国外工作场所危险性评价和管理模式介绍

危险性评价（risk assessment）是一个简单的概念,它是识别工作场所存在什么危害（hazards）,评价这些危害引起人身伤害（harm）可能性的一个过程,其目的是为了确定并提出相应的预防和控制措施.危险度管理是用于建立危险与管理之间的相互联系,依据危险性水平,确定能够减少伤害的相应控制措施,使其持续改进成为可能的一个管理过程.为了预防或控制环境（或职业）危害,美国国家研究委员会（NRC）于1983年在1份文件中提出了危险性评价和危险度管理理论.自此,欧洲的一些国家和美国、澳大利亚、新加坡等国针对工作场所的职业危害问题,相应建立了有关工作场所的危险性评价和管理方面的应用指南,形成了工作场所危险性评价与管理的系统模式.     

某大型石油石化企业化学有害因素及其危险性的分析

目的识别国内某大型石化企业的化学危险因素,并对其危险度进行分析与评价。方法采用现场流行病学调查方法,运用安全事故与职业病危险度评价方法对调查企业存在的主要化学危险因素、暴露情况、企业岗位设置情况、危害因素可能导致疾病或安全事故的程度和概率等信息进行调查与分析,确定化学危险因素产生危害作用的可能性。结果共调查该企业有代表性的11家直属工厂,明确了40种化学危险因素,其中硫化氢(2.5%)危害为中等危险度水平,硫酸、硝基苯等7种(17.5%)危害为低危险度水平,苯及同系物、氨等18种(45%)危害为极低危险度水平,溶剂汽油、一氧化氮等14种(35%)危害为最小危险度水平。结论通过对危害和作业场所进行危险度评价,明确了危险度较高的危害和作业场所,对企业明确危害的控制重点,合理利用资源,提高职业病危险因素的控制效率具有重要指导意义。     

环境因素对健康影响的危险度评估和经济损失分析

近年来,为研究接触环境和职业毒物对健康危害的定量评价的需要,逐步形成了一门新的多学科的方法学——危险度评估。对给予的接触情况,危险度评估可以提供;1.预期可能产生的健康效应类型的特征;2.估计这些健康效应(危险)发生的概率;3.估计产生这些健康效应的人数;4.提出空气、     

危险度评价:从人类健康到生态危害

从20世纪80年代开始，逐渐发展出了健康危险度评价(Health Risk Assessment)的概念和方法。健康危险是指在一定条件下，环境中的有害因素导致暴露群体中出现不良健康反应的概率。健康危险度评价则是从定性和定量两个方面，对这些不良健康反应进行估计和评定的过程，包括4个步骤，即危害认定、剂量．反应关系评价、人类暴露评价和危险表征。     

环境化学品的危险度评价、危险度管理和可持续发展

联合国环境和发展大会通过了"21世纪议程",该议程第19章阐述了有毒化学品的管理.在承认"化学品的大量使用对保证人类社会和经济需求具有关键意义"的同时,必须看到还有大量工作要作"才能对有毒化学品进行健全的环境管理,从而保证可持续发展和改善人类的生活质量".为此,有两个关键问题有待解决;(1)目前还缺乏足够的资料对现有大量的化学品进行危险度评价;(2)即使有了资料还没有足够的财力开展危险度评价工作.这两种情况在发展中国家尤为突出.为此,联合国环发大会建议,首先必须加强和加速化学品危险度的国际评价工作,同时应该加强各国对化学品危险度管理的能力和力度.     

危险度评价在职业卫生工作中的研究进展

本文对危险度评价的基本步骤、危险度评价在职业卫生工作中应用的优点、应用概况与应用展望做了简要、系统的介绍。以杀虫脒和汞中毒为例,介绍了目前国内的相关工作。危险度评价是一项综合性的系统工程,将其应用于职业卫生工作中具有深远的实际意义。     

太原市燃煤污染物对人体健康的危险度评价

[目的]研究太原市燃煤污染物对人体健康影响的危险度评价。[方法]在现场监测、污染源解析的基础上,应用修正后的高斯扩散模型,计算出燃煤污染物暴露浓度。应用危险度评估法对太原市的部分地区燃煤污染物所致的人体健康危险进行评价。[结果]3个研究区的个人年危险度水平为A区:1.315×10-5/年,B区:9.828×10-6/年,C区:2.652×10-6/年,与污染水平A区>B区>C区一致;个人年危险度均在可接受水平(10-5~10-6/年)范围内。3个研究区的各污染物中,SO2和BaP的个人年危险度所占份额为99%以上。[结论]在各类燃煤污染物中,主要污染物为SO2和BaP,它们占总健康危害的99%以上。     

矽肺的定量危险度评价

矽肺是由于长期吸入矽尘所致的以肺部弥漫性纤维化为主的全身性疾病 ,是一种常见的且危害最为严重的职业病。定量危险度评价 (ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｒｉｓｋａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ)是研究与暴露环境和职业毒物有关的健康危险度而发展起来的一门方法学 ,主要用于预测暴露因子可能产生的健康效应类型 ,估计这些健康危害发生的概率并提出环境中可能接受的暴露因子水平。为了对矽肺的危险度作一定量评价 ,近十几年来 ,国内外学者作了不懈努力 ,现就这些学者研究的评价模型、评价结果及影响评价的因素作一扼要阐述。1　评价模型鉴于矽肺的累积…     

危险度评价在流行病学中的地位日益重要

在美国，将分析和评估暴露于环境危害因子与健康和安全性关系的过程称之为危险度评价。危险度是指导致不良结果的机会。狭义来说“危险性评价是指在科学基础上确定有害因素，根据暴露及剂量一效应关系对危险度进行定量，以及依照已知程度（尚未肯定）和人群中部分人的不同程度（可变性）以确定危险度的特征。当缺乏科学数据时亦可根据尚未证实的合理推论或模式进行危险度评价[1]。“危险度评价”和“危险度分析”这两个短语有时意指范围更宽的一套正式或非正式的分析，包括相对危险度评价，危险度权衡分析，危险度信息交流，投资一效应分析…     

物料安全数据清单在建设项目职业病危害评价工作中的应用

为了探索物料安全数据清单（MSDS）在建设项目职业病危害预评价中的应用,引用MSDS方法,以某化工企业职业病危害预评价为例,将建设项目中的职业病危害因素的危险度、使用量和扩散程度等资料进行综合分析,最终确定有效的职业病危害因素的控制方法。结果表明,通过对某化工企业职业病危害因素的MSDS资料的分析得出,职业病危害因素的控制方法应采用全面通风和工程控制的原则。从防护范围、设备的设计、保养检查和测试等几个方面进行控制。提示,将MSDS引入建设项目职业病危害预评工作中具有一定的科学性和实用性。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.