无症状心脏纤维瘤伴明显钙化1例

患者男,62岁,既往体健,无任何不适及特殊病史,查体未见异常.体检X线检查见心影内团块状钙化影,约40 mm×35 mm(图1).心电图正常.心脏彩超:右心房轻度增大,于右心房内见约41 mm×30 mm的强回声团块,约占右心房90%,与房间隔关系密切,团块回声不均匀,后方伴声影,随心脏收缩见轻微摆动,团块未见明显变形,不影响三尖瓣启闭活动(图2),诊断:右房纤维瘤?     

右房原发性恶性肿瘤合并急性心包填塞超声诊断1例

<正>患者男,42岁。自觉胸闷逐渐加重1年余。3d前胸闷、心前区吸气时疼痛入院就诊,心前区无异常隆起,心界扩大,心音遥远。入院时血压66/45mm Hg,心率68次/min,急诊心脏超声检查示:右心房内见一大小约30mm×23mm不规则分叶状中低回声,边界不清,表面欠光整,无明显活动,一侧附着房间隔中上段,房间隔受累及,心包腔见液性无回声区包绕心脏,在各处的舒张末宽度为:左室后壁侧宽20mm,右室前壁侧宽17mm,心尖部16mm(图1)。超声心动图诊断:右心房内中等回声占位,     

超声诊断肾脏小细胞癌伴心脏等广泛转移1例

患者女,57岁,无明显诱因出现间歇性腰痛2年,无尿频、尿急及肉眼血尿,无腹痛、腹胀、恶心、呕吐等不适,2年前安置永久性起搏器,现返院常规检查。超声发现右心房实质性占位,大小为64mm×27mm,活动度较大,舒张期进入右心室(图1),考虑新生物或血栓形成;下腔静脉近心段实质性回声充填(图2),中段内径24mm。左肾下极可探及一实质性肿块回声(图3),大小约82mm×47mm×73mm,形态不规则,边界欠清晰,似多个结     

右心房内横纹肌肉瘤超声表现1例

<正>患儿女,5岁。主因右下肢疼痛1个月伴排尿困难1周入院。查体:血压112/77 mmHg;心率90次/min;无明显阳性体征。心脏超声:下腔静脉内可见低回声充填,延伸入右心房,右心房内可见大小约1.0cm×2.3cm的不规则低回声团块,大幅度摆动,舒张期进入右心室(图1),三尖瓣口血流未见梗阻。提示:右心房恶性肿瘤?腹部超声:右侧髂窝处见4.3cm×7.5cm×4.2cm低回声团块,边界不清,形态不规则,与下腔静脉分界不清。下腔静脉内充满低回声延续达右房。CDFI:下腔静脉近段见细束血流信号,远端未见血流信号,团块内见点状血流信     

输卵管间质部妊娠超声诊断1例

患者女,25岁,因停经59 d,下腹部胀痛半天,无阴道流血就诊,化验尿HcG( ).超声检查:子宫前位,轮廓清晰,形状规则,宫体约65 mm×49mm×68mm,宫颈长27mm,宫腔内见-大小约19mm×16mm无回声区(图1);子宫肌层回声均匀.     

原发性肝癌心脏转移超声表现3例

患者1,男,41岁,因"发现HBsAg阳性10余年,上腹胀痛3个月"就诊。腹部超声示肝内多发占位病变,最大病变位于Ⅱ、Ⅳ及Ⅷ段,约75 mm×63mm;肝左、肝中静脉受累、增宽,管腔内为低回声充填,并于第二肝门呈团块状经下腔静脉向上延续。心脏超声:右心房内中等回声团,约61mm×28mm,可随心动周期运动:心房收缩时探入右心室,心房舒张时回纳于右心房(图1)。考虑原发性肝癌心脏转移。     

先天性卵巢发育不全综合征超声表现1例

<正>孕妇,28岁。孕2产1,孕3个月+。产前超声所见:增大子宫内见一胎儿回声,胎儿头环光整,双顶径23 mm,头围87 mm,腹围73 mm,股骨径9 mm,脊椎排列整齐无中断,胎心搏动匀齐,心律171次/min。于胎儿颈后见一范围约30 mm×17 mm×23 mm的囊性无回声区,壁较厚,内见带状回声分隔(图1);胎儿整个躯体见弱回声带包绕,胎儿腹腔见前后径约8 mm无回声区     

超声诊断左腕部绒毛结节性滑膜炎1例

<正>患者女,44岁,因发现左腕部肿块1年余就诊。体格检查:左腕部桡侧可触及两处大小为40.0 mm×30.0mm肿块,质韧,无压痛,活动度差,各手指感觉活动可。超声检查:左腕部触及肿块处距皮下约4.2 mm处见两个团块状低回声,大小分别为16.2 mm×7.2 mm×21.6 mm和26.8 mm×13.5 mm×24.6 mm,形态不规则,边界尚清,内部回声分布均匀,包绕肌腱生长(图1);     

超声诊断成人回盲部淋巴瘤致肠套叠1例

患者男,51岁,阵发性右下腹痛2个月,加重6h。体格检查:腹平,脐周及右下腹压之不适,右下腹可扪及包块,余腹部无明显压痛,直肠指检无异常。超声检查:右下腹探及一不均质回声,纵切面呈"套筒"征,范围约62mm×50mm,其上缘可见一团状低回声,大小约49mm×36mm,与不均质回声分界不清,横切面呈同心圆征,直径约50mm(图1);右下腹见多枚增大淋巴结回声,直径15~50mm,部分淋巴门消失(图2);腹腔内未见明显游离无回     

超声诊断食管异物嵌顿伴感染1例

正患者男,69岁,因吞咽困难4 d伴颈部包块就诊。实验室检查:白细胞10.5×109/L。超声检查:甲状腺无异常;于甲状腺左侧叶后方食管解剖部位探及范围约22 mm×21 mm×32 mm混合回声(图1),中心部分可见一大小约10 mm×6 mm强回声;横切面见该混合回声边界欠清,形态较规则,内部可见不规则低至无回声区,与周边组织分界欠清;纵切面扫查见该混合回声上、下两端似与食管相连,嘱患者行吞水试验,于混合回声上端可见液体流动征,混合回声处未见正常食管结构声像;CDFI于该混合回声内探及较丰富血流信号(图2)。超声提示:食道异物嵌顿伴感染可能?CT提示:食管胸段(约平第3胸椎层面)见结节影,结节走行方向为自左上向右下,累及长度约2.46 cm,结     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.