情况：暂停呼吸低通气指数,最大暂停呼吸时间和平均动脉压：第二和第三阶段显著大于第一阶段（P＜0.05）,第三阶段显著大于第二阶段（P＜0.05）;最低血氧饱和度：第二和第三阶段显著低于第一阶段（P＜0.05）;不同阶段睡眠结构对比差异不显著.患者治疗前后的睡眠指标对比：暂停呼吸的低通气指数、最大暂停呼吸时间和平均动脉压：治疗后显著低于治疗前（P＜0.05）;最低血氧饱和度：治疗后显著大于治疗前（P＜0.05）;治疗前后睡眠结构对比差异不显著.结论 使用带有高尔夫球的背心此种侧卧位疗法能够显著改善OSAHS患者的各睡眠阶段指标,不会对患者的睡眠结构造成影响.     

临床评分法:一种简易判断阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征病情的方法

目的 探索一种判断阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)病情的临床评分法.方法 对158例OSAHS患者的习惯性打鼾、睡眠时憋气、白天嗜睡、肥胖、高血压5项临床表现进行评分,探讨用临床评分法判断OSAHS病情的价值.结果 两位医师的总评分结果分别为(7.94±3.22)、(7.62±3.08)分,两者呈高度正相关(r=0.97,P=0.00);轻度、中度和重度OSAHS患者分别为43、47、68例,评分结果分别为(5.53±2.25)、(7.66±2.05)、(9.29±2.27)分,彼此之间差异均有统计学意义(P=0.00),总评分结果为(7.78±2.68)分,与呼吸暂停低通气指数(37.15±19.53)也呈显著正相关(r=0.70,P=0.00);ROC分析表明以临床评分最优截断点7分为界,区分轻度与中重度OSAHS的敏感度为83.5%,特异度为74.4%,准确度为80.4%.结论 临床评分法判断OSAHS患者病情具有较好的可靠性、有效性和较高的准确性.

Abstract：

Objective To develop a score based on clinical symptoms and signs for evaluating the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods A total of 158 OSAHS patients were enrolled. Five clinical features,including habitual snore,sleep apnea,daytime sleepiness,obesity and hypertension were used to arrive at a clinical score and its value to evaluate severity of OSAHS was determined. Results The clinical score of the two assessors was (7.94 ± 3.22) and (7.62 ± 3.08) scores respectively and a highly significant positive correlation was obtained (r = 0.97,P= 0.00). The clinical score of mild (43 cases ), moderate(47 cases ) and severe OSAHS ( 68 cases ) was ( 5.53 ± 2.25 ), ( 7.66 ± 2.05 ) and (9.29 ± 2.27) scores respectively,and there was significant difference among three groups (P = 0.00). The general clinical score of the two assessors was (7.78 ± 2.68) scores,the apnea-hypopnea index was 37.15 ±19.53,and there was a significant positive correlation between them (r = 0.70,P= 0.00). By analysis of ROC curves, the cut-off values of clinical score for differentiating moderate-severe OSAHS from mild OSAHS was 7 scores, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy was 83.5%, 74.4% and 80.4% respectively. Conclusion Clinical score,with good reliability,validity and high sccuracy,is a simple method to evaluate severity of OSAHS.