经阴道三维彩色血管能量成像对卵巢良恶性肿瘤的诊断价值

目的:探讨经阴道三维彩色血管能量成像(TV3D-CPA)对卵巢肿瘤的诊断价值及其与恶性肿瘤临床分期的关系。方法:术前应用TV3D-CPA技术检测65例卵巢肿瘤(47例恶性肿瘤,18例良性肿瘤),定量计算肿瘤内血管指数(VI),分析VI值在良、恶性肿瘤中的差异性及其与恶性肿瘤临床分期的关系。结果:卵巢恶性肿瘤VI值(0.080±0.052)条/cm³,明显高于良性组(0.043±0.031)条/cm³(P<0.05)。以VI≥0.035条/cm³诊断卵巢恶性肿瘤敏感性87.8%,特异性75%。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期卵巢恶性肿瘤VI值(0.089±0.037)条/cm³,明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期(0.056±0.04)条/cm³(P<0.05)。结论:应用TV3D-CPA计测VI值是鉴别卵巢良、恶性肿瘤的有效方法。VI值随临床分期的增高而升高,是预后评价的重要指标。     

甲状腺肿瘤三维血管定量与病理微血管定量相关性研究

目的研究甲状腺肿瘤的三维血管定量与病理微血管密度的相关性,评价其临床应用价值.方法应用三维彩色血管能量成像技术(3D-CPA),术前检测38例甲状腺肿瘤血流信号(恶性22例,良性16例)计算3D-CPA血管指数(VI),术后对手术标本行抗CD34因子免疫组化染色,计数肿瘤微血管密度(MVD),行统计学对比分析.结果 22例甲状腺癌3D-CPA VI和MVD分别为(9.69±4.37)条/cm3和(51.33±12.86)/400倍视野,二者呈线性正相关(r=0.796,P＜0.01),16例良性甲状腺肿瘤3D-CPA VI和MVD分别为(4.96±1.19)条/cm3和(20.11±8.05)/400倍视野,二者呈线性正相关(r=0.814,P＜0.01),良、恶性两组3D-CPA VI、MVD分别对比差异有显著性(t=2.020,P＜0.001;t=2.016,P＜0.001).以VI大于6条/cm3诊断甲状腺癌,其敏感性、特异性分别为81.82%、87.50%.结论 3D-CPA能立体、直观显示甲状腺肿瘤血供,血管三维定量测值与肿瘤微血管密度相关性较好,血管三维能为良、恶性甲状腺肿瘤鉴别提供有效血流信息.     

经阴道超声三维血管定量与病理微血管密度对卵巢癌临床分期及病理类型的应用价值

目的：评价经阴道超声血管定量指标与卵巢癌的血管病理学指标的相关性,探讨经阴道三维彩色血管能量成像（TR3D-CPA）对不同临床分期及不同病理类型的卵巢癌的临床应用价值。方法：术前应用TR3D-CPA检测48例卵巢癌患者,测定肿瘤血管指数（VI）。术后应用抗CD34单克隆抗体对病理切片进行免疫组织化学染色,计数肿瘤微血管密度（MVD）。根据FIGO 2000年标准确定临床分期;根据术后病理结果划分不同病理类型。统计分析上述超声指标在卵巢癌不同临床分期及不同病理类型中的差异。结果：48例卵巢癌VI值（0.087±0.045）条/cm3,MVD值（38.6±17.15）个/400×。VI与MVD呈正相关（rs=0.701,P<0.01）。VI随临床分期的升高而升高;临床Ⅲ、Ⅳ期VI明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期（P<0.05）。在不同病理类型之间VI,MVD差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：VI随临床分期增高而升高,可于术前评价卵巢癌血管生成,为术前诊断及预后评估提供有价值的信息。     

三维彩色血管能量成像对肌肉骨骼系统肿瘤血供分布研究

目的探讨三维彩色血管能量成像对肌肉骨骼系统肿瘤的诊断价值。方法应用三维彩色血管能量成像(3D-CPA)及虚拟器官计算机辅助分析(VOCAL)检测不同病理类型肌肉骨骼系统肿瘤108例,评定血管分型(3D-CPAⅠ~Ⅲ型),计算肿瘤血管指数(VI)。结果①48例肌骨恶性肿瘤中3D-CPAⅢ型37例,Ⅱ型11例;60例肌骨良性肿瘤3D-CPAⅠ型31例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅲ型14例(全部为血管瘤)。以3D-CPAⅢ型诊断恶性肌肉骨骼系统肿瘤敏感性为77%,特异性为76%。②恶性肌骨肿瘤VI为19.25±9.67,良性肌骨肿瘤VI为4.71±3.21,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。以VI≥9.58诊断肌肉骨骼系统恶性肿瘤的敏感性为93%,特异性为90%。结论3D-CPA可清晰、立体、完整显示肌肉骨骼系统肿瘤的血管分布,其血管分型及血管指数对肌骨系统良恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要的应用价值。     

肾癌三维彩色血管定量与病理组织学分级及微血管密度的相关研究

目的探讨肾癌三维彩色血管定量指标血管指数(vascularityindex,VI)与术后病理组织学分级、微血管密度(microsvesseldensity,MVD)的相关性。方法应用三维彩色血管能量成像技术(three-dimensionalcolorpowerangiography,3D-CPA)术前检查50例肾癌患者,计测VI值;术后对肿瘤组织标本HE染色,进行病理组织学分级,用抗CD105单克隆抗体及抗CD34单克隆抗体行免疫组织化学染色,计测MVD值,对结果进行统计学分析。结果50例肾癌患者VI与MVD呈正相关(r=0.554,P<0.05),术后病理组织学分级~级,各病理组织学分级之间VI与MVD比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),箱式图显示肾癌病理组织学分级与VI、MVD呈相关趋势,随病理组织学分级的增高,VI、MVD亦增高。结论肾癌3D-CPA定量指标VI与肿瘤病理MVD相关密切,VI能在术前客观显示肾癌不同病理组织学分级的血管分布情况,可作为判断肾癌预后的定量指标。     

卵巢肿瘤三维多普勒能量成像与病理MVD表达的相关性研究

目的探讨三维彩色血管能量成像（three-dimensional color power angiography,3D-CPA）术前观察卵巢肿瘤的血流特点与术后病理组织微血管密度（micro vessel density,MVD）之间的关系。 方法应用3D-CPA观察76个卵巢肿瘤的血管形态,判断血管分级并计算肿瘤内血管指数（vascular index VI）,采用免疫组织化学染色技术检测肿瘤内的MVD,并且进行相关性分析,评价三维能量多普勒成像与病理微血管密度的相关性。 结果三维多普勒能量成像所观测卵巢肿瘤的血管分级在良恶性肿瘤之间存在显著差异;级血管分型的血管分级与MVD相关;卵巢癌的血管指数与MVD有显著相关性（r=0.84,P〈0.005）。 结论应用3D-CPA对卵巢肿瘤的血供情况进行血管分型及VI的计算与免疫组化指标（MVD）有较好的相关性,综合分析可以从不同角度反应卵巢肿瘤的血管生成情况,为卵巢肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息。     

肾细胞癌三维彩色血管能量成像与病理免疫组化对比研究

肾细胞癌(简称。肾癌)是恶性度较高的多血管肿瘤,约占成人肾脏恶性肿瘤的85％．其临床症状出现较晚,预后不良。肾癌生长和转移取决于组织内血管生成、分布情况,准确、无创地判断肿瘤区域血管及血供情况对肾癌的早期诊断、治疗及预后判断有重要的临床意义。本研究应用三维彩色血管能量成像(3D-CPA)技术,对36例。肾癌患者进行术前检查,观察肿瘤血管分布情况．定量计算肿瘤血管指数(vascularity index．VI)．术后肿瘤组织用抗CD105单克隆抗体免疫组织化学染色,计数肿瘤微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)。统计分析VI、MVD与肾癌组织类型的关系．以探讨3D-CPA定量检测。肾癌血管的病理学基础,评价其对。肾癌血供定量诊断的临床价值。     

三维超声定量评估肝脏肿瘤血供的应用研究

目的评价三维超声在定量评估肝肿瘤血供方面的可靠性。方法对80个肝脏实性占位病灶进行三维血流能量重建后,应用Vocal软件测量病灶的血流指数(VI)、血管指数(FI)及整体血流信号(VFI),了解其在不同病灶中的差异;9例原发性肝癌行免疫组化检查,其微血管密度(MVD)与VI、FI及VFI做相关性分析。结果原发性肝癌的VI、FI及VFI高于肝转移癌、肝血管瘤、肝脓肿及肝腺瘤,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);病灶的FI及VFI与病灶的MVD直线相关系数分别为r=0.952,r=0.874,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);病灶的VI与病灶的MVD的直线相关系数为r=0.632,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肝癌的FI和VFI可以作为定量评估其血供的一种方法。     

甲状腺肿瘤的彩色血管能量成像与病理微血管密度的对比研究

目的:研究甲状腺肿瘤的血管病理学特征,评价彩色血管能量成像(CPA)在鉴别甲状腺良恶性肿瘤的应用价值。方法:对60例甲状腺肿瘤患者术前应用CPA检查,术后对手术标本行CD34因子免疫组化染色,计算微血管密度(MVD),行统计学对比分析。结果:甲状腺癌的MVD(51.37±11.17)明显高于甲状腺腺瘤的MVD(21.32±7.95,P<0.05)。甲状腺癌中CPA III级的MVD(53.21±13.11)明显高于II级(36.11±7.92,P<0.05)。甲状腺癌的RI(0.68±0.13)与甲状腺腺瘤的RI(0.54±0.17)比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。甲状腺癌与甲状腺腺瘤的RI值与MVD均呈正相关(r分别为0.737、0.831),且有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:甲状腺肿瘤的CPA血流丰富程度及其RI值和MVD从不同角度反映了甲状腺肿瘤血管生成的特性,可为临床诊断评估甲状腺肿瘤提供新的理论依据。     

肝肿瘤超声造影前后血流平均密度对比研究

目的:探讨定量指标血流平均密度(MFD)在评价肝肿瘤超声造影前后血供情况的临床应用价值。方法:造影前对35个肝肿瘤病灶(原发性肝癌11个,转移性肝癌9个,血管瘤15个)行能量多普勒成像(CPA),计测病灶内MFD,经肘静脉注射造影剂SonoVue,对病灶行超声造影反向脉冲谐波(PIH)检查,计测造影后病灶内MFD,并分别与造影前对比、统计分析。结果:各组造影前与造影后MFD比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),造影后原发性肝癌组MFD(0.303±0.179),明显高于血管瘤组(0.093±0.064),两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。造影后转移性肝癌组分别与原发性肝癌组和血管瘤组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:超声造影能提高不同性质肝肿瘤的血流信号,血流定量指标MFD能对肝癌与肝血管瘤的鉴别诊断提供有价值的信息。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.