1起婚宴引起的食物中毒

德阳市某海鲜舫承办婚宴 ,引起食物中毒。1　流行病学调查1 1　发病情况　 2 0 0 0年 10月 1日 13∶0 0 ,某海鲜舫承办婚宴 ,10 5人共同进餐 ,3ｈ后 ,发现第 1例患者 ,主要表现为腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐 ;继之患者陆续增加 ,至次日凌晨 5∶0 0达高峰 ,先后共发病 6 7人 ;病程较短 ,大部分患者 2～ 3ｄ内痊愈。2　临床分析2 1潜伏期　最短 3ｈ ,最长 16ｈ ,进食后 8ｈ内发病者占2 8 4% ,12ｈ内 6 1 2 % ,16ｈ内 10 0 %。2 2症状体征　主要是腹痛 ( 74 6 % )、腹泻 ( 73 1% )、呕吐( 35 8% )。腹痛多在上腹部、脐部、少数在回盲部。阵发性…     

一起金黄色葡萄球菌引起131人食物中毒的报告

1998年6月25日在本市某酒店一次187人聚餐,餐后有131人出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻,腹泻为水样便。流行病学调查分析和实验室检验证实为一起金黄色葡萄球菌引起的食物中毒。现将调查结果报告如下。发病情况　案发当日上午10时进餐,下午2时许开始有4人因恶心、呕吐、腹痛(以上腹部疼痛较严重)、腹泻,6ｈ后达到高峰,截止10ｈ共发病131人,均为成年人,发病率达70%。潜伏期:最短3ｈ,最长11ｈ,平均6ｈ。有32人有低烧,导致虚脱,脱水酸中毒的有16人,病程2～4天。根据食物中毒的一般急救处理原则进行治疗。通过补充体液和电解质及对症施治,全部治愈。…     

一起工厂食堂变形杆菌食物中毒的调查

1997年 9月 2 8日 ,石岩上屋某灯泡厂发生一起食物中毒 ,经流行病学调查 ,中毒临床表现及实验结果分析 ,证实为变形杆菌引起的食物中毒 ,现将调查结果报告如下。1　中毒经过　 9月 2 7日下午 4时许 ,该厂为庆贺中秋节 ,在厂食堂为员工加菜聚餐 ,进餐人数 810人 ,翌日早上 7时左右出现首例腹痛、腹泻患者 ,随后病人不断增加 ,至中午11时达高峰 ,到晚上 11时 30分止 ,共发病 5 6例 ,其中病情较重住院治疗的 6例。2　中毒临床表现　主要为头晕 ,头痛 ,恶心 ,呕吐 ,腹痛 ,腹泻 ,排水样便 ,每日 4～ 10次不等 ,无脓血及里急后重。重症者有发热、…     

一起金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素引起的食物中毒

1998年6月10日20时～11日2时,驻津某军校发生一起食物中毒。经流行病学调查、临床诊断和病原学鉴定,证实为一起食用猪肉引起金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素食物中毒。1　发病情况　　6月10日下午6时,该校护士大队集体用餐后2ｈ,数名学员出现不同程度的恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、全身不适等症状。22时起,患者陆续增多,至次日2时,共有210人发病,发病率60%(210/350)。其中男性9人,女性201人。经治疗,患者于6月12日全部治愈,病程10ｈ～2ｄ。2　临床症状　主要表现为恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等急性胃肠炎症状。其中恶心210例(100%),呕吐1～3次150例(71.4%),4…     

一起由肠炎沙门菌引起的食物中毒

沙门氏菌在自然界分布广泛 ,易污染食品 ,常引起伤寒、副伤寒、食物中毒或急慢性肠胃炎等。本文就我市一起肠炎沙门氏菌引起的食物中毒报告如下。1　流行病学调查1998年 4月 2 1日 ,温岭市某宾馆发生一起食物中毒 ,就餐的 83人进餐后 4ｈ相继出现腹泻、腹痛、恶心呕吐、发热等症状 ,至次日下午发病 5 1人 ,发病率 61 4% ,经现场调查和病原学检测证实是由冷菜烤牛肉、囟鸡爪引起。2　临床表现5 1例患者中 ,男 3 3例 ,女 18例 ;年龄最小的 8岁 ,潜伏期最短 4ｈ ,最长 2 2ｈ ,平均 18 0 8ｈ ,大多在用餐后 18～ 2 0ｈ发病 ,约 2 0ｈ达到发病高…     

一起食物中毒的调查报告

20 0 0年 6月 7日 ,济南市某酒店发生一起食物中毒。当日武汉市考察团 2 6人 18:30开始就餐 ,同时就餐的有济南市畜牧局 8人。 2 0 :30左右有客人感觉腹部不适 ,随后部分客人相继出现腹痛、腹泻、呕吐、四肢无力等症状。截止到 6月 8日 4 :30 ,共有 2 1人发病。1　临床资料潜伏期 2～ 10ｈ ,平均 5ｈ ,3～ 6ｈ内发病者 15例。2 1例中毒者中 ,腹痛 17例、腹泻 18例、呕吐 14例、恶心 15例、四肢麻木 5例 ,出虚汗 4例 ,寒战 3例 ,头晕、发烧各 2例。血常规检查者中有 11例白细胞计数高于正常值 ;有 7例做大便化验检查 ,其中 6例发现红细胞少许…     

一起由副溶血性弧菌引起的35人食物中毒的调查报告

1998年发生在我市某电子计算机学校的 35人中毒案经全面的流行病学调查、现场调查和临床分析及实验室检测结果确认 :是 1起因食用被副溶血性弧菌污染的干豆腐引起的食物中毒。现报告如下。流行病学调查　该校有 40 8人在学校进食早餐 ,当日午后1时左右出现有恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻的首例病人 ,到翌日凌晨 4时共有 35人发病。最短潜伏期为 3ｈ ,最长 19ｈ ,大多数在14～ 15ｈ之间。 35例患者均有腹痛、腹泻。其中上腹部阵发性绞痛者占 80 2 0 % ,血水样便者占 38 0 0 % ,脓血便占 2 4 6 0 % ,恶心者占 45 2 0 % ,呕吐者占 32 8% ,少数患…     

一起食用萝卜菜中毒的调查报告

20 0 0年 8月 2 9日 17∶ 2 0 ,洋坪卫生院来电话报告远安县卫生防疫站 ,该院 15∶ 30有 2位急诊病人就诊 ,呕吐、腹痛、腹泻 ,“疑似食物中毒”,请防疫站派人调查处理。县卫生防疫站接到报告后 ,立即派 2名监督员、检验员赶赴现场 ,进行调查处理 ,现将调查结果报告如下。1　一般情况病人中午在家进餐 4人 ,中毒 3人 ,有 2人病情严重住院治疗 ,1人发病较轻未住院 ,临床表现头昏、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻 ,呕吐时出汗伴有寒颤。2　流行病学调查资料2 .1　食物中毒经过　 2 0 0 0年 8月 2 9日中午 12时左右 ,洋坪镇砖瓦厂职工付某一家 4人 (户…     

一起食用苦瓠子引起中毒的调查

1999年 6月 8日 ,某部发生一批以恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等症状为主的病人。经流行病学调查、临床表现实验室检查 ,证实为一起因食用苦瓠子引起的食物中毒。现将调查情况报告如下。1　发病经过和临床表现　 　1999年 6月 8日中午 ,在该部就餐的 2 1人于餐后 2 0ｍｉｎ至 5ｈ内 ,先后有 10人出现轻重不等的恶心、呕吐、腹泻、腹痛、头昏、乏力等症状 ;还有 2人有手麻及口咽部发麻症状。其中 6名病情较重者被送至医院输液治疗 ,其余 4人症状较轻 ,且自行缓解。本组病人在餐后 1ｈ内发病的占 70 %。发病早晚及病情与食入量有关。病程 2～ 3ｄ占…     

一起致病物质不明的食物中毒的报告

20 0 3年 8月 5日 ,我市某大学发生 1起集体用餐食物中毒 ,经市卫生局专家组评定 ,确定为因食用该校食堂晚餐引起的致病物质不明的食物中毒。现报告如下。1　中毒经过与临床症状2 0 0 3年 8月 5日 ,我市某大学暑期开设的全国师资培训班的大部分学员 90人 ,在该校某食堂集体用餐。就餐时间为 17时至17时 3 0分左右。共 6款热菜。每人食用其中的 3～ 4款。最早发病者系 1女性 (为就餐后 3h左右 ) ,症状为腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐。至 8月 6日共发病 2 8人 ,并全部住院治疗 (天津市第一中心医院东院 )。多数病人发病急 ,出现腹痛、腹泻、恶心、…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.