自动持续正压系统对睡眠呼吸障碍的诊治

目的探索简便、临床易于推广应用的睡眠呼吸障碍疾患的诊治手段。方法对１１例睡眠呼吸障碍患者同步进行经典的多导睡眠图监测和自动持续正压系统监测，将监测结果进行比较；对２３例已确诊的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患者使用自动持续正压系统治疗，并对治疗效果进行评价。各监测指标比较采用ｔ检验。结果（１）自动持续正压系统与多导睡眠图相比较，自动持续正压系统虽无睡眠及心电记录，但可记录鼾声及上气道阻力；最高及最低血氧饱和度、最长呼吸暂停时间、呼吸暂停低通气（ＡＨＩ）指数等监测结果，两者相比，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；自动持续正压系统诊断ＯＳＡＳ的敏感性为７０％，特异性为１００％。（２）ＯＳＡＳ患者使用自动持续正压系统治疗后症状改善；ＡＨＩ显著减低，最低血氧饱和度显著升高（Ｐ＜０．００１）；此外，平均和最高压力与９５％可信压力比较差异有显著性。结论自动持续正压系统使用简便，并减轻了技术员监测时的劳动强度；在持续正压通气（ＣＰＡＰ）治疗时可采用９５％可信限所需的压力     

经鼻持续气道正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的远期效果

目的探讨经鼻持续气道内正压通气（ＣＰＡＰ）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）的远期效果。方法报告１９８７～１９９５年在家坚持长期应用ＣＰＡＰ治疗的ＯＳＡＳ有完善多导睡眠图（ＰＳＧ）监测记录对比的１８例患者及其临床治疗的效果。结果（１）应用ＣＰＡＰ治疗后，ＯＳＡＳ症状消除。（２）１３例（７２％）患者复查ＰＳＧ参数改善，１８例停用ＣＰＡＰ治疗后ＰＳＧ复查，最长呼吸暂停时间从６６±２１秒缩短至４３±２４秒（Ｐ＜０．０５）；呼吸紊乱指数从６６±１６降低至２８±２０（Ｐ＜０．００１）；最低血氧饱度（ＳａＯ２）从５３％±１９％提高至７５％±１１％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。（３）治疗前、后１８例患者体重、血压改变不明显，１２例合并高血压的患者６例（５０％）血压恢复到正常范围。结论ＣＰＡＰ治疗ＯＳＡＳ有效，长期坚持治疗呼吸暂停引起的低氧血症、最长呼吸暂停时间改善，临床症状减轻或消除。其机制可能与患者呼吸调节功能改善有关     

口腔矫正器治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的临床观察

目的探讨口腔矫正器对３６例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患者的临床疗效。方法制作“下颌前移型”矫正器让３６例ＯＳＡＳ患者在睡眠时配戴,用多导睡眠图监测患者治疗前后呼吸紊乱指数（ＡＨＩ）、夜间最低血氧饱和度（最低ＳａＯ２）与最长呼吸暂停时间（Ｔ）,用ｔ检验进行统计学比较。结果使用口腔矫正器后患者的ＡＨＩ明显降低（Ｐ＜００５）,最低ＳａＯ２亦有明显改善（Ｐ＜００５）,Ｔ明显缩短（Ｐ＜００５）。结论口腔矫正器能使上气道增宽,使下颌稳定于一个前伸位置,舌和软腭前移,增加睡眠时的有效通气量,改善睡眠质量,是治疗ＯＳＡＳ的一个有效的辅助手段。     

夜间经鼻面罩持续正压辅助通气治疗中枢性低通气

报告４例不同原因所致的中枢性低通气病人夜间应用经鼻面罩持续正压通气的疗效反应。４例病人分别于治疗前、吸氧２Ｌ／ｍｉｎ及应用通气治疗后行多导睡眠图检查比较夜间低通气及血氧情况，结果示单纯吸氧不能明显改善低通气次数和低氧情况，最低氧饱和度均＜５０％，低通气指数３例仍＞２０ｂ／ｈ（正常值＜５ｂ／ｈ），另１例为６４ｂ／ｈ；予以持续正压通气机通气治疗，压力调至６～１２ｃｍＨ２Ｏ（１ｃｍＨ＿２Ｏ＝０．０９８ｋＰａ）时，低通气指数及低氧血症明显改善，最低氧饱和度均＞７０％，Ｐ＜０．００１，低通气指数均＜７ｂ／ｈ，Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：夜间应用鼻面罩持续正压通气治疗中枢性低通气的初步结果示疗效显著。     

肥胖通气低下综合征呼吸中枢反应性的改变与二氧化碳潴留相关作用

目的 观察肥胖通气低下综合征患者呼吸中枢反应性的改变与二氧化碳（ＣＯ２）潴留的相关作用。方法 测定了５例白天动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）〉４５ｍｍＨｇ的睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＳＡＳ）患者呼吸中枢柢氧反应性（△Ｐ０．１／△ＳａＯ２ｗ、△Ｖｅ／△ＳａＯ２）及高ＣＯ２反应性（△Ｐ０．１／△ＰａＣＯ２、△Ｖｅ／△ＰａＣＯ２）,并选择５例年龄、性别、身高、体重、呼吸暂停病程及睡眠呼吸率乱指数（ＡＨＩ）相近     

睡眠呼吸暂停综合征持续气道内正压通气治疗依从性的研究

本组研究观察睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）患者应用经鼻持续气道内正压通气（ｎＣＰＡＰ）治疗后不能耐受或不能改善呼吸暂停次数以及低氧血症,改用经鼻双水平气道正压通气（ｎＢｉＰＡＰ）再过渡到ｎＣＰＡＰ依从性治疗的情况。对象与方法１．对象：经全夜多导睡眠图（ＰＳＧ）（明思公司ＳＷ－ＳＭ２０００Ｃ）监测确诊为ＯＳＡＳ患者１１０例,其中２５例接受ＣＰＡＰ治疗,男２０例,女５例,年龄３８－６９岁。肥胖性低通气综合征（ＯＨＳ）［１］患者８例,男６例,女２例,年龄４５～７１岁。身高１５０－１７６ｃｍ;体重９８－…     

中高海拔地区藏族低氧通气反应的特征

对居住在海拔２０００～３０００ｍ（中海拔）和４０００～４７００ｍ（高海拔）地区藏族的低氧（１２％Ｏ＿２）及运动通气反应进行了测定。结果：中、高海拔组的低氧通气反应斜率（ΔＶ＿Ｅ／ΔＳａＯ＿２）分别为０．８１±０．０７和０．４６±０．０４Ｌ／ｍｉｎ／％Ｓａｏ＿２（Ｐ＜０．０１），最大运动通气量（Ｖ＿（ｍａｘ））分别为７８．３±３．５和６８．２±２．１Ｌ／ｍｉｎ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ΔＶ＿Ｅ／ΔＳａＯ＿２和Ｖ＿（Ｅｍａｘ）之间呈现正相关，其回归式分别为ｙ＝４７．０±３７．３Ｘ，ｒ＝０．７０和ｙ＝５３．８±３１．４Ｘ，ｒ＝０．６７。高海拔组最大心率（ＮＲ＿（ｍａｘ））明显低于中海拔组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本研究提示，中海拔组对低氧的刺激反应保持较高的通气反应，而高海拔组则显示钝化。因此，高原人通气反应的钝化与居住的海拔高度有关。     

氧疗及正压通气对慢性阻塞性肺病患者夜间低氧血症的疗效

为了观察夜间氧疗及加用持续正压通气对急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者夜间低氧血症的治疗效果，用脉搏氧饱和度仪对５８例患者进行监测描记，并作动脉血气分析。结果表明，白天动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）及基础脉搏氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）与夜间平均脉搏氧饱和度（ＭＳｐＯ２）之间有显著的正相关（ｒ＝０．７０２，ｒ＝０．６１３，ｒ＝０．６０５，Ｐ值均＜０．０１），与夜间呼吸空气时比较，３７例患者夜间氧疗效果良好，夜间平均ＳｐＯ２、平均最低ＳｐＯ２（ｍＳｐＯ２）升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），氧降累计时间百分比（ＣＴＮＯＤ％）降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。其余２１例患者疗效不佳，改用夜间氧疗加持续正压通气（ＢｉＰＡＰ）后效果极好，夜间ＭＳｐＯ２、ｍＳｐＯ２与ＣＴＮＯＤ％三项指标均显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０１），且睡后ＰａＯ２升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰａＣＯ２降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。证实夜间氧疗能纠正多数ＣＯＰＤ患者的夜间低氧血症，对疗效不良者加用无创持续正压通气可获满意效果。     

持续气道内正压通气治疗OSAS的进展

本综述了近年来有关持续气道内正压通气（ＣＰＡＰ）对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（ＯＳＡＳ）的治疗效应、ＣＰＡＰ治疗压力的设定、ＣＰＡＰ机型的改进及ＣＰＡＰ治疗失败后的处置等方面的进展。     

睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者经鼻持续气道正压通气治疗的家庭调压

经鼻持续气道正压通气（ＣＰＡＰ）是目前治疗睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（ＳＡＨＳ）最有效的方法。最适ＣＰＡＰ压力调定的传统方法是在多导生理记录仪睡眠呼吸监测（ＰＳＧ）的指导下,由人工在睡眠室调定,我们探讨在家庭中这一压力的调定。对象与方法１３４例ＳＡＨＳ患者均按国际标准方法［１］经ＰＳＧ确诊。均已婚,配偶健在。男１１９例,女１５例,平均体重７９．８ｋｇ（５０－１１５ｋｇ）,平均年龄５１．７岁（２７－７８岁）,睡眠呼吸紊乱指数（ＡＨＩ）为（４８．３±２６．６）次／小时（５－１０５次／小时）。实施家庭调…     

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: hypoxemia during continuous positive airway pressure

BACKGROUND: Polysomnography findings between matched groups with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and OSA plus obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), particularly in the extremely severe obese (body mass index [BMI] >or= 50 kg/m2), are unclear. DESIGN: Prospective study of subjects (BMI >or= 50 kg/m2) undergoing diagnostic polysomnography. Subjects with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >or= 15/h underwent a second polysomnography with CPAP. The effect of 1 night of CPAP on sleep architecture, AHI, arousal indexes, and nocturnal oxygenation was assessed. OHS was defined as those subjects with obesity, PaCo2 > 45 mm Hg, and PaO2 < 70 mm Hg in the absence of lung disease. RESULTS: Twenty-three subjects with moderate-to-severe OSA and 23 subjects with moderate-to-severe OSA plus OHS underwent a 1-night trial of CPAP. Both groups were matched for spirometry, BMI, and AHI, but oxygen desaturation was worse in the OSA-plus-OHS group. CPAP significantly improved rapid eye movement (REM) duration (p < 0.005), AHI (p < 0.005), arousal indexes (p < 0.005), and percentage of total sleep time (TST) with oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 90% (p < 0.005) in both groups. In subjects with OSA plus OHS, 43% continued to spend > 20% of TST with SpO2 < 90%, compared to 9% of the OSA group, despite the adequate relief of upper airway obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Extremely severe obese subjects (BMI >or= 50 kg/m2) with moderate-to-severe OSA plus OHS exhibit severe oxygen desaturation but similar severities of AHI, arousal indexes, and sleep architecture abnormalities when compared to matched subjects without OHS. CPAP significantly improves AHI, REM duration, arousal indexes, and nocturnal oxygen desaturation. Some subjects with OHS continued to have nocturnal desaturation despite the control of upper airway obstruction; other mechanisms may contribute. Further long-term studies assessing the comparative role of CPAP and bilevel ventilatory support in such subjects with OHS is warranted.     

交感神经活性和血管内皮功能在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压发病机制中的作用

目的探讨交感神经活性、血管内皮功能在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）合并高血压发病机制中的作用。方法根据整夜多导睡眠监测（PSG）、血压测量和病史采集将93例患者分为：OSAHS血压正常组、OSAHS合并高血压组、高血压不合并OSAHS组和健康对照组。测定PSG当晚睡眠前后血压、血浆去甲肾上腺素、血浆内皮素和血清一氧化氮；收集PSG当晚22点至次晨6点的所有尿液送检尿3-甲氨基4-羟苦杏仁酸（VMA）。结果OSAHS组患者不论有无高血压，各指标变化为：晨起血浆去甲肾上腺素均显著高于睡前，OSAHS合并高血压组升高更明显；醒后去甲肾上腺素与醒后平均动脉压、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、氧减次数、氧减指数、睡眠期间血氧饱和度低于90％的时间占总睡眠时间的百分比（T90）呈显著正相关，与睡眠时最低血氧饱和度（minSaO2）和夜间平均血氧饱和度（MSaO2）呈显著负相关；醒后内皮素显著增高、一氧化氮明显下降，而另外两组则相反；醒后内皮素与醒后平均动脉压、AHI、最长呼吸暂停时间、呼吸暂停总时间、氧减次数、氧减指数、T90呈显著正相关，与minSaO2、MSaO2呈显著负相关；醒后一氧化氮与醒后平均动脉压、AHI、最长呼吸暂停时间、呼吸暂停总时间、氧减次数、氧减指数、T90呈显著负相关。与minSaO2、MSaO2呈显著正相关。各组间尿VMA无明显变化。结论在OSAHS患者夜间一过性血压升高和持续性高血压形成方面，交感神经系统活性增强、血管内皮功能紊乱导致的内皮源性舒、缩因子失衡可能起着重要的作用。     

A novel intermittent negative air pressure device ameliorates obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults

Purpose

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have difficulties in compliance with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and the treatment outcome is heterogeneous. We proposed a proof-of-concept study of a novel intermittent negative air pressure (iNAP®) device for physicians to apply on patients who have failed or refused to use CPAP.

Methods

The iNAP® device retains the tongue and the soft palate in a forward position to decrease airway obstruction. A full nightly usage with the device was evaluated with polysomnography. Subgrouping by baseline apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) and body mass index (BMI) with different treatment response criteria was applied to characterize the responder group of this novel device.

Results

Thirty-five patients were enrolled: age 41.9?±?12.2 years (mean?±?standard deviation), BMI 26.6?±?4.3 kg/m², AHI 41.4?±?24.3 events/h, and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) 40.9?±?24.4 events/h at baseline. AHI and ODI were significantly decreased (p?<?0.001) by the device. Patients with moderate OSAS, with baseline AHI between 15 to 30 events/h, achieved 64% response rate; and non-obese patients, with BMI below 25 kg/m², achieved 57% response rate, with response rate defined as 50% reduction in AHI from baseline and treated AHI lower than 20. There were minimal side effects reported.

Conclusions

In a proof-of-concept study, the device attained response to treatment as defined, in more than half of the moderate and non-obese OSAS patients, with minimal side effects.

     

The role of the expiratory phase in obstructive sleep apnoea.

The role of the expiratory phase in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is not well known. The aim of our study was to verify the contribution of expiratory narrowing to apnoea in a group of OSA patients by evaluating the effects of short-term treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and bi-level positive airway pressure (BIPAP). We studied a selected group of 10 OSA patients whose therapeutic pressure level of CPAP was at least 10 cm H2O. During CPAP therapy the mean apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) and oxyhaemoglobin desaturation index (ODI) decreased from 64.8 to 6.3 (P < 0.001) and from 58.5 to 6.1 (P < 0.001), respectively and mean nadir SAO2 increased from 62.0 to 91.6 (P < 0.001). None of the patients reached optimal setting (elimination of snoring, reduction of apnoeas and non-apnoeic desaturation events at least to 15 or less per hour of sleep and maintenance of oxygen saturation approximately 90%) during IPPV and two patients did not tolerate final IPAP pressure levels. When a critical level of EPAP (BIPAP) was applied in the same night to these patients, optimal setting was reached in all subjects. During BIPAP, mean AHI decreased from 64.8 to 7.4 (P < 0.001); ODI decreased from 58.5 to 7.6 (P < 0.001) and nadir SAO2 increased from 62.0 to 91.2 (P < 0.001). Our study confirms the essential role of a critical level of EPAP in successful ventilatory treatment in OSA, thereby indicating, in agreement with few previous studies, the critical role of end of expiratory occlusion in OSA pathogenesis.     

Testosterone levels in obese male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: relation to oxygen desaturation,body weight,fat distribution and the metabolic parameters

To investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on testosterone levels and on the main parameters of the metabolic syndrome in abdominally obese men, 15 male subjects with abdominal obesity phenotype and polysomnographic diagnosis of OSAS (OB-OSAS) and 15 controls matched for age and anthropometric parameters (OB) were investigated. Anthropometry, SHBG, sex hormones and several parameters of the metabolic syndrome were measured. Only subjects with an Epworth Sleepiness Score greater than 10 underwent a polysomnographic study with calculation of the number of desaturation rates per sleeping hour (ODI), the minimal oxygen saturation during each desaturation episode (minSaO2) and the mean minimal arterial oxygen saturation for the whole night period (MminSaO2). Both total and free testosterone levels were lower in OB-OSAS than in OB patients. A negative correlation between polysomnographic parameters (ODI, minSaO2 and MminSaO2) and testosterone levels was found. The relationship between total and free testosterone and ODI persisted after adjusting for body mass index (BMI) and waist (W) values. Triglyceride and uric acid levels were significantly higher in OB-OSAS than in OB patients. A negative correlation between testosterone and acid uric level and a positive correlation between testosterone and HDL-cholesterol level was found, regardless of BMI and W circumference, particularly in the OB-OSAS group. Our study suggests that, in patients with obesity and OSAS, the severity of hypoxia during sleeping hours may be an additional factor in reducing testosterone levels, regardless of BMI and abdominal fatness. This may contribute in worsening metabolic abnormalities which, in men with OSAS, exceed those expected on the basis of degree of obesity and pattern of fat distribution.     

Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Improves Quality of Life in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

We studied the quality of life of obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) by comparing it with age- and body mass index-matched patients without hypoventilation and age-matched obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients with body mass index (BMI) under 30, and the efficacy of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for 3 to 6 months on the quality of life in these patients. Prospectively recruited patients from six sleep laboratories in Japan were administered assessments of the general health status by the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) and subjective sleepiness by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Compared with matched healthy subjects, OHS and OSA patients not yet treated had worse results on the ESS scores and the SF-36 subscales for physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, general health perception, energy/vitality, role limitations due to emotional problems, and social functioning. The ESS scores of OHS patients were worse than those of the OSA groups including the age- and BMI-matched OSA patients. In the SF-36 subscales of OHS patients, only the subscale of social functioning showed worse results compared with that of BMI-matched OSA patients. After 3 to 6 months of treatment, ESS scores and these SF-36 subscales in all three patient groups improved to the normal level. These results suggested that the quality of life of OHS before nasal CPAP was significantly impaired and that nasal CPAP for OHS improved the quality of life associated with the improvement of daytime sleepiness to the level of the other OSA patients.     

Quality of Life in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

The first paper of this issue of Sleep and Breathing reports that the quality of life (QOL) assessed by the SF-36 and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) in obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) was compared with age- and body mass index-matched patients without hypoventilation (obese OSA), nonobese OSA patients, and healthy subjects. The QOL in OHS was worst among these four groups. After 3 to 6 months of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment, the QOL in OHS improved to the normal level similar to the two other OSA groups. We have observed severe nonobese OSA patients with hypoventilation. One of the risk factors, which related to a severe general condition, seems to be a small craniomandibular structure, which could induce an increase in upper airway resistance during sleep. Characteristics of Japanese OSA patients may be different from those in other countries. Although belatedly, the clinical study and management of sleep disordered breathing have just begun.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者自动正压通气治疗压力值的影响因素分析

目的:研究阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者自动正压通气(Auto-PAP)治疗压力值的相关影响因素,归纳压力预测值的回归函数.方法:选取于我院通过多导睡眠监测(PSG)符合OSAHS诊断并行自动压力滴定治疗的患者101例,回归性分析患者Auto-PAP滴定的90％治疗压力值(P90)与年龄、体重指数、颈...     

CPAP治疗重度OSAHS的疗效观察

目的 观察持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的疗效、影响因素.方法 36例确诊为重度OSAHS的患者经CPAP治疗后,观察其治疗前后的呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、夜间最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)及临床症状的变化.结果 治疗后AHI明显下降,夜间最低SaO2及临床症状明显改善.结论 CPAP是治疗重度OSAHS的有效方法.患者的依从性对重度OSAHS的治疗有决定性的意义.     

Non-invasive Positive Airway Pressure in Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Present and Future Perspectives

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a sleep disorder that has acquired great importance worldwide because of its prevalence and association with obesity leading to increased morbidity and mortality with reduced quality of life. The primary feature is insufficient sleep-related ventilation, resulting in abnormally elevated arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO₂) during sleep and demonstration of daytime hypoventilation. There are three main mechanisms that can generate diurnal hypoventilation in obese patients: alteration of the respiratory mechanics secondary to obesity; central hypoventilation secondary to leptin resistance and sleep disorder with sleep hypoventilation and obstructive apnoeas, which can be potentially solved with the use of positive airway pressure: non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). There are no established guidelines for the treatment of OHS, and only a few randomised controlled trials have been published. In this review, we have gone over the role of positive airway pressure, in particular the mechanisms that produce improvement, ventilatory modes available, clinical applications, technical considerations and future research. In addition, we added a review on NIV efficacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), both in acute respiratory failure due to exacerbation and mainly in stable setting where more controversy and scientific contributions are coming.