反相高效液相色谱法同时测定人血浆中雷贝拉唑及其代谢产物

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法同时测定人血浆中雷贝拉唑及其代谢产物硫醚雷贝拉唑和去甲基硫醚雷贝拉唑含量的方法。方法:血浆样品用冰醋酸-乙酸乙酯提取。以DiamonsilC18为反相柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸-三乙胺(40∶60∶0.4∶0.1),流速为1.0ml/min,紫外检测波长为288nm。结果:雷贝拉唑、硫醚雷贝拉唑、去甲基硫醚雷贝拉唑各色谱峰分离良好,平均回收率分别为110.40%、87.28%、98.21%。结论:本方法灵敏度及准确度均高,可满足雷贝拉唑药动学研究的需要。     

注射用雷贝拉唑钠在中国健康受试者的单、多剂量药动学

目的:建立测定雷贝拉唑人体内血药浓度的LC-MS/MS法,研究注射用雷贝拉唑钠在中国健康受试者体内的单、多剂量药动学.方法:30名健康志愿者随机分为3组,每组10人(男女各半),分别静滴低、中、高3个剂量(10,20,30 mg)雷贝拉唑钠进行单剂量药动学研究,20 mg剂量组继续给药(每日1次连续7 d)进行多剂量药动学研究.采用LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中雷贝拉唑的浓度,用WinNonLin 6.2计算药动学参数.结果:健康受试者单剂量给药10,20,30 mg雷贝拉唑后,Cmax分别为(590.85±251.18)、(1 026.91±150.38)和(1 449.54±335.37)ng·ml-1;tmax分别为(0.51±0.17)、(0.48±0.15)和(0.46±0.34)h;t1/2分别为(1.62±0.55)、(1.41±0.41)和(1.65±0.91)h;AUC( 0-8)分别为(669.98±176.05)、(1 239.66±323.65)和(1 627.87±684.48)ng·ml-1·h;AUC( 0-∞)分别为(679.27±177.47)、(1 252.24±336.01)和(1 658.35±708.07)ng·ml-1·h.中剂量组10名受试者多次静滴20 mg雷贝拉唑钠后,Cmax为(1 000.54±175.60)ng·ml-1;tmax为(0.49±0.11)h;t1/2为(1.30±0.50)h;AUC(0-8)为(1 327.05±398.50)ng·ml-1·h;AUC(0-∞)为(1 335.67±403.57)ng·ml-1·h,DF为(19.29±5.25)%.结论:注射用雷贝拉唑钠在连续多次给药后,无体内蓄积现象.在10～30 mg剂量范围内雷贝拉唑的AUC(0-8)、AUC(0-∞)、Cmax均与剂量呈线性关系.     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定伊马替尼及伏立康唑血药浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中伊马替尼及伏立康唑浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法:血桨样品经乙酸乙酯-正己烷(75∶25)萃取,选择卡马西平为内标,氮吹浓缩、复溶后采用HPLC分析。ZORBAX SB-C18柱反相柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-醋酸铵缓冲液(25 mmol·L^-1 CH_3COONH_4,CH_3COOH调pH值至4.5)=20∶32∶48(V/V/V),检测波长264 nm,流速为1 mL·min^-1,柱温35℃,进样量为20μL。结果:伊马替尼、伏立康唑血药浓度线性范围分别为0.10~5.00μg·mL^-1和0.10~6.00μg·mL^-1,两者的线性均良好(r分别为0.998和0.999),最低定量下限均为0.10μg·mL^-1。伊马替尼和伏立康唑低、中、高质量浓度的提取回收率分别为69.21%,71.23%,73.53%和76.23%,78.12%,79.34%,二者批内RSD均小于15%。结论:该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高可满足同时检测伊马替尼和伏立康唑的临床血药浓度监测及药动学研究。     

雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片人体生物等效性研究

目的 建立人血浆中雷贝拉唑钠的HPLC-MS测定方法,测定健康志愿者口服雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片后的血药经时过程,并对受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价.方法 20名男性健康受试者随机交叉两种雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片20 mg后,采用HPLC-MS分析测定人血浆中雷贝拉唑钠的浓度,评价两种雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片的生物等效性.HPLC-MS的色谱柱为C18柱,流动相为10 mmol·L-1的醋酸铵水溶液(含0.3%甲酸)-甲醇(25∶75,v/v),流速为1.0 mL·min-1.检测离子为雷贝拉唑的[M H] 离子m/z 360.1和兰索拉唑(内标)的[M H] 离子m/z370.0,裂解电压为100V.结果在0.5～1200 ng·mL-1范围内雷贝拉唑钠线性良好(r=0.9995),最低定量限为0.5 ng·mL-1,批内、批间精密度均小于8.0%.以AUC0～12计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为99.2±11.8%.结论 本试验建立的测定方法灵敏、准确、简便,适用于雷贝拉唑钠血药浓度的测定及药代动力学研究.     

替加氟静脉输注给药后血液中5-FU浓度的测定

目的:建立替加氟静脉输注后血浆中活性代谢物5-FU浓度的HPLC-UV检测方法.方法:5名肿瘤病人静脉滴注替加氟4h后采集静脉血.以阿昔洛韦为内标,采用硝酸银沉淀蛋白,上清液吹干后用流动相复溶.采用Kromasil 100-5 C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm)色谱柱,检测波长265 nm,柱温45℃,流速1.0 mL·min-1,流动相为三乙胺(0.5％,冰醋酸调pH至6.98)-甲醇(97∶3,V/V).结果:在线性范围62.5～750 ng·mL-1内低、中、高浓度5-FU的回收率分别为:88.3％、82.4％和91.6％;低、中、高浓度的批内RSD分别为:1.6％、1.8％和3.2％;批间样品RSD分别为:13.8％、13.8％和5.7％.最低检测限为31.25 ng·mL-1.结论:方法灵敏度高、稳定性好、特异性强、干扰少,可以为5-FU药代动力学和生物等效性研究提供方法.     

HPLC法测定伏立康唑乳剂的含量及其有关物质

目的:建立测定伏立康唑乳剂中伏立康唑含量及有关物质的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为迪马Diamon-sil C18;流动相为乙腈-水-乙酸(40∶60∶0.25,V/V/V),流速为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长为256 nm。结果:伏立康唑检测浓度线性范围为1.00～100.0 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.8%(RSD=1.9%);检测限和定量限分别为0.3、1.0 ng·mL-1,3批样品有关物质含量<1.13%。结论:本方法简便、准确、专属性强,可用于伏立康唑乳剂的含量测定及其有关物质的控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定联苯苄唑凝胶中联苯苄唑的含量

目的　 测定联苯苄唑凝胶中联苯苄唑的含量。 方法 　采用反相高效液相色谱法 ,用C1 8色谱柱 ,以甲醇 - 0 0 5mol/L三乙胺水溶液 (用磷酸调pH 7 0 ) (85∶15 ,V/V )为流动相 ,流速为 1 0ml/min ,检测波长为2 5 4nm。结果 　联苯苄唑在 35 0～ 6 0 0 μg/ml范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 9998) ,平均加样回收率为 99 3%(RSD =1 6 3% ,n =5 ) ,3批样品的含量分别为 10 0 9%、10 2 4 %、98 5 %。 结论 　该法快速、准确 ,可以用来测定联苯苄唑凝胶中联苯苄唑的含量     

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中艾普拉唑和雷贝拉唑的浓度

目的:建立同时测定人血浆中艾普拉唑和雷贝拉唑浓度的方法。方法:人血浆样本用乙酸乙酯提取后,采用液相色谱串联质谱法进样测定,色谱柱为Zorbax SB-C18,流动相为乙腈-10 mmol/L醋酸铵(80∶20),流速为0.20 ml/min。采用三重四极杆串联质谱仪的多重反应监测(MRM)方式进行正离子检测,用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z 367.5→m/z 184.1(艾普拉唑)、m/z 360.0→m/z242.0(雷贝拉唑)和m/z 383.2→m/z 266.8(内标氯雷他定)。结果:艾普拉唑和雷贝拉唑血药浓度均在5~1 500 ng/ml范围内线性关系良好(r分别为0.996 6、0.996 2),最低定量限为5 ng/ml;日内、日间RSD<15%。艾普拉唑、雷贝拉唑提取回收率分别为76.5%~78.8%、86.7%~89.3%。受试者单剂量口服艾普拉唑肠溶片5 mg的主要药动学参数中tmax分别为3、2.5 h,cmax分别为418.09、654.50 ng/ml,AUC0-24 h分别为2 028.48、3 499.18 ng·h/ml;单剂量口服雷贝拉唑肠溶片10 mg后的主要药动学参数中tmax分别为2、3.5 h,cmax分别为342.4、402.5 ng/ml,AUC0-24 h分别为1 018.0、1 196.6 ng·h/ml。结论:该方法快速、灵敏、准确、专属性强、重复性好,可适用于人血浆中艾普拉唑和雷贝拉唑浓度的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血清中盐酸阿夫唑嗪浓度

目的 :采用高效液相色谱法测定人血清中盐酸阿夫唑嗪的浓度。方法 :分析柱 :Shim -packCLC -ODS(4 6mm×150mm ,5μm )流动相 :甲醇 -乙腈 -磷酸盐缓冲液 -三乙胺 (10∶30∶60∶0 05) ;流速 :1 0ml/min ;荧光激发波长 :334nm ,发射波长 :378nm ;血清中样品用乙酸乙酯提取。结果 :血清中盐酸阿夫唑嗪浓度在0 40～51 20μg/L范围内线性关系良好 ,回归方程为 :A=0 3909C +0 0605(n=8 ,r=0 9996)。高、中、低3个浓度盐酸阿夫唑嗪的日内RSD分别为6 71 %、4 02 %和6 11 % ,平均回收率为100 87 % ;日间RSD分别为10 83 %、6 78 %和13 64 % ,平均回收率为97 93 %。最低检测血药浓度 (LOD )为0 20μg/L。结论 :本法灵敏、准确 ,分析时间短 ,可用于药代动力学研究     

反相高效液相色谱法测定雷贝拉唑的血药浓度

目的　建立测定雷贝拉唑血药浓度的高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法。方法　色谱条件 :luna C8色谱柱 ,流动相为 2 0mmol·L-1 磷酸盐缓冲液 (pH7 0 ) /乙腈 (70 / 30 ,V/V) ,流速1 2ml·min-1 ,测定波长 2 88nm ,以雷贝拉唑峰面积定量。结果　雷贝拉唑的标准曲线为 ^Y =1 2 4 95 0X - 80 6 0 5 (r =0 999) ,线性范围为 0 0 1～ 0 75mg·L-1 ,具有良好的线性关系 ;其 0 0 5、0 1、0 5mg·L-1 3个浓度的血清样本回收率分别为 75 2 3%± 3 0 2 %、84 2 3%± 3 33%、91 0 5 %± 7 5 1 % ;日内变异分别为 5 0 9%、9 2 0 %、6 75 % ;日间变异分别为8 2 5 %、3 5 1 %、4 1 9%。结论　该方法简便、快速且无干扰 ,满足测定要求 ,可用于雷贝拉唑的药代动力学研究     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.