Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for 135 patients with small nonadvanced low rectal cancer (iT1�CiT2, iN0): short- and long-term results

Background  

Local excision of rectal cancer as an alternative to radical resection for patients with small nonadvanced low rectal cancer (SNALRC) (iT1–iT2, iN0) is debated. This study aimed to analyze the short- and long-term results for a series of 135 patients with SNALRC who underwent local excision by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM).     

Curettage and Cryosurgery for Low-grade Cartilage Tumors Is Associated with Low Recurrence and High Function

Background  

Chondrosarcomas of bone traditionally have been treated by wide or radical excision, procedures that may result in considerable lifelong disability. Grade 1 chondrosarcomas have little or no metastatic potential and are often difficult to distinguish from painful benign enchondromas. Curettage with adjuvant cryosurgery has been proposed as an alternative therapy for Grade 1 chondrosarcomas given the generally better function after the procedure. However, because it is an intralesional procedure, curettage and cryosurgery may be associated with higher rates of recurrence.     

Laparoscopic transanal abdominal transanal resection with sphincter preservation for rectal cancer in the distal 3 cm of the rectum after neoadjuvant therapy

Background  

This study reports the short- and long-term results for a prospective rectal cancer management program using laparoscopic radical transanal abdominal transanal proctosigmoidectomy with coloanal anastomosis (TATA) after neoadjuvant therapy.     

Radical and local excisional methods of sphincter-sparing surgery after high-dose radiation for cancer of the distal 3 cm of the rectum

Background: Despite conventional attitudes that interdict sphincter-preservation surgery (SPS) for cancers arising in the terminal 3 cm of rectum, we have selectively employed high-dose preoperative external radiation (HDPER) and either radical or local excisional SPS techniques for rectal cancer arising between the 0.5 and 3 cm levels above the anorectal ring. We have reported a preliminary experience with HDPER and full-thickness local excision (FTLE) and three different methods of radical SPS. We now describe our experience with a single method of radical excision, transanal abdominal transanal proctosigmoidectomy with coloanal anastomosis (TATA) and FTLE in conjunction with HDPER for cancers of the distal 3 cm of rectum based on specific guidelines. Methods: Since 1984, 109 patients with cancers at or below the 3 cm level have been treated with HDPER in doses of 4,500–7,000 cGy and a sphincter-preserving radical or local excision method in a prospective rectal cancer management program. Sixty-five patients (group A) underwent transanal abdominal transanal radical proctosigmoidectomy with coloanal anastomosis (TATA) and 44 patients (group B) underwent FTLE. Results: There was one death (1%). Mean follow-up was 40 months. Local recurrence rates for groups A and B were 9 and 14%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier 5-year actuarial survival was 85 and 90% for groups A and B, respectively, and 87% collectively. Conclusion: Experience with 109 patients with cancers of the distal 3 cm of rectum indicates that SPS can be accomplished by either radical or local excisional methods with acceptable local control and survival if HDPER and strict selection guidelines are employed. Results of this study were presented at the 47th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Houston, Texas, March 17–20, 1994.     

经肛门局部切除手术在直肠癌治疗中的作用

直肠癌的外科手术方法包括经腹根治术及局部切除术。全直肠系膜切除术（TME）是直肠癌外科治疗的金标准．随着功能外科时代的到来．越来越多的证据表明．在严格选择适应证的前提下．早期直肠癌患者行局部切除手术可以获得和传统经腹根治术相同的生存率。但总体而言．局部切除术后的局部复发率要高于TME．因此需要术前做到全面、精确的分期和评估．从而严格掌握局部切除的手术适应证。     

Integration of transanal specimen extraction into laparoscopic anterior resection with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a consecutive series of 179 patients

Background and objectives

This prospective study focused on patients with rectal cancer who underwent transanal specimen extraction after laparoscopic anterior resection with total mesorectal excision and specifically aims to investigate whether the transanal approach can be accepted as a safe and effective method for extracting the malignant specimen from the peritoneal cavity.

Patients and methods

A prospectively designed database of a consecutive series of patients undergoing laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal malignancy with various tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) classifications from April 1991 to May 2011 at the Texas Endosurgery Institute was analyzed. Patient selection for transanal specimen extraction and intracorporeal anastomosis was made on the basis of size of the pathology and distance of rectal lesions from the anal verge.

Results

179 anterior resections were completed laparoscopically with intracorporeal anastomosis and transanal specimen extraction. The operating time for the entire procedures including resection, anastomosis, and specimen extraction was 170.9 ± 51.2 min, blood loss during the procedures was 86.4 ± 37.7 ml, and distance of the lower edge of the lesion from the anal verge was measured to be 11.3 ± 7.3 cm. Postoperatively, three patients developed anastomotic leakage with a leak rate of 1.7 %, and the overall major complication rate after the procedures was 5.0 %. Length of hospital stay was 6.9 ± 2.8 days. Two-year follow-up showed development of anal stenosis in three patients (2.0 %) and erectile dysfunction in one patient (0.36 %) after surgery. Finally, 9 out of 179 patients who underwent laparoscopic anterior resection with transanal specimen extraction were confirmed to have cancer recurrence, with 2-year local recurrence rate of 5.0 %.

Conclusions

Transanal specimen extraction in laparoscopic rectal cancer resection is a safe and effective approach with comparable local cancer recurrence rate and postoperative complication rates, suggesting it can be integrated into laparoscopic anterior resection for rectal cancer.     

Einfluß der transanalen Excision auf die Rezidivrate beim Stadium-I-Rectumcarcinom im Vergleich zu radikal resezierenden Verfahren

INTRODUCTION: In the case of T1 low-risk rectal cancer, transanal excision is an established method. Now the question arises whether we can also treat higher stages, i.e. T1 high-risk and T2 tumors, by transanal excision with an acceptable recurrence rate. METHOD: The hospital notes of 152 patients treated by radical resection and transanal excision were examined retrospectively with special regard to the rate of recurrence after an average follow-up of 9.5 years. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were treated by rectal exstirpation, 105 by anterior resection. In 22 cases local tumor excision was performed: in 12 T1 carcinomas with curative intent and in 10 T2 carcinomas as a minimally invasive procedure for high-risk patients. Recurrence rates were between 8% and 9% in the three different groups. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend transanal excision with curative intent only in T1 low-risk tumors. Local excision is seen as an alternative minimally invasive treatment for patients in poor general condition with T2 carcinomas.     

Perforation into the peritoneal cavity during transanal endoscopic microsurgery for rectal cancer is not associated with major complications or oncological compromise

Background  

This study was designed to investigate short-term and long-term consequences from perforation to the peritoneal cavity during transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) for rectal cancer, with special emphasis on local recurrence and complications.     

Early Rectal Cancer: Local Excision or Radical Surgery?

BACKGROUND: Sphincter preservation, disease control, and long-term survival are the main goals in the treatment of rectal cancer. Although transanal local excision is attractive because it is a sphincter sparing procedure, some contradictory data exist in the literature about its ability to locally control disease and provide overall survival comparable with radical procedures, even for patients with early stage tumor. PURPOSE: To compare transanal local excision and radical surgery treatment results based on the appropriate data in literature. METHODS: We reviewed the literature to identify the current recurrence and survival rates of both techniques as well as the salvage surgery success. A PubMed search of the last 10 years was performed, and a total of 10 nonrandomized studies were identified; only 1 study was prospective, 5 were comparative, and 5 were case reports. RESULTS: Five-year overall survival rate varied from 69% to 83% in the local excision group versus 82% to 90% for the radical excision group. Local recurrence rates ranged from 9% to 20% for local excision and from 2% to 9% for radical surgery. Systemic recurrence rates ranged from 6% to 21% for local excision and from 2% to 9% for radical surgery. CONCLUSION: Radical surgery is the more definitive cancer treatment; however, it does not eliminate local excision as a reasonable choice for many patients, who will have lesser procedure-related morbidity and will accept an increased risk of tumor recurrence, a prolonged period of postoperative cancer surveillance, and a decreased success rate by salvage surgery.     

Oncological outcome of T1 rectal cancer undergoing standard resection and local excision

Aim We studied the outcome and prognostic factors for T1 rectal cancer patients undergoing standard resection or transanal excision. Method One hundred and twenty‐four patients with T1 rectal cancer were included in the study, of whom 66 (53.2%) underwent standard resection and 58 (46.8%) underwent transanal excision. Survival analysis was performed to compare the outcome. Results The 5‐year local recurrence rate was 11.0% in the transanal excision group versus 1.6% in the standard resection group (P = 0.031) but the 5‐year disease‐free survival and overall survival rates were not significantly different between the two groups. Multivariate analysis suggested that a high tumour grade and perineural or lymphovascular invasion were independent risk factors for local recurrence and recurrence‐free survival. For high‐risk patients (with at least one of the above risk factors), the 5‐year local recurrence and 10‐year recurrence‐free survival rates were 21.2% and 74.5%, versus 1.2% and 92.0% in low‐risk patients (P = 0.00003 and P = 0.003). In patients undergoing transanal excision, none in the low‐risk group had local recurrence during follow up, while 40% (6 of 15) of patients in the high‐risk group developed local recurrence within 5 years after surgery. The 5‐year local recurrence rate was 45.0%. Conclusion Transanal excision in T1 rectal cancer may result in a high rate of local failure for patients with a high‐grade tumour, or perineural or lymphovascular invasion. Local excision should be avoided as a curative treatment in high‐risk patients.     

D-shape asymmetric and symmetric excision with primary closure in the treatment of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease

Background

Off-midline closure after excision and primary closure in the treatment of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease has been suggested to improve surgical outcomes and reduce median recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to investigate several features known to be related to recurrence, allowing adequate comparison of recurrence between D-shaped asymmetric and symmetric excision in the treatment of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease.

Methods

An analysis of a prospectively maintained database of 569 surgical excisions performed for sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease between 1988 and 2007 was performed.

Results

The recurrence rate was lower in the asymmetric (n = 423) than in the symmetric (n = 101) group (9% vs 22.0%, P = .0001). After a median follow-up period of 11 years, 5-year 10-year, and 20-year disease-free survival rates were higher in the asymmetric group (94%, 92%, and 89% vs 84%, 79%, and 71%, respectively, P = .005).

Conclusions

D-shaped asymmetric excision is an effective treatment of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus. Better long-term recurrence rates are achieved compared with symmetric excision, when stratified for several features known to be related to recurrence.     

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HEMORRHOIDS: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE CURRENT OPTIONS

Introduction

Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids is still a dilemma. New techniques have been developed leading to a lower rate of postoperative pain; however, they are associated with a greater likelihood of recurrence.

Aim

To review current indications as well as the results and complications of the main techniques currently used in the surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease.

Methods

A systematic search of the published data on the options for treatment of hemorrhoids up to December 2012 was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, and UpToDate.

Results

Currently available surgical treatment options include procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH), transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD), and conventional hemorrhoidectomy techniques. Excisional techniques showed similar results regarding pain, time to return to normal activities, and complication rates. PPH and THD were associated with less postoperative pain and lower complication rates; however, both had higher postoperative recurrence rates.

Conclusion

Conventional surgical techniques yield better long-term results. Despite good results in the immediate postoperative period, PPH and THD have not shown consistent long-term favorable results.     

Transanal endoscopic video-assisted excision: application of single-port access

Background:

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a safe and efficacious surgical approach for local excision of benign adenomas and early-stage rectal cancer. However, utilization of the technique has been limited due to the unavailability of high-priced specialized instrumentation at many institutions and the technically demanding training required. To avoid these obstacles, we have explored an alternative approach called Transanal Endoscopic Video-Assisted excision, which combines the merits of single-port access and local transanal excision.

Methods:

A disposable single-incision port is inserted into the anal canal for transanal access. The port contains 3 cannulae for introducing instrumentation into the rectal lumen, and a supplementary cannula for carbon dioxide insufflation. Pneumorectum results in rectal distention and optimizes the visual field during the procedure. Standard laparoscopic instrumentation is utilized for visualization and transanal excision of rectal pathologies.

Conclusions:

Transanal endoscopic video-assisted excision is an innovative approach to local excision of benign and malignant rectal lesions. The approach averts several of the pitfalls commonly experienced with transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Continued investigation and development of this novel modality will be important in establishing its role in minimally invasive surgery.     

The method of bladder cuff excision during laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy does not affect oncologic outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Purpose

To determine whether the method of bladder cuff excision (BCE) during laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma is associated with rates of disease recurrence or metastases.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of all laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomies performed at our institution over 10 years. Three methods of BCE were used: transurethral incision (TUI) with Collins knife and a single intravesical port, open extravesical, and open intravesical via cystotomy. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether BCE method was associated with recurrence or metastases.

Results

Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy was performed in 110 patients. BCE was performed via TUI in 61 patients, open extravesical in 29, and open intravesical in 20. After a median follow-up of 22 months, 36 patients (32.7 %) developed recurrences. Metastases were observed in 18 patients (16.4 %). Recurrence rates were 32.8, 27.6, and 40.0 % in the TUI, extravesical, and intravesical groups, respectively (p = 0.69). Positive surgical margins occurred in nine patients with no significant difference between groups. Factors associated with recurrence or metastases in a multivariate regression analysis were stage, positive surgical margins and carcinoma in situ (CIS). The method of BCE was not associated with oncologic outcomes.

Conclusions

The three methods of bladder cuff excision (TUI, extravesical, and intravesical) are oncologically valid with similar recurrence and metastases rates when performed during laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy. Stage, positive margin status and CIS are predictive of adverse oncologic outcomes and can facilitate postoperative prognostication.     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery: long-term experience,indication expansion,and technical improvements

Background  

This study aimed to review the authors’ 16-year experience with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). Mortality, morbidity, recurrence rate, and functional outcome were assessed. New indications and technical improvements are presented.     

Treatment of rectal adenomas by transanal endoscopic microsurgery: 15 years’ experience

Background  

The authors present their experience with rectal adenomas managed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM). The goals of this study were to examine our institution’s experience by evaluating surgical morbidity, mortality, and local recurrence rate.     

Urinary and Sexual Disorders After Laparoscopic TME for Rectal Cancer in Males

Background  

Urinary and sexual dysfunctions are frequent after surgery for rectal cancer. Total mesorectal excision (TME) improves local recurrence and survival rates, and does not hamper recognition and sparing of hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves. It is not known how laparoscopic rectal resection could change functional complication rates.     

T1 adenocarcinoma of the rectum: transanal excision or radical surgery?

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest local excision may be acceptable treatment of T1 adenocarcinoma of the rectum, but there is little comparative data with radical surgery to assess outcomes and quantify risk. We performed a retrospective evaluation of patients with T1 rectal cancers treated by either transanal excision or radical resection at our institution to assess patient selection, cancer recurrence, and survival. METHODS: All patients who underwent surgery for T1 adenocarcinomas of the rectum (0-15 cm from anal verge) by either transanal excision (TAE) or radical resection (RAD) between January 1987 and January 2004 were identified from a prospective database. Data were analyzed using Fisher exact test, Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test. RESULTS: Three hundred nineteen consecutive patients with T1 lesions were treated by transanal excision (n = 151) or radical surgery (n = 168) over the 17-year period. RAD surgery was associated with higher tumor location in the rectum, slightly larger tumor size, a similar rate of adverse histology, and a lymph node metastasis rate of 18%. Despite these features, patients who underwent RAD surgery had fewer local recurrences, fewer distant recurrences, and significantly better recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0001). Overall and disease-specific survival was similar for RAD and TAE groups. CONCLUSION: Despite a similar risk profile in the 2 surgical groups, patients with T1 rectal cancer treated by local excision were observed to have a 3- to 5-fold higher risk of tumor recurrence compared with patients treated by radical surgery. Local excision should be reserved for low-risk cancers in patients who will accept an increased risk of tumor recurrence, prolonged surveillance, and possible need for aggressive salvage surgery. Radical resection is the more definitive surgical treatment of T1 rectal cancers.     

手术方式对肛缘距离≤8.0 cm中老年T1期直肠癌患者治疗效果和安全性的影响

目的探讨不同手术方式对肛缘距离(DAV)≤8.0 cm中老年T1期直肠癌患者治疗效果和安全性的影响。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2014年1月76例距肛缘距离(DAV)≤8.0 cm中老年直肠癌T1期患者的资料,根据不同手术方式分为局部切除组(39例,行经肛门局部切除术)和根治切除组(37例,行经腹根治性切除术)。采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行分析,术中术后相关指标以( ±s)表示,采用独立t检验;术后并发症发生率及死亡率组间对比采用χ²检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果与根治切除组比,局部切除组患者手术时间、术中出血量显著减少,术后首次排气时间、首次进食时间、留置导尿管时间、住院时间和术后并发症发生率显著降低,尤其是肺部感染发生率;术后3年内肛门失禁、性功能障碍发生率显著降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者3年内肿瘤复发、转移发生率及生存率相比,差异均无统计学意义。 结论经肛门局部切除术与经腹根治性切除术治疗DAV≤8.0 cm中老年T1期直肠癌患者的临床效果及3年预后相近,但前者术后并发症发生率显著低于后者,且在排便功能及性功能保护方面显著优于后者。