门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征3例报道

目的探讨门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术用于预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征(small-for-size liver syndrome,SFSS)的效果。方法 3例活体肝移植均采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝作为移植物。术中发现实测移植物(肝)重量/受体的体质量(体重)的比值(graft to recipient weight ratio,GRWR)为0.58%、0.77%及0.71%,均<0.8%,符合小移植物的诊断。处理:首先吻合肝静脉流出道,其次吻合门静脉,将受体门静脉右支与移植肝门静脉右支端端吻合,将受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合达到门腔分流的作用,之后按顺序吻合动脉和胆道。术中均未行脾静脉结扎或脾切除等处理。术后定期随访。结果 3例患者术后均未发生SFSS并顺利出院,出院时间分别为术后25d、34d及56d。移植肝功能逐步好转,术后1d门静脉流速理想。移植肝增长良好。门静脉-下腔静脉短路通畅时间:除1例通畅持续仅104d,其余2例持续通畅。结论 LDLT术中进行门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术可以及时有效预防小移植物背景下的SFSS,受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合的分流技术安全可靠。     

成人间活体肝移植体会：附3例报告

目的总结和分析成人间活体肝移植(LDLT)的临床经验。方法对2007年2月—2007年7月的3例成人间活体肝移植的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果供体为供体右半肝(不带肝中静脉)1例,供体扩大左半肝(带肝中静脉、尾状叶)2例,GV/SLV均≥40%。3对供者及患者术后均恢复良好,无小肝综合征发生,均未出现严重并发症。术后左半肝供者较右半肝供者肝功能恢复更快。结论如左半肝GV/SLV≥40%,可优先选择左半肝作为供肝;胆道重建不必放置胆管引流管;成人间LDLT是治疗终末期肝病的安全有效的手段。     

活体肝移植小肝综合症的防治

<正>活体肝移植小肝综合症(Small-for-size syndrome,SFSS)目前认为是肝移植中由于受体植入的肝脏体积太小,在功能上不能满足供体需求而出现的一种临床综合症。主要表现为术后长时间的黄疸,顽固性腹水,肝性脑病等肝功能障碍。发生小肝综合症的原因是多方面的,目前认为主要是供肝体积过小(接受移植物受体重量比GRWR小于0.8%)、门静脉高压或门静脉血流过度灌注(门静     

入肝血流调节在小肝综合征防治中的应用进展

随着部分肝移植的广泛应用,供肝大小与受者不匹配的问题日益突出,尤其是当供肝体积与受者标准肝体积比(GV/SLV)＜40%或供肝重量与受者体重比(GRWR)＜0.8%时,术后出现小肝综合征(SFSS)的风险显著增加.门静脉血流(PVF)的过量灌注和门静脉压力(PVP)的持续升高,是导致SFSS的重要因素,采用不同的入肝血流调节方法进行门静脉减流和降压是防治SFSS的重要手段.本文就SFSS防治中的入肝血流调节方法及其利弊综述如下.     

活体右半供肝Ⅴ和Ⅷ段静脉回流的重建方法

目的 总结活体右半供肝移植中,不含肝中静脉的右半供肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流的重建方法.方法 回顾性分析55例活体右半供肝移植中,不含肝中静脉的右半供肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流重建的临床资料.所有供者均通过了受者标准肝体积、供肝与受者体重比(GRWR)、供肝与受者标准肝体积比及供肝内血管解剖等指标的综合评估.供肝在切取、灌注及修整后,51例采用尸体髂静脉作为重建材料,其他4例分别采用受者的大隐静脉、曲张的脐静脉、肝内门静脉和肝静脉作为重建材料,以串联的方式重建供肝断面Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流.肝移植时,供肝肝右静脉与受者肝右静脉开口吻合,重建的Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉与受者肝中、肝左静脉汇合部吻合,供肝门静脉与受者门静脉右支或主干吻合.门静脉开放血流后依次重建肝动脉及胆道.术后对供、受者进行常规监测.结果 1例受者术后发生流出道梗阻,术后第43天死亡;1例受者术后第7天出现不明原因的急性重型肝组织坏死,行尸体供肝肝移植后痊愈.其余53例受者恢复顺利,术后4周时腹部CT检查显示重建的移植肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流通畅.55例供者术后均恢复顺利,术后2周出院.结论 不含肝中静脉的活体右半供肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流的重建在活体肝移植中是可行的,应选择合适的重建材料及手术方式.受者肝移植后临床效果良好.     

胰岛素门静脉灌注促进活体肝移植术后肝再生的临床研究

目的 探讨成人活体肝移植(LDLT)术后胰岛素门静脉灌注对移植肝再生的促进作用.方法 2005年7月至2007年9月间接受右肝LDLT并自愿接受术后门静脉胰岛素灌注、有完整临床资料并存活超过30 d的15例成人受者作为研究对象(胰岛素组),同期未接受门静脉胰岛素灌注治疗、有完整临床资料并存活超过30 d的连续15例成人受者作为对照组研究对象(对照组).胰岛素组受者LDLT术中从胃网膜右静脉插入一根18 G硅胶管至门静脉系统,另一端固定于腹壁,术后以2 U/h速度静脉微泵持续均匀门静脉灌注胰岛素7 d.对照组无门静脉插管及胰岛素灌注.LDLT术前1d、术后7 d及30 d检测肝功能与外周血胰岛素水平,术中、术后7 d及术后30 d测量移植肝体积(GV).以GV比例(术后移植肝体积/术中移植肝体积之百分比)和供肝受者体重比(GRWB)比例(术后GRWR/术中GRWR之百分比例)作为移植肝再生检测指标.结果 LDLT术后7d胰岛素组与对照组受者移植肝GV比例分别为(186.1±35.4)%和(160.6±22.1)%,胰岛素组移植肝再生率高于对照组(P<0.05);胰岛素组与对照组受者GRWR比例分别为(179.0±35.8)%和(156.6±18.5)%,胰岛素组移植肝再生率亦高于对照组(P<0.05).LDLT术后30 d胰岛素组与对照组受者移植肝再生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).LDLT术后7 d胰岛素组患者血清总胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶水平低于对照组.术后两组患者外周血胰岛素水平及外周胰岛素用量的差异均无统计学意义.结论 LDLT术后胰岛素门静脉灌注可能促进术后第1周移植肝再生.     

受者肝内静脉重建活体右半肝供肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流

成人间活体肝移植多采用右半肝,足够体积有功能的肝组织是受者顺利恢复的关键,充分重建肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流对于保护不含肝中静脉右半肝供肝组织的功能至关重要.我们利用受者肝静脉或肝内门静脉重建活体右半肝供肝Ⅴ、Ⅷ段静脉回流2例,报告如下.     

成人活体右半肝移植术前供肝体积评估100例资料分析

目的探讨成人活体右半肝移植中术前移植肝估测体积(GV)与术中实测质量(GW)的相关性。方法回顾性分析100例活体右半肝移植的临床资料,获得术前基于螺旋CT三维重建的GV和GW的数据,比较分析GV与GW、GV和受者标准肝体积(SLV)之比(GV/SLV)与GW和SLV之比(GW/SLV)之间的相关性。结果 GV(772.8±114.8)mL和GV/SLV0.624±0.082分别大于GW(654.7±86.7)g、GW/SLV0.529±0.060(均P=0.000);而且GV与GW、GV/SLV与GW/SLV均呈正相关(均P=0.000)。结论基于螺旋CT扫描并进行三维重建所估测的GV值大于术中实际获取GW值,两者存在正相关关系;活体肝移植中移植肝的体积评估方法仍需进一步完善。     

活体肝移植术中门静脉血流量检测与调整预防小肝综合征

目的：探讨活体肝移植术（living donor liver transplantation,LDLT）中测定与调整门静脉血流量对小肝综合征（small-for-sizesvndrome,svss）的预防作用。方法：回顾性分析我中心2007年9月至2008年3月行门静脉血流测定的31例LDLT病例资料,包括移植物重量／受体体重（GRWR）、门静脉血流量及术后小肝综合征发生率,探讨检测和调整LDLT中行脾切除及睥动脉结扎病人的门静脉血流量对预防小肝综合征的作用。结果：8例LDLT术中同时行脾切除术,切脾后门静脉血流量较切脾前明显降低（P〈0．01）。5例LDLT术中同时行脾动脉结扎,结扎后门静脉血流量亦较前减低（P=0．017）。行门静脉血流调整组（13例）的GRWR低于未调整组（18例）（P=0．044）;而门静脉血流量则明显高于未调整组（P〈0.001）。调整组无小肝综合征发生,未调整组发生1例小肝综合征。结论：LDLT术中通过脾切除或行脾动脉结扎者降低了移植肝门静脉血流量,有预防术后小肝综合征的作用。监测门静脉血流量为指导门静脉血流调整提供了较客观的依据。     

小体积移植肝的缺血再灌注损伤及其机理研究

一般认为,活体供肝移植时,移植肝体积与受者肝标准体积之比(GV/SLV)在30%以下,或移植肝重量与受者体重之比(GRWR)小于0.8%,即定义为小体积.我们既往的研究表明,小体积肝移植后的近期疗效不佳[1,2].     

Successful super-small-for-size graft liver transplantation by decompression of portal hypertension via splenectomy and construction of a mesocaval shunt: a case report

We performed a successful super-small-for-size graft liver transplantation by decompressing portal hypertension via splenectomy and a mesocaval shunt. A 46-year-old woman with Child-Pugh class C liver cirrhosis associated with Wilson's disease underwent a living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The donor had an anomalous portal vein, hepatic vein, and bile duct, so we had to use the right lateral segment for the graft. Preoperative computed tomographic (CT) volumetry showed the volume of this area to be 433 mL; graft-to-recipient weight ratio (GRWR) was 0.72; and graft-to-standard liver volume (GV/SLV) was 39.0%. However, the real volume of the resected right lateral segment was 281 g; GRWR was 0.47; and GV/SLV was 25.3%--a super-small-for-size graft. After implantation, congestion of the small graft was severe due to excessive portal hypertension. Therefore, we tried decompressing the portal vein. First, we performed splenectomy which reduced the portal pressure which remained excessive. Second, a mesocaval shunt was constructed decreasing the portal pressure from 38 to 30 cm H2O. Additionally, we initiated continuous portal injection of prostaglandin E1. The postoperative course was not smooth, but the general status slowly recovered. Over 25 cm H2O of portal hypertension was observed until postoperative day 21 when it improved. At last, the recipient was discharged on postoperative day 156. Accurate preoperative CT volumetry is important to obtain sufficient graft volume. Our case may be one of the smallest-for-size grafts that was successfully transplanted. Management of excessive portal hypertension is important for LDLT, especially using a small-for-size graft. Splenectomy and construction of a mesocaval shunt may be useful strategies to decompress the portal vein.     

Left lobe adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation: Should portal inflow modulation be added?

Recently, the successful application of portal inflow modulation has led to renewed interest in the use of left lobe grafts in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). However, data on the hepatic hemodynamics supporting portal inflow modulation are limited, and the optimal portal circulation for a liver graft is still unclear. We analyzed 42 consecutive adult-to-adult left lobe LDLT cases without splenectomy or a portocaval shunt. The mean actual graft volume (GV)/recipient standard liver volume (SLV) ratio was 39.8% ± 5.7% (median = 38.9%, range = 26.1%-54.0%). The actual GV/SLV ratio was less than 40% in 24 of the 42 cases, and the actual graft-to-recipient weight ratio was less than 0.8% in 17 of the 42 recipients. The mean portal vein pressure (PVP) was 23.9 ± 7.6 mm Hg (median = 23.5 mm Hg, range = 9-38 mm Hg) before transplantation and 21.5 ± 3.6 mm Hg (median = 22 mm Hg, range = 14-27 mm Hg) after graft implantation. The mean portal pressure gradient (PVP - central venous pressure) was 14.5 ± 6.8 mm Hg (median = 13.5 mm Hg, range = 3-26 mm Hg) before transplantation and 12.4 ± 4.4 mm Hg (median = 13 mm Hg, range = 1-21 mm Hg) after graft implantation. The mean posttransplant portal vein flow was 301 ± 167 mL/minute/100 g of liver in the 38 recipients for whom it was measured. None of the recipients developed small-for-size syndrome, and all were discharged from the hospital despite portal hyperperfusion. The overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient and graft survival rates were 100%, 97%, and 91%, respectively. In conclusion, LDLT with a left liver graft without splenectomy or a portocaval shunt yields good long-term results for adult patients with a minimal donor burden.     

Liver graft‐to‐spleen volume ratio as a useful predictive factor of the early graft function in children and young adults transplanted for biliary atresia: a retrospective study

A graft volume/standard liver volume ratio (GV/SLV) > 35% or graft/recipient weight ratio (GRWR) > 0.8% has been considered as a standard criteria of graft selection. Even if the graft size meets these selection criteria, small‐for‐size syndrome can still occur depending on the portal venous flow (PVF). The aim of this study was to identify other factors contributing to portal hyperperfusion and the post‐transplant course, focusing on the graft volume‐to‐spleen volume ratio (GV/SV). Thirty‐seven BA patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation were reviewed retrospectively. First, we evaluated the preoperative factors contributing to portal hyperperfusion. Second, we evaluated the factors contributing to post‐transplant complications, such as thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and coagulopathy. The GV/SLV was >35% in all cases; however, portal hyperperfusion (≥250 ml/min/100 g graft) was found in 12 recipients (35.3%). Furthermore, although the GRWR was >0.8% in over 90% of cases, portal hyperperfusion was found in 10 recipients (32.3%). In contrast, the GV/SV showed a significant correlation with the PVF after reperfusion. If the GV/SV was <0.88, about 80% of recipients developed portal hyperperfusion. Furthermore, the GV/SV also showed a significant correlation with post‐transplant persistent thrombocytopenia and hyperbilirubinemia. The GV/SV < 0.88 predicts portal hyperperfusion, post‐transplant persistent thrombocytopenia, and hyperbilirubinemia.     

成人间活体肝移植肝动脉重建方法和并发症的处理

目的 探讨成人间活体肝移植的肝动脉重建和并发症处理的经验.方法 自2002年1月至2006年7月,共施行50例成人间右半肝活体肝移植.在供受者间肝动脉的重建中,供者右肝动脉与受者右肝动脉吻合24例,与受者肝固有动脉吻合12例,与受者左肝动脉吻合3例,与受者肝总动脉吻合2例,与受者肠系膜上动脉发出的副右肝动脉吻合2例,与受者肝总动脉自体大隐静脉间置搭桥3例.受者腹主动脉与供者右肝动脉自体大隐静脉搭桥2例,用保存的尸体髂血管行受者腹主动脉与供者右肝动脉搭桥2例.供者肝动脉直径1.5～2.5 mm,采用显微外科技术在3.5倍手术放大镜和5～10倍手术显微镜下完成肝动脉重建.结果 50例成人间右半肝活体肝移植中,有2例(4%)分别于术后1d、7d发生肝动脉血栓形成,立即采用自体大隐静脉从肾下腹主动脉至供者右肝动脉搭桥术,恢复供肝血流,痊愈出院.1例术后1.5个月后发生肝动脉血栓形成,随访期无临床症状未行处理.术后和随访期未发现肝动脉狭窄、肝动脉假性动脉瘤等并发症.围手术期未有与肝动脉并发症有关的死亡病例.全部病例获得随访,随访时间2～52个月(中位随访时间9个月),1年实际生存率为92%.结论 选择恰当的肝动脉重建方式和应用显微外科技术可显著降低肝动脉并发症,及时处理肝动脉并发症是保证供肝存活的关键.     

Impact of a Left-Lobe Graft Without Modulation of Portal Flow in Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation

In adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), left-lobe grafts can sometimes be small-for-size. Although attempts have been made to prevent graft overperfusion through modulation of portal inflow, the optimal portal venous circulation for a liver graft is still unclear. Hepatic hemodynamics were analyzed with reference to graft function and outcome in 19 consecutive adult-to-adult LDLTs using left-lobe grafts without modulation of graft portal inflow. Overall mean graft volume (GV) was 398 g, which was equivalent to 37.8% of the recipient standard liver volume (SV). The GV/SV ratio was less than 40% in 13 of the 19 recipients. Overall mean recipient portal vein flow (PVF) was much higher than the left PVF in the donors. The mean portal contribution to the graft was markedly increased to 89%. Average daily volume of ascites revealed a significant correlation with portal vein pressure, and not with PVF. When PVP exceeds 25 mmHg after transplantation, modulation of portal inflow might be required in order to improve the early postoperative outcome. Although the study population was small and contained several patients suffering from tumors or metabolic disease, all 19 patients made good progress and the 1-year graft and patient survival rate were 100%. A GV/SV ratio of less than 40% or PVF of more than 260 mL/min/100 g graft weight does not contraindicate transplantation, nor is it necessarily associated with a poor outcome. Left-lobe graft LDLT is still an important treatment option for adult patients.     

Living Donor Liver Transplantation with Left Liver Graft

Small-for-size syndrome in LDLT is associated with graft exposure to excessive portal perfusion. Prevention of graft overperfusion in LDLT can be achieved through intraoperative modulation of portal graft inflow. We report a successful LDLT utilising the left lobe with a GV/SLV of only 20%. A 43 year-old patient underwent to LDLT at our institution. During the anhepatic phase a porto-systemic shunt utilizing an interposition vein graft anastomosed between the right portal branch and the right hepatic vein was performed. After graft reperfusion splenectomy was also performed. Portal vein pressure, portal vein flow and hepatic artery flow were recorded. A decrease of portal vein pressure and flow was achieved, and the shunt was left in place. The recipient post-operative course was characterized by good graft function. Small-for-size syndrome by graft overperfusion can be successfully prevented by utilizing inflow modulation of the transplanted graft. This strategy can permit the use of left lobe in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation.     

Small graft for living donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of graft size on recipients in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) to establish a clinical guideline for the minimum requirement. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Although the minimum graft size required for LDLT has been reported to be 30% to 40% of graft volume (GV)/standard liver volume (SLV), the safety limit of the graft size was unknown. METHODS: A total of 33 cases of LDLT, excluding auxiliary transplantation, were reviewed with a minimum observation period of 4 months. The 33 patients were divided into three groups according to GV/SLV: medium-size graft group, small-size graft group, and extra-small graft group. The effect of GV/SLV on graft function, graft regeneration, and survival was evaluated. RESULTS: The overall patient survival rate was 94% at a mean follow-up of 15 months with a minimum observation period of 4 months. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative bilirubin clearance, alanine aminotransferase, prothrombin time, and frequency of postoperative complications among the three groups. One week after transplantation, the regeneration rate (GV at 1 week/harvested GV) in the extra-small and small groups was significantly higher than that of the medium group. The graft and patient survival rates were both 100% in the extra-small group, 75% and 88% in the small group, and 90% and 95% in the medium group. CONCLUSIONS: Small-for-size grafts less than 30% of SLV can be used with careful intraoperative and postoperative management until the grafts regenerate.     

选择性脾切除调整门静脉血流预防活体肝移植小肝综合征

目的 探讨选择性脾切除对活体肝移植(LDLT)受者术中门静脉血流(PVF)及术后小肝综合征(SFSS)发生率的影响.方法 回顾性分析2007年9月至2008年3月26例LDLT术中PVF监测资料.对PVF ＞250 ml/(min·100 g)者,术中同期行脾切除术;PVF＜250 ml/min(100 g)者不行脾切除,分析选择性脾切除对PVF的影响及是否可以预防SFSS的发生.结果 脾切除8例,切脾后PVF较切脾前明显降低(P＜0.01).脾切除及未行脾切除的患者均无SFSS发生.其中脾切除患者(8例)供肝重占受者体重比显著低于未行脾切除患者(18例)(P＝0.044),PVF显著高于未行脾切除患者(P＜0.01).结论 根据LDLT术中PVF监测数据,选择性脾切除可显著降低高门静脉灌注患者的PVF,对术后SFSS有预防作用.     

术中监测及调整门静脉血流预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征

目的探讨活体肝移植术中门静脉血流量及门静脉压力的监测及调整对小肝综合征的预防作用。方法回顾性分析我院移植一科2007年10月至2008年10月期间行活体肝移植并进行术中门静脉血流监测的44例患者的临床资料,包括实测供肝重量占受者体重比(GRWR)、门静脉血流量及压力、术后是否出现小肝综合征表现等。对于实测GRWR偏小(GRWR1%)的病例,如果术中门静脉压力12 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)或者门静脉血流量250 ml/(min.100 g),在术中加行脾切除或脾动脉结扎,分析监测和调整门静脉血流(脾切除和脾动脉结扎)是否可以预防小肝综合征的发生。结果行脾切除6例,切脾后门静脉血流量及压力均较切除前明显降低(P0.05);脾动脉结扎7例,结扎后门静脉压力较结扎前明显降低(P0.05),而门静脉血流量无明显变化(P0.05)。术后44例患者均未出现小肝综合征表现。结论活体肝移植术中通过切脾或行脾动脉结扎降低移植肝门静脉血流量及压力对术后小肝综合征有预防作用