Percutaneous Closure of Postmyocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect

Postinfarction ventricular septal defect remains an important complication for myocardial infarction. It is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Despite early surgical closure attempts, mortality remains about 19–49%. Percutaneous approach, especially in high surgical risk patients is a promising alternative to traditional surgical closure, thus avoiding the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and the ventriculotomy. The Amplatzer P.I. Ventricular Septal Defect Occluder is a device specifically designed to percutaneously close these defects in adult patients. The results reported using this device are comparable (if not better) to those for surgical closure. Here, we review the experience using this device and depict in detail the technical aspects of the procedure.     

经胸超声心动图在指导膜部室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

经胸超声心动图在膜部室间隔缺损封堵术的术前诊断、术中监测引导、术中效果评价及术后长期随访中发挥着重要作用。     

Direct Percutaneous Repair of Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm via Transthoracic Deployment of a Ventricular Septal Defect Closure Device

In this case report, we describe direct percutaneous delivery of a muscular-ventricular-septal-defect occluder device to close a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. The occluder was positioned and deployed with the aid of concurrent transthoracic ultrasonography, transesophageal echocardiography, and fluoroscopy. In contrast with previously published reports, we describe and illustrate a direct transthoracic route across the pseudoaneurysmal sac, which obviated the need for indirect transfemoral or transapical approaches.     

膜周部室间隔缺损经导管封堵治疗中超声心动图的应用价值

目的:探讨超声心动图技术在膜周部室间隔缺损经导管封堵术(TCVSD)中的应用价值。方法:我院拟行室问隔缺损(VSD)封堵术100例患者,术前经胸超声心动图诊断筛选病例,多部位多切面探查,精确测量VSD大小及周边残端长度,封堵术中以经胸超声心动图或经食管超声心动图(3例)实时全程监测心功能及血流动力学变化,引导封堵术的操作过程,术后24小时、1个月、3个月、6个月复查经胸超声心动图随访评价疗效。结果:4例术中放弃封堵,5例封堵失败,共91例封堵成功,技术成功率94.8%(91/96)。83例即时完全封堵(室水平分流完全消失),即时完全封堵率91.2%,8例(8.8%)术后少量残余分流,随访1年后仅1例仍存在少量残余分流。左心房、左心室内径及容积指数术后明显减小,随访中无封堵器移位脱落、瓣膜穿孔关闭不全、感染性心内膜炎、血栓形成等严重并发症。结论:严格地选择病例和封堵VSD近、中期疗效良好。超声心动图在TCVSD术前筛选病例、术中指导操作和及时评价疗效过程中起着重要作用,可以提高TCVSD的安全性和成功率,减少并发症。     

Outcomes of Early Versus Delayed Transcatheter Closure of Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect

BackgroundPost myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare, but devastating complication which carries a poor prognosis if left untreated. Optimal therapy remains unclear and surgical repair is associated with high mortality.ObjectiveThe aim of our study is to compare 30-day survival in patients with early versus late primary transcatheter repair of post myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive search of published data through SCOPUS and identified published reports of primary transcatheter closure of post myocardial infarction VSD. We included case reports and series that reported timing of VSD closure and 30-day survival and excluded those with prior surgical repair. Early repair was defined as transcatheter closure within 14 days of diagnosis of VSD while late repair was defined as transcatheter closure after 14 days of diagnosis of VSD.ResultsA total 27 publications describing 193 patients were identified in the SCOPUS search. We excluded 8 publications with no reported timing of VSD repair or 30-day outcome. Of the 193 patients initially included, a total of 126 patients fulfilled all the criteria and were included in the final analysis. The overall 30-day survival rate was found to be 62.7% (79 patients). In the early repair group, only 36.2% of the patients were still alive at 30 days compared to 85.3% in the delayed repair group, P < .01. No significant difference in age, gender, presence of shock, VSD size, presence of significant residual shunt, location of VSD or infarction was observed. The early repair group was found to have a significantly larger Qp: Qs ratio as well as larger occluder size and lower rate of successful repair.ConclusionCompared to the late repair group, the early transcatheter VSD repair group had a larger pre-procedure Qp:Qs and worse 30-day survival. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal timing of transcatheter repair of a post myocardial infarction VSD.     

Ventricular Septal Rupture Complicating Silent Myocardial Infarction

A 55-year-old gentleman presented to the emergency department with shortness of breath for the past 3 days. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging assessed intracardiac shunting and a mechanism of ventricular septal rupture (VSR), showing significant left-to-right shunting and Qp:Qs of 4:1. There was transmural myocardial infarction as well as an aneurysm at the diaphragmatic inferior wall of the left ventricle.     

婴幼儿膜周部室间隔缺损的介入治疗

目的:评价婴幼儿膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)介入治疗的可行性和安全性,总结其临床特点及技术难点。方法:选取年龄小于3岁患有膜周部室间隔缺损的患儿18例(婴幼儿组),在经胸超声心动图及X线影像指导下完成介入治疗。术后1、3、6个月复查心电图、心脏超声心动图。另选20例年龄在3～7岁之间的患有膜周部室间隔缺损但不伴假性膜部瘤且符合介入治疗指征的患儿为对照组。结果:婴幼儿组15例患儿成功封堵,2例术后造影示少量分流(<3mm),其中1例24h后、1例1个月后超声心动图复查均无残余分流。术中并发左、右束支传导阻滞分别为1例和2例,均1周内恢复。术后发生股动脉血栓2例、股动静脉瘘2例、假性动脉瘤1例,经相应处理后均恢复正常。与对照组比较,婴幼儿组的操作时间较对照组长,成功例数较对照组少,心脏并发症,血管并发症,其他并发症较对照组多,有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:婴幼儿膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗是可行的,应加强对其介入治疗适应证的选择及心脏、血管等并发症的预防。     

偏心型封堵器治疗先天性干下型室间隔缺损的探讨

目的探讨先天性干下型室间隔缺损(VSD)偏心型封堵器介入治疗的可行性及近期疗效。方法经皮介入治疗先天性干下型室间隔缺损患者7例。经胸超声心动图提示VSD的直径为4~8mm,缺损上缘距主动脉瓣的距离1~2mm,距肺动脉瓣距离4~6mm,轻度主动脉瓣反流6例,中度1例。均选用偏心型VSD封堵器治疗。术中在右前斜45度下行左室造影、建立股动静脉轨道、经右心系统释放封堵器,并分别于术后2周、1个月、3个月、6个月进行随访。结果7例患者封堵器均成功置入。术后即刻超声及造影示完全封堵6例,少量残余分流1例,在3个月后消失。封堵器对主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣和房室瓣均无影响,术中及术后未有其它严重并发症发生。结论应用偏心型封堵器经皮介入治疗先天性干下型室间隔缺损是安全有效的,近期效果良好。     

Right Ventricular Remodeling after Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defect

Background: Right ventricular (RV) volume overload is a well‐known cardiac consequence of atrial septal defect (ASD) shunt, accounting for most of its long‐term complications. Thus cardiac volumetric unloading is a major aim of transcatheter ASD closure. We set to study the right ventricular remodeling after transcatheter ASD closure in patients with secundum ASD. Methods: We enrolled 46 patients who underwent successful transcatheter closure of ASD. We performed routine transthoracic echocardiographic studies, including three‐dimensional echocardiography and right ventricular myocardial performance index (RVMPI), before transcatheter ASD closure, and 3 days, 1 month after transcatheter ASD closure. Results: We found that: (1) the right ventricular end‐diastolic volume (RVEDV) and right ventricular end‐systolic volume (RVESV) (respectively 106.54±25.97 vs 69.78±10.46 mL, P < 0.05; 59.73±17.59 vs 33.84±7.18 mL, P < 0.05) were enlarged in patients with ASD compared with those in control subjects, resulting in a marked decrease of the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) (44.82%±4.51% vs 54.11%±5.89%, P < 0.05) from normal values; (2) the isovolumic relaxation and isovolumic contraction times (respectively [77.61±16.49] ms vs (64.09±11.82) ms, P < 0.05; [28.04±9.57] ms vs [20.45±6.53] ms, P < 0.05) were prolonged and ejection time ([250.02±24.21] ms vs [272.73±20.51] ms, P < 0.05) was shortened in patients with ASD compared with that in control subjects, resulting in a marked increase of the MPI (0.41±0.07 vs 0.31±0.05, P < 0.05) from normal values; and (3) after transcatheter closure, the RVEDV and RVESV decreased and the RVEF increased markedly and RVMPI decreased markedly. Conclusions: Transcatheter closure of ASD results in rapid normalization of RV volume overload and improvement of RV function. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 26, November 2009)     

室间隔缺损介入治疗的研究现状与发展

室间隔缺损是最常见的先天性心脏病之一。作为外科治疗的一种替代,室间隔缺损的介入治疗在近20年有了巨大的发展。介入治疗的装置更易于放置,生物相容性好,并发症少。介入治疗室间隔缺损的技术不断提高,临床适应证不断扩展,具有很好的临床应用前景。     

Post-Myocardial Infarction Ventricular Septal Defect: A Comprehensive Review

Post-myocardial infarction (MI) ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare but potentially catastrophic mechanical complication that occurs in <1% of patients following a myocardial infarction and it is associated with a high morbidity and mortality despite improvements in medical and surgical therapies. Post-MI VSD is a medical emergency and outcome is very poor in medically treated patients. Treatment of choice remains surgical closure of defect and transcatheter defect closure less so. We performed a comprehensive review of the clinical presentation and management options of post-MI VSD.     

超声心动图对膜周部室间隔缺损自然愈合的观察

目的探讨膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)自然愈合的超声心动图表现及观察方法。方法9例门诊常规检查患者,男4例,女5例,年龄1～6(3.4±2.0)岁。详细询问病史,常规多切面超声心动图检查,结合二维、彩色多普勒血流图、连续多普勒频谱技术综合检查。结果9例患者均呈现膜周部室间隔缺损自然愈合的表现,二维切面表现为室间隔膜周部左心室侧可见清晰回声中断,而右心室侧可见膜状回声覆盖,连续完整。多普勒检查,其中7例未探及室间隔分流,2例室间隔微量分流(≤1mm)。结论超声心动图可以对膜周部室间隔缺损自然愈合作出明确诊断。