积雪草酸对高糖培养肾小球系膜细胞内质网应激的影响

目的 探讨积雪草酸(AA)对高糖培养肾小球系膜细胞(HBZY-1)内质网应激的影响.方法 HBZY-1细胞随机分为五组:高糖对照组(A组)、高糖加不同浓度AA组(B组30 μmol/L、C组60μmol/L、D组90 μmol/L)和空白对照组(E组).分别培养12和24 h后,Western blot法检测蛋白激酶样内质网激酶(PERK)、磷酸化PERK (P-PERK)、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)和天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶12(Caspase-12)的表达.结果 与E组相比,A组培养12和24 h后的PERK表达降低,P-PERK、CHOP和Caspase12表达增加(P＜0.05).与A组相比,培养12h后C、D组和培养24 h后B、C、D组的PERK表达均增加,P-PERK、CHOP和Caspase-12表达降低(P＜0.05).上述变化均可见浓度依赖性.结论 AA可能通过下调CHOP和Caspase-12蛋白的表达对糖尿病大鼠肾脏起到保护作用.     

缬沙坦对高糖环境下大鼠肾小球系膜细胞氧化应激水平的影响

目的 观察缬沙坦对高糖环境下大鼠肾小球系膜细胞氧化应激水平的影响。方法 高糖(20 mmol·L^-1)体外培养大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,不同浓度缬沙坦(10^-7,10^-6,10^-5和10^-4 mol·L^-1)干预,以RT-PCR技术检测细胞内还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶亚基p22^phox的mRNA表达的变化,并以DCFH-DA和HE标记细胞内活性氧(ROS),流式细胞术检测细胞内ROS相对浓度。结果 高糖时间相关性诱导系膜细胞超氧阴离子(·O₂^-)与过氧化氢(H₂O₂)明显升高,并引起p22phox的mRNA表达显著上调,缬沙坦对高糖引起系膜细胞p22^phox的mRNA表达增加有下调作用,明显降低细胞内·O₂^-和H₂O₂浓度,并呈浓度依赖性。结论 缬沙坦抑制高糖引起肾小球系膜细胞氧化应激可能和下调p22phox的mRNA表达有关。     

芦丁对高糖模型大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的保护作用

目的:研究芦丁对高糖模型大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的保护作用。方法:以高糖(25 mmol/L)培养鼠肾小球系膜细胞。试验随机均分为正常对照(正常培养基)组、溶剂对照(0.1%DMSO)组、模型(正常培养基)组、卡托普利(1μmol/L)组与芦丁高、中、低质量浓度(40、10、5μg/ml)组,培养48 h。采用实时荧光定量-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法测定细胞转化生长因子(TGF)-β1mRNA的表达,Western blot法检测细胞Smad 2/3与Smad 7的含量,分光光度法测细胞总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)与谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)水平。结果:与溶剂对照组比较,模型组细胞Smad 2/3、TGF-β1mRNA的表达增强,T-SOD、CAT与GSH-Px活性减弱,MDA含量增加,Smad 7的表达减弱,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,芦丁高、中、低质量浓度组细胞Smad 2/3表达减弱,T-SOD、CAT活性增强,MDA含量减少,Smad 7的表达减弱;芦丁高、中质量浓度组TGF-β1mRNA表达减弱,GSH-Px活性增强,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:芦丁通过TGF-β1/Smad通路对高糖培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞产生保护作用,具有潜在的防治糖尿病肾病作用。     

胡黄连总苷对高糖诱导肾小球系膜细胞氧化应激的保护作用

胡黄连总苷(total glucosides of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora，TGP)是具有抗氧化作用的活性组分。由于氧化应激在糖尿病肾病发病中起关键作用，因此本研究考察了TGP对高糖培养下系膜细胞病变和氧化应激损伤的影响。通过高糖(25 mmol·L^-1)刺激3周造成糖尿病系膜细胞损伤模型，分别以荧光素探针DCFH-DA，Rh123和Fluo-3/AM负载细胞，流式细胞仪法检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)、线粒体膜电位(MMP)和［Ca²⁺］_i，观察TGP对高糖引起系膜细胞肥大、细胞外基质分泌增加的保护作用。结果表明，高糖培养组系膜细胞肥大，胶原IV的分泌增加，细胞内ROS升高，MMP降低，［Ca²⁺］_i升高，TGP能明显改善高糖诱导的系膜细胞肥大和降低胶原IV的分泌，降低细胞内ROS含量，提高MMP的水平和降低［Ca²⁺］_i。因此TGP可以保护高糖诱导的肾小球系膜细胞氧化应激损伤。     

高糖环境下HGF对肾小球系膜细胞增殖及TGF-β1的影响

目的研究高糖环境下大鼠肾小球系膜细胞(RMC)的增殖、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)的分泌、以及肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的干预作用。方法①将RMC分为3组:正常对照组;高糖组;高糖+HGF组(25.0mmol/L葡萄糖,50ng/mlHGF)。分别培养不同时间(12,24,48,72,96h)。运用MTT法测定细胞的增殖情况。②将RMC分为3组:正常对照组;高糖组;甘露醇对照组:(20.0mmol/L甘露醇)。分别于培养的12、24、48、96h收集细胞及上清夜,用ELISA法来检测TGF-β1分泌量。③将RMC分为:正常对照组;高糖组;高糖+HGF组(HGF浓度分别为25、50、100、200ng/ml)。分别培养48h后,用ELISA法测定此时TGF-β1分泌情况。以上各组正常组中葡萄糖浓度5.5mmol/L,高糖浓度25.0mmol/L。结果①25.0mmol/L高糖在24h促进RMC增殖,肝细胞生长因子(HGF)可以抑制细胞增殖。在48,72和96h高糖抑制细胞增殖。HGF对抗高糖对细胞增殖的抑制作用;而且呈时间依赖性。②高糖促进TGF-β1分泌,HGF可以抑制TGF-β1的分泌,且呈剂量依赖性。结论高糖刺激肾小球系膜细胞TGF-β1出现稳定高表达,而给予外源性的HGF后,系膜细胞TGF-β1的分泌减少,而且呈时间依赖性。     

积雪草酸对糖尿病大鼠肾脏足细胞损伤的影响

目的探讨积雪草酸对糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激及足细胞nephrin蛋白和结蛋白表达的影响。方法腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(65 mg·kg-1)诱导大鼠糖尿病模型,造模成功大鼠24只随机分为四组,并以6只正常SD大鼠作为正常对照组。积雪草酸低、中、高剂量组予积雪草酸10、20、40 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃,正常对照组与糖尿病模型组予等量蒸馏水灌胃,连续8周。干预结束后测定各组血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER),肾皮质丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活力;光镜、电镜下观察各组肾脏病理形态学改变;免疫组化法检测各组肾脏足细胞nephrin蛋白和结蛋白表达变化。结果与正常对照组比较,糖尿病模型组BUN、Scr、UAER、肾脏MDA和结蛋白表达均明显升高,肾脏SOD、nephrin蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.01);光镜示肾小球体积增大、系膜细胞数量增多,电镜示足突不同程度增宽、肾小球基底膜增厚、系膜基质增多。与糖尿病模型组比较,积雪草酸各剂量组BUN、Scr、UAER、肾脏MDA和结蛋白表达均下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),随着积雪草酸剂量增加呈下降趋势;肾脏SOD、nephrin蛋白表达均上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),随着积雪草酸剂量增加呈上升趋势且肾脏光镜、电镜下病理形态学异常逐渐改善。结论积雪草酸可能通过抑制糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激,上调足细胞nephrin蛋白表达、下调结蛋白表达,发挥对糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。     

氟伐他汀对高糖大鼠肾小球系膜细胞转化生长因子β1的影响

目的观察高糖大鼠肾小球系膜细胞(HBZY-1)转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)的变化以及氟伐他汀对其影响。方法体外培养HBZY-1细胞,将其分成以下几组:正常组、高糖组、甘露醇对照组、3个浓度氟伐他汀组。24 h后进行细胞形态观察,MTT法测定并计算细胞存活率和抑制率。RT-PCR法测定各组TGF-β1 mRNA的表达。Western blot法、免疫细胞化学法测定各组TGF-β1蛋白表达及分布。结果与正常组相比,HBZY-1细胞在高糖刺激下,TGF-β1 mRNA及蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.05)。与高糖组相比,氟伐他汀组TGF-β1 mRNA及蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05)。结论高糖环境可促使HBZY-1细胞TGF-β1异常表达;而氟伐他汀可阻抑高糖对HBZY-1细胞TGF-β1的活化而发挥肾脏保护作用。     

普伐他汀对高糖培养肾小球系膜细胞细胞外基质产生和氧化应激的影响

目的探讨普伐他汀对糖尿病肾病的保护机制。方法大鼠肾小球系膜细胞分别用正常浓度葡萄糖(5.5 mmo.lL-1),高浓度葡萄糖(25 mmo.lL-1)及葡萄糖25 mmo.lL-1+普伐他汀100μmo.lL-1培养。用CCK-8试剂盒测定细胞增殖,比色法检测培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。ELISA法检测培养上清液Ⅳ型胶原(ColⅣ-)、纤连蛋白(FN)、转化生长因子β1(TGFβ-1)和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP-1)含量;明胶酶谱法检测培养上清明胶酶A及B的活性。结果与对照组比较,高糖组肾小球系膜细胞增殖增加,基质蛋白ColⅣ-和FN合成增多,明胶酶A及B活性下降,TIMP-1含量和TGFβ-1分泌增加,总SOD活性和Cu,Zn-SOD活性下降,GSH含量下降,MDA含量增加。与高糖组比较,普伐他汀干预后可逆转上述变化。结论普伐他汀可抑制高糖培养的肾小球系膜细胞增殖,减少胞外基质合成,增加胞外基质降解,并缓解高糖诱导的氧化应激。     

普罗布考对高糖培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞增殖及转化生长因子-β1的影响

目的探讨普罗布考（probucol,PRB）对高糖培养的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞（rat mesangial cells,RMCs）增殖及转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）的影响。方法①将RMCs分为正常对照组（葡萄糖5．5mmol·L^-1）、高糖组（葡萄糖30．0mmol·L^-1）、高糖＋不同浓度PRB纽（葡萄糖30．0mmol·L^-1＋10、20、50μmol·L^-1PRB）,MTT法检测培养24、48、72h后细胞的增殖情况,ELISA法检测培养24h后TGF-β1分泌量。②将RMCs分为正常对照组（葡萄糖5．5mmol·L^-1）、渗透浓度对照组（5．5mmol·L^-1葡萄糖＋24．5mmol·L^-1甘露醇）、高糖组（葡萄糖30．0mmol·L^-1）、高糖＋20μmol·L^-1PRB组,ELISA法检测培养12、24、48、72h后TGF-β1分泌量。结果①培养24h后,高糖刺激RMCs增殖,PRB呈时间依赖性和剂量依赖性地抑制RMCs的增殖（P〈0．05）。②高糖刺激24h后,TGF-β1分泌量增多,PRB能抑制高糖诱导的TGF-β1,分泌（P〈0．05）。结论PRB可能通过抑制肾小球系膜细胞TGF-β1的分泌,抑制高糖条件下大鼠肾小球系膜细胞的增殖,发挥肾脏保护作用。     

高糖通过miR-192调控CAV-1/EGF影响肾小球系膜细胞增殖、迁移及细胞外基质形成的机制研究

目的 探讨高糖条件下miR-192对肾小球系膜细胞增殖、迁移及细胞外基质形成的影响及可能的作用机制。方法 体外培养人肾小球系膜细胞并分为6组：正糖（NG,5.6 mmol/L葡萄糖）组、高糖（HG,25 mmol/L葡萄糖）组、正糖加miR-192模拟物（NG+mimics）组、高糖加miR-192模拟物（HG+mimics）组、正糖加miR-192抑制剂（NG+inhibitor）组、高糖加miR-192抑制剂（HG+inhibitor）组。干预24 h后,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖活性,划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）技术检测miR-192、小窝蛋白1（CAV-1）、表皮生长因子（EGF）、1型胶原蛋白（COLⅠ）、纤连蛋白（FN）mRNA水平,Western blot检测相关蛋白表达。结果 与NG组相比,HG组细胞增殖率和划痕愈合率增加,EGF、FN、COLⅠ mRNA和蛋白表达升高,CAV-1 mRNA和蛋白表达降低（均P<0.05）。在NG组和HG组分别加入miR-192 inhibitor后,细胞增殖率和划痕愈合率减少,EGF、FN、COLⅠmRNA和蛋白表达降低,CAV-1 mRNA和蛋白表达升高（均P<0.05）,HG组加入miR-192 inhibitor变化更加明显。在NG组和HG组分别加入miR-192 mimics后,细胞增殖率和划痕愈合率增加,EGF、FN、COLⅠ mRNA和蛋白表达升高,CAV-1 mRNA和蛋白表达降低（均P<0.05）。结论 高糖通过miR-192-CAV-1-EGF途径增加肾小球系膜细胞增殖和迁移,导致细胞外基质的形成。     

洛伐他汀对大鼠肾系膜细胞增殖和细胞外基质分泌的影响

目的 研究洛伐他汀对肾小球系膜细胞增殖和细胞外基质分泌的影响和机制。方法 用不同浓度的洛伐他汀及甲羟戊酸和拢牛儿基牻牛儿醇焦磷酸盐(GGPP)处理大鼠肾小球系膜细胞,测定溴化脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(Brdu)的整合来评估DNA的合成,ELISA法测定上清液中胶原Ⅳ、Ⅰ和纤维连结蛋白含量,用蛋白质印迹法分析原癌基因蛋白(Ras)活动及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的活化。结果洛伐他汀抑制血小板源生长因子(PDGF)引起BrdU整合进入系膜细胞和细胞外基质胶原Ⅳ、Ⅰ和纤维连结蛋白的分泌,同时也抑制PDGF引起的Ras活动及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的活化,甲羟戊酸和GGPP能部分拮抗洛伐他汀的上述抑制作用。结论 洛伐他汀可显著抑制系膜细胞增殖及细胞外基质的分泌,其机制可能通过抑制甲羟戊酸及其代谢产物的合成而阻止Ras活动及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的活化,影响信号传导有关。     

β-Caryophyllene inhibits high glucose-induced oxidative stress,inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation in mesangial cells

β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene compound that has anti-diabetic activity. However, the effect of BCP on diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate the potential role of BCP in high glucose (HG)-induced glomerular mesangial cells (MCs). MCs were maintained under HG condition to simulate DN in vitro. Our results showed that BCP inhibited HG-induced cell proliferation, ROS production and NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2/4 expression. BCP exhibited anti-inflammatory activity with decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in HG-induced MCs. Moreover, BCP treatment suppressed the HG-induced secretion of fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (Col IV) in MCs. Furthermore, BCP suppressed the NF-κB activation and enhanced the Nrf2 activation in HG-induced MCs. However, inhibition of Nrf2 attenuated the protective effects of BCP on HG-induced MCs, while inhibition of NF-κB enhanced the nephro-protective effects of BCP on MCs. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that BCP executed protective effects on HG-induced MCs via regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.     

非诺贝特和罗格列酮对高糖培养肾小球系膜细胞胞外基质产生和氧化应激的抑制作用

目的探讨非诺贝特(FB)和罗格列酮(RG)对糖尿病肾病的保护机制。方法大鼠肾小球系膜细胞分别培养于正常葡萄糖浓度(5.5mmol·L-1,正常对照)、高糖浓度(HG,25mmol·L-1)、HG+FB100μmo·lL-1和HG+RG20μmol·L-1。比色法检测培养液中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量。ELISA法检测培养上清液Ⅳ型胶原(Col-Ⅳ)及纤连蛋白(FN)含量。结果与正常对照组比较,HG组系膜细胞上清中基质蛋白Col-Ⅳ和FN含量增多;总SOD(T-SOD)和Cu,Zn-SOD活性下降;GSH含量下降;MDA含量增加。FB或RG干预后能部分或完全逆转上述变化。与HG组比较,FB或RG干预后,上清液中Col-Ⅳ含量下降〔48h:(21.2±3.2)vs(17.7±2.2),(17.0±3.2)μg·L-1〕,FN含量减少〔48h:(13.5±1.3)vs(12.1±1.0),(11.8±1.1)μg·L-1〕;GSH含量增加〔36h:(94.0±30.3)vs(109.8±35.6),(111.0±28.5)g·L-1〕;T-SOD活性增强〔36h:(10.8±2.2)vs(13.3±2.7),(12.8±3.3)kNU·L-1〕;MDA含量下降〔36h:(18.6±20.5)vs(11.8±7.0),(11.3±7.2)μmol·L-1〕。结论FB和RG均能减少高糖培养的系膜细胞胞外基质合成,并显著缓解高糖诱导的氧化应激。     

Daphnetin inhibits high glucose-induced extracellular matrix accumulation,oxidative stress and inflammation in human glomerular mesangial cells

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Oxidative stress and inflammation have been documented to play important roles in the pathogenesis of DN. Daphnetin, a natural coumarin compound, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the role of daphnetin in DN has not yet been investigated. The aim of the present study was to explore the function of daphnetin in DN and the underlying mechanism in vitro. Our results demonstrated that daphnetin alleviated cell proliferation induced by high glucose (HG) in human mesangial cells (MCs). Daphnetin strikingly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, and induced the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in HG-stimulated MCs. Besides, the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, fibronectin (FN) and collagen IV (Col IV) was also inhibited by daphnetin in HG-stimulated MCs. In addition, daphnetin enhanced the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and inhibited the levels of p-Akt and p-p65 in HG-stimulated MCs. The results indicated that daphnetin inhibited HG-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and ECM accumulation in human MCs. The effect is partially mediated by Nrf2/keap1 and Akt/NF-κB pathways. The findings suggested that daphnetin might be a therapeutic or preventive agent for DN.     

Vasopressin stimulates the production of extracellular matrix by cultured rat mesangial cells

1. Mesangial expansion, an indicator of chronic glomerular diseases, occurs as a result of the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as type IV collagen. In order to investigate the ability of vasopressin (AVP), which causes mesangial cell proliferation and hypertrophy, to induce ECM production, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure type I and IV collagen and fibronectin produced from cultured rat mesangial cells. 2. Addition of AVP (0.01-1000 nmol/L) caused a significant and concentration-dependent production of secreted and cell-associated ECM, type I collagen, type IV collagen and fibronectin by cultured rat mesangial cells. The AVP V(1A) receptor-selective antagonist YM218 (0.01-1000 nmol/L) potently and concentration-dependently inhibited the induced increase in ECM production caused by AVP, but the V(2) receptor-selective antagonist SR 121463A (0.1-1000 nmol/L) did not potently inhibit. 3. Vasopressin inhibited the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, which degrades matrix proteins, including type IV collagen, and stimulated endothelin (ET)-1 secretion from mesangial cells. These effects were potently inhibited by YM218, but not by SR 121463A. 4. In addition, 10 nmol/L ET-1 inhibited the synthesis of MMP-2 and stimulated ECM production in mesangial cells. These effects were completely abolished by the ET(A) receptor-selective antagonist YM598 (1 micromol/L); however, the ET(B) receptor-selective antagonist BQ-788 (1 micromol/L) and the AVP receptor antagonists YM218 and SR 121463A did not inhibit ET-1-induced inhibition of MMP-2 synthesis and ECM production. In addition, AVP-induced inhibition of MMP-2 synthesis and ECM production were partly inhibited by YM598. 5. These findings indicate that AVP may modulate ECM production not only via a direct action on V(1A) receptors, but also through stimulation of ET-1 secretion. Vasopressin may contribute to the glomerular remodelling and ECM accumulation observed in glomerular diseases.     

吡格列酮对肾小球系膜细胞ROS和p38MAPK的影响

目的观察吡格列酮(PIO)对高糖培养的肾小球系膜细胞(MCs)p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)表达和活性氧(ROS)水平的影响,探讨PIO肾保护作用及机制。方法体外培养MCs,随机分为正常对照组(NG组)、高糖(HG组)及高糖+不同浓度吡格列酮组。应用流式细胞术检测细胞ROS水平,半定量RT-PCR测定MCs p38MAPK mRNA表达情况。结果与NG组比较,HG组细胞内ROS水平明显增加,p38MAPK mRNA表达增多(P<0.01);各PIO干预组上述变化明显受抑制(P<0.01或P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。结论吡格列酮可拮抗高糖诱导的MCs内ROS和p38MAPK高表达。     

BML-111 attenuates high glucose-induced inflammation,oxidative stress and reduces extracellular matrix accumulation via targeting Nrf2 in rat glomerular mesangial cells

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most paradigmatic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and brings about severe social and economic burdens. BML-111 is a potent agonist of Lipoxin A4 and has shown anti-inflammatory function in many diseases. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of BML-111 on high glucose (HG) -induced mesangial cells. HBZY-1 cells were stimulated by HG with or without BML-111. ML385 was used as an Nrf2 inhibitor. Cell proliferation was measured by CC-K 8 assay. Besides, levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and MCP-1 were detected by corresponding ELISA kits. DCFH-DA staining and an available ROS kit were employed to determine the ROS generation. In addition, extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation was evaluated by immunofluorescence assay and western blot analysis. The protein expressions involved in Nrf2/HO-1 and MAPK pathway were assessed by western blot assay. Results indicated that BML-111 extremely inhibited HBZY-1 cell proliferation induced by HG. Moreover, BML-111 reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and MCP-1, declined intracellular ROS level, and attenuated expression of ECM proteins laminin, fibronectin, collagen IV and TGF-β1. In addition, BML-111 promoted the activation of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, while suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Further, NRF2 silence reversed the inhibitory effects of BML-111 on HG-induce inflammation, oxidative stress and ECM accumulation, accelerate the MAPK signaling, and diminished the expression of Nrf2 pathway. In summary, BML-111 alleviated HG-induced injury in HBZY-1 cells by repressing inflammatory response, oxidative stress and ECM accumulation via activating Nrf2 and inhibiting MAPK pathway.