自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后康复锻炼对骨隧道影响的临床研究

[目的]比较自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后3种不同康复方案对术后骨隧道增宽的影响.[方法]将60例单侧自体腘绳肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带手术的病人随机分为保守康复组(A组)、激进康复组(B组)和自制康复计划组(C组),每组20例.术后12个月比较Lysholm评分、三维重建CT检查移植物骨隧道直径.[结果]C组Lysholm评分优于A 组、B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组骨隧道明显大于A组和C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).[结论]自体腘绳肌肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带术后早期康复可以改善膝关节功能,但不同康复训练方案将影响术后骨隧道的愈合,应以适度康复为原则.     

自体胭绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带术后康复的临床研究

目的观察比较自体胭绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带（ACL）术后三种不同康复方案的临床效果。方法将单侧自体胭绳肌腱重建膝关节ACL手术的患者45例,随机分为保守康复组（A组）,激进康复组（B组）和自制康复组（C组）,每组15例。术后3、6、12个月时比较关节活动受限度、大腿周径差值、IKDC评分、三维重建CT检查移植物骨隧道直径。结果三组在关节活动度受限及大腿肌肉萎缩方面：术后3、6、12个月A组明显大于B、C组,有显著性差异（P〈O．05）;IKDC评分方面：术后3、6、12个月C组优于A、B组,有显著性差异（P〈O．05）;骨隧道扩大方面：B组明显大于A、C组,有显著性差异（P〈O．05）。结论自体胭绳肌腱重建膝关节ACL术后早期康复可以改善膝关节功能,但是并非越激进越好,应以适度康复为原则。     

自体与同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带的比较

背景：关节镜辅助下重建前交叉韧带的移植物主要有自体移植物、同种异体移植物和人工韧带3种,关于移植物的选择,存在较多争议。目的：评估自体健侧腘绳肌腱和同种异体肌腱两种移植物在膝关节前交叉韧带重建中的效果。方法：纳入2007-01/2009-01在承德医学院附属医院骨科就诊的经关节镜检查证实为前交叉韧带损伤的患者70例（70膝）,分别采用自体健侧腘绳肌腱和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带,记录膝关节Lysholm功能评分、KT-1000测量值及不良反应。结果与结论：患者随访18~24个月,均未发生血管神经损伤,无感染、植入物断裂等并发症;同种异体肌腱移植患者有2例膝关节引流管口持续渗出,经换药半月后愈合,其余切口均一期愈合。末次随访时,自体健侧腘绳肌腱和同种异体肌腱重建患者的Lysholm评分均显著提高,双侧膝关节前向松弛度差值显著减少,且两种方法比较差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。说明应用自体健侧腘绳肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带疗效相当,效果满意。     

自体与同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带的比较

背景:关节镜辅助下重建前交叉韧带的移植物主要有自体移植物、同种异体移植物和人工韧带3种,关于移植物的选择,存在较多争议。目的:评估自体健侧腘绳肌腱和同种异体肌腱两种移植物在膝关节前交叉韧带重建中的效果。方法:纳入2007-01/2009-01在承德医学院附属医院骨科就诊的经关节镜检查证实为前交叉韧带损伤的患者70例(70膝),分别采用自体健侧腘绳肌腱和同种异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带,记录膝关节Lysholm功能评分、KT-1000测量值及不良反应。结果与结论:患者随访18~24个月,均未发生血管神经损伤,无感染、植入物断裂等并发症;同种异体肌腱移植患者有2例膝关节引流管口持续渗出,经换药半月后愈合,其余切口均一期愈合。末次随访时,自体健侧腘绳肌腱和同种异体肌腱重建患者的Lysholm评分均显著提高,双侧膝关节前向松弛度差值显著减少,且两种方法比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。说明应用自体健侧腘绳肌腱与同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带疗效相当,效果满意。     

LARS人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的Meta分析

目的用Meta分析的方法对关节镜下LARS人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)术后疗效进行系统评价。方法检索1995年1月~2016年10月公开发表的关于LARS人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL的病例对照相关文献,按照特定的纳入和排除标准选择文献并提取数据,用Review Manager 5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果最终共纳入12篇临床对照研究(NOS评分在4~8星之间)。Meta分析结果显示,术后3个月、6个月时,LARS人工韧带重建组(实验组)Lysholm评分、Tegner膝关节评分、IKDC评分明显高于自体腘绳肌腱重建组(对照组),术后12个月时实验组仅在Tegner膝关节评分中较对照组高,术后24个月时实验组Lysholm评分、Tegner膝关节评分、IKDC评分较对照组无明显优势。结论通过Meta分析发现,LARS人工韧带重建ACL在术后12个月内较自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL有更好的疗效,但这种优势随着术后重建的自体韧带功能不断改善而逐渐缩小,术后24个月时LARS韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL的术后疗效基本相当。但是结果仍需长期随访、高质量的临床研究来进一步证实。     

关节镜下腘绳肌腱及生物界面螺钉重建交叉韧带27例

背景:关节镜下采用腘绳肌腱及生物界面螺钉重建交叉韧带的临床实验已经在国内广泛开展,但是对于腘绳肌腱细小的南方人应用此种修复方式的临床研究较少.目的:首次分析关节镜下腘绳肌腱及界面螺钉重建海南地区人群交叉韧带的效果.方法:回顾性分析海南地区27例交叉韧带重建的病例临床资料,其中24例前交叉韧带断裂,2例后交叉韧带断裂,1例前、后交叉韧带同时断裂.采用腘绳肌腱及生物界面螺钉进行重建,其中自体腘绳肌23例,同种异体腘绳肌4例.术后定期复查膝关节功能并指导功能锻炼,应用Lysholm评分和国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)韧带评分系统进行功能评定.结果与结论:22例患者获随访8.7(3～24)个月,1例隐神经损伤,1例移植后3个月膝关节化脓性感染,行移植物取出待二期行翻修;除感染1例外,所有患膝移植后活动均正常,不稳感消失,同种异体腱组患膝皮温较高,但体温不超过38℃;术后Lysholm评分较术前明显增加(P<0.01),其中19例术后IKDC评分正常或接近正常,说明自体或同种异体腘绳肌腱是修复前交叉韧带或后交叉韧带的良好移植物,腘绳肌腱及界面螺钉重建交叉韧带效果满意.     

LARS人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的康复护理及疗效比较

目的 探讨韧带增强重建系统(ligament advanced reinforcement system LARS)人工韧带与四股自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)手术的康复护理及临床疗效.方法 2006年6月至2009年8月收集54例ACL损伤病例,根据纳入标准、适应证、医生建议和患者意愿,选择LARS人工韧带或自体腘绳肌腱作为移植物.其中LARS韧带重建ACL病例31例,两端以挤压螺钉固定;四股自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL者23例,股骨端Endobutton悬吊固定,胫骨端可吸收羟基磷灰石界面螺钉固定.2组均按要求给予术前指导及术后康复护理,在术前及术后3,6,12个月进行Lysholm评分并比较.结果 LARS韧带组在术后3,6个月时Lysholm评分值均显著高于自体腘绳肌腱组;2组术后评分较自身术前明显改善,术后12个月时2组的评分值比较无显著差异.结论 应用LARS人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL的病例膝关节功能评分均较术前有明显提高.医ACL重建材料不同,康复护理方案也应有所不同,以提高康复效率,减少并发症.ACL损伤行LARS人工韧带重建,膝关节功能恢复较自体腘绳肌腱重建更快.     

关节镜下横杆悬挂法重建前交叉韧带

背景：固定移植腱的方法多种多样,每种系统各有其优势,对于用何种方法固定移植的肌腱,目前国际上仍没有一个统一的标准。目的：观察关节镜下横杆悬挂固定法固定自体腘绳肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法：选择2008-09/2010-01于安徽医科大学第一附属医院骨二科行膝关节前交叉韧带重建的患者20例。所有患者均应用股骨端横杆悬挂固定和胫骨端界面螺钉组成前交叉韧带固定系统行自体腘绳肌腱前交叉韧带单束重建。重建后随访6～16个月（平均10个月）,评估患者的关节活动度、稳定性等指标。结果与结论：随访期间,无严重并发症发生,重建后膝关节活动度均正常。所有患者术前Lysholm膝关节评分为（60.20±11.54）分,重建后6个月为（92.95±3.55）分,较术前明显提高（P〈0.05）。截至重建后6个月,IKDC评分18例正常,其余2例接近正常。说明关节镜下应用自体腘绳肌腱横杆悬挂固定法重建前交叉韧带是一种疗效确切的固定方法。     

关节镜下联合应用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统固定腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带

背景：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建是治疗膝关节前交叉韧带损伤的金标准,但在肌腱的固定方式方面仍有分歧。目的：观察联合运用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统在关节镜下进行自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的临床效果。方法：选取2009-05/2010-05在郑州大学第一附属医院关节外科应用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统行关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的患者30例,该组患者关节镜下均证实为膝关节前交叉韧带损伤断裂。其中男22例,女8例,年龄16~45岁。将患者股骨端用Endobutton、Rigidfix固定,胫骨端用Intrafix固定,观察术后近期疗效,以Lysholm评分、IKDC评分评价膝关节功能。结果与结论：对30例患者随访5~17个月（平均12个月）,随访期间无严重并发症发生,所有患者患膝关节活动度正常,平均Lysholm评分和IKDC评分分别由术前的（50.0±6.0）分和（49.5±5.5）分提高到术后的（85.5±3.5）分和（87.0±2.5）分（P〈0.05）。说明联合应用Rigidfix、Endobutton和Intrafix系统进行自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的方法具有近期疗效佳、移植物固定可靠、并发症少等优点,能够达到良好的临床康复效果。     

人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带后的膝关节功能

背景：人工韧带因其不需牺牲自体组织、无潜在传染性疾病、重建韧带后康复时间短等优点,自一面世始终受到到关注。目的：利用Meta分析方法对国内外应用LARS人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的对照试验进行Meta分析,从而在较大样本量的前提下评价并比较两种方法重建前交叉韧带在膝关节功能恢复和康复等方面的有效性和安全性。方法：采用电子检索和手工检索进行文献初检,中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、中国生物医学数据库（CBM）、维普期刊网（VIP）、Pubmed（medline）,收集国内外关于应用LARS人工韧带与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的对照研究文献,对结果进行Meta分析。其中,试验组以LARS人工韧带为材料重建前交叉韧带,对照组以自体腘绳肌腱为材料重建前交叉韧带。结果与结论：共收集国内外5个临床对照研究,Meta分析结果显示：两组病例术后6个月Lysholm评分,试验组高于对照组,差异有显著性意义。两组病例术后12个月以上Lysholm评分差异无显著性意义。两组病例术后Tegner评分差异无显著性意义。两组病例重建前交叉韧带后kt-2000/1000测量差值差异无显著性意义。分析结果表明,与自体腘绳肌重建前交叉韧带相比,LARS人工韧带短期内的Lysholm评分更高,在更长时间内的Lysholm评分,Tegner评分和kt-2000/1000测量差值上差异不明显。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.