3D磁敏感加权成像在脑静脉畸形诊断中的价值

目的 探讨3D磁敏感加权成像(SWI)技术对脑静脉畸形(CVM)的诊断价值.方法 30例CVM形患者采用3.0T磁共振常规MRI序列(T1WI、T2WI)、3D SWI及T1WI增强扫描,根据CVM血管显影情况对常规MRI序列、3D SWI及T1WI增强扫描进行分级比较.结果 SWI能显著显示常规T1WI、T2WI很难显示的髓静脉及引流静脉,并与增强扫描图像有很好的对应.结论 SWI是检出CVM较为敏感的序列,在不用造影剂情况下使静脉畸形血管获得较好的显示.     

常规MRI与SWI对脑海绵状血管瘤的诊断分析

目的分析脑海绵状血管瘤常规MRI与磁敏感加权成像（susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI）的影像学表现,并探讨SWI对脑海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的18例海绵状血管瘤的常规MRI及SWI影像资料,记录常规MRI T2WI、T1WI及SWI检出病灶数并测量最大病灶的大小。结果 18例海绵状血管瘤,T2WI检出病灶共25个,T1WI检出病灶共21个,SWI检出病灶共47个。T2WI和T1WI呈＂爆米花＂样高、低混杂信号,周围绕以低信号环或高信号环;SWI表现为明显低信号。SWI测得的病灶范围较T2WI、T1WI测得的范围大,且微小病灶显示多。但SWI测得的病灶大小与T2WI、T1WI比较差异没有统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论磁敏感成像对海绵窦血管瘤的显示优于T1WI、T2WI成像。结合常规磁共振成像及SWI,可更好地显示颅内海绵状血管瘤的病变范围及微小病灶。     

磁共振T1WI、T2WI、T2FLAIR、DWI、CE—T1WI对肺癌脑转移检出率的比较观察

目的 比较磁共振T1WI及T2WI、液体衰减反转恢复(T2FLAIR)序列、MR扩散加权成像(DWI)序列、T1WI常规剂量增强扫描(CE-T1WI)序列.对肺癌脑转移的检出率,优化脑转移瘤MR扫描序列.方法 回顾性分析54例肺癌脑转移T1WI、T2WI、T2FLAIR、DWI、CE-T1WI的MR图像,由两组2人MR影像科医生分别应用双盲法统计病灶的个数.结果 T1WI检出病灶241个,检出率58.4%;T2WI检出病灶296个,检出率71.7%;T2FLAIR检出病灶357个,检出率86.4%;DWI检出病灶253个,检出率61.3%;CE-T1WI序列扫描,检出病灶413个,检出率100%.其中56个,在T1WI、T2WI、T2FLAIR和DWI扫描中未能检出,而在CE-T1WI序列中检出.结论 采用5种序列联合扫描,能提高小转移灶的检出率,而增强序列CE-T1WI为最佳的扫描序列.     

高场磁敏感成像在颅内多发海绵状血管瘤中的诊断价值

目的讨论高场磁共振磁敏感成像在颅内多发海绵状血管瘤中的诊断价值。方法对我院近4年间在我院手术病理证实的18例颅内海绵状血管瘤患者中,回顾性分析所有患者的MR图像,通过分析MRI平扫、SWI图像,总结归纳MR平扫及SWI在海绵状血管瘤诊断中的应用价值。结果常规MRI扫描T1WI共发现37个病灶,T2WI扫描共发现病灶51个,SWI共显示93处病灶。结论 SWI序列在颅内多发海绵状血管瘤的检测方面具有很高的敏感性,但缺少特异性,通过结合常规MRI各序列,辅以SWI序列检查,能提高该病的检出率,同时能清晰显示病灶内部及周边结构     

3.0T磁共振SWI在高血压脑内微出血病灶诊断中的应用价值

目的 分析与探讨3.0T磁共振SWI在高血压脑内微出血病灶诊断中的应用价值,以期为高血压脑内微出血的临床治疗提供诊断依据.方法 选取100例2013年12月至2015年9月在本院接受治疗的慢性高血压患者,对患者进行常规扫描和SWI扫描,对扫描序列进行观察,对比SWI序列和常规扫描序列,对有无脑微出血进行分组对比,并对比两组高血压水平、性别以及年龄分层.结果 64例(64.0％)患者存在脑微出血信号,显著高于Flair(16.0％)、T1WI(8.0％)、T2WI(12.0％)常规序列检查,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).1级高血压56.0％,2级高血压60.0％,3级高血压94.0％;具有越高的血压水平,脑微出血灶检出率也会随之升高,患者年龄越大,其脑微出血发生率也就越高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).患者性别和脑微出血发生率无明显差别,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 研究发现,SWI检查显示高血压脑内微出血的准确性与敏感性比较高,对脑出血的早期预防与脑卒中的诊断极具重要指导价值.     

磁共振Propeller技术在颅脑MR成像中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨磁共振螺旋桨(propeller)成像技术在临床上的应用价值.方法 利用常规序列及propeller技术对35例躁动或有固定金属异物的患者行颅脑磁共振检查.对使用propeller技术前后的快速自旋回波T2加权像序列(T2WI)、液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)、扩散加杖序列(DWI)的图像进行比较.结果 35例应用propeller技术进行T2WI、Flair、DWI成像消除了因运动、金属异物引起的伪影,均获得了满意图像.结论 使用propeller技术进行T2WI、Flair、DWI扫描能明显消除患者因运动或金属异物造成的伪影,可生成高分辨率、无伪影、具有临床诊断意义的理想图像.     

3.0 T磁共振多序列成像在肛瘘诊断分型中的应用效果分析

目的 探究3.0 T磁共振多序列成像在肛瘘诊断和临床分型判断中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析56例肛瘘患者临床及影像学资料,所有患者均行3.0 T磁共振多序列成像检查,检查序列包括T1加权成像(T1WI)、T2加权成像(T2WI)、T2WI抑脂序列、扩散加权成像(DWI)序列和增强扫描,分析肛瘘不同扫描序列影像学特征,比...     

多模式磁共振在急性脑缺血诊断中的应用

目的探讨多模式磁共振在急性脑缺血诊断中的应用效果。方法58例急性脑缺血患者,均于疾病发生48 h内接受多模式磁共振影像扫描检查[T2加权成像(T2WI)、磁共振血管成像(MRA)、弥散加权成像(DWI)、磁敏感加权成像(SWI)]。观察比较DWI、T2WI对不同起病时间患者的检出情况、MRA分级在不同病灶直径的占比情况,分析SWI静脉显示与病灶灌注状态的相关性以及SWI图像显示病灶灌注状态与出血倾向的发生情况。结果DWI在起病时间≤6 h和7~24 h患者中的检出率分别为100.00%、97.22%,均高于T2WI的25.00%、77.78%,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);对于起病时间25~48 h患者,DWI、T2WI检出率均为100.00%。梗死灶直径>15 mm患者的MRA0级占比4.35%显著低于梗死灶直径≤15 mm患者的41.67%,MRA3级占比56.52%显著高于梗死灶直径≤15 mm患者的16.67%,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);梗死灶直径>15 mm与≤15 mm患者的MRA1、2级占比比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。病灶灌注状态与SWI静脉显示呈正相关性(P<0.05)。SWI对微出血和出血倾向敏感。结论多模式磁共振可有效提高急性脑缺血患者早期检出率,准确反映发病区情况,具有较高的诊断价值。     

3.0T MRI-SWI检查用于颅内海绵状血管瘤诊断的价值(附30例分析)

目的通过回顾性分析经手术病理证实的30例颅内海绵状血管瘤患者的磁共振图像,探讨3.0T MRI-SWI序列对海绵状血管瘤的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2014年6—12月经手术病理证实的30例颅内海绵状血管瘤患者的磁敏感加权成像(SWI)和常规MRI序列(T1WI、T2WI,DWI)图像,比较各组影像的特点及病灶的检出率。结果 T1WI、T2WI、DWI、SWI诊断颅内海绵状血管瘤阳性率分别为50%、60%、80%、100%,SWI病灶检出阳性率明显高于T1WI、T2WI、DWI,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);且同一病灶SWI检出范围更广。结论 SWI检查对颅内海绵状血管瘤检出率明显高于常规MRI序列,可检出更多的微小病症,有较高的临床应用价值。     

磁敏感加权成像在脑微出血诊断中的应用

目的 探讨磁敏感加权成像(SWI)在脑微出血中的诊断价值.方法 收集经MRI证实的脑微出血60例,行T1WI、T2WI序列与SWI序列扫描,评价SWI序列对脑微出血检出的优越性.结果 60例患者中单发17例,多发43例,共发现病灶591个,主要分布于皮层和皮层下、基底节区.T1WI发现病灶242个,T2WI发现病灶318个,SWI发现病灶591个,检出率分别为40.95％,53.81％和100％.SWI表现为点状、圆形低信号灶.病变范围的显示较常规序列范围大.结论 SWI序列对颅内微小出血的敏感性明显高于常规MRI序列.     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Comparison of in vitro cell models in predicting in vivo brain entry of drugs

Although several in vitro models have been reported to predict the ability of drug candidates to cross the blood-brain barrier, their real in vivo relevance has rarely been evaluated. The present study demonstrates the in vivo relevance of simple unidirectional permeability coefficient (P(app)) determined in three in vitro cell models (BBMEC, Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1) for nine model drugs (alprenolol, atenolol, metoprolol, pindolol, entacapone, tolcapone, baclofen, midazolam and ondansetron) by using dual probe microdialysis in the rat brain and blood as an in vivo measure. There was a clear correlation between the P(app) and the unbound brain/blood ratios determined by in vivo microdialysis (BBMEC r=0.99, Caco-2 r=0.91 and MDCKII-MDR1 r=0.85). Despite of the substantial differences in the absolute in vitro P(app) values and regardless of the method used (side-by-side vs. filter insert system), the capability of the in vitro models to rank order drugs was similar. By this approach, thus, the additional value offered by the true endothelial cell model (BBMEC) remains obscure. The present results also highlight the need of both in vitro as well as in vivo methods in characterization of blood-brain barrier passage of new drug candidates.