螺旋CT多期增强扫描对平扫为等密度的肝细胞癌的诊断

目的 分析平扫为等密度的肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的螺旋CT( spiral CT,SCT)多期增强扫描表现,探讨SCT多期增强扫描对此类HCC的诊断价值.方法 收集本院经手术病理、肝穿刺活检或临床随访证实的CT平扫呈等密度的HCC 14例(占同期702例HCC的1.99%),回顾性分析这类HCC 的SCT多期增强扫描的强化方式及CT征象.结果 14例HCC 的SCT平扫均呈等密度影(假阴性).SCT多期增强扫描表现为"速升速降"型强化的4例,3例可见肿瘤假包膜形成;动脉期仍为等密度,门脉期及延迟期呈低密度影的4例;动脉期、门脉期和延迟期癌灶均呈低密度影的2例;动脉期瘤灶明显强化,门脉期、延迟期表现为等密度的3例;平扫为等密度、多期增强扫描显示动静脉瘘及门静脉癌栓的弥漫型肝细胞癌1例.结论 CT平扫可能会漏诊等密度的肝癌病灶,可疑患者需行增强扫描检查;SCT多期增强扫描能显示平扫为等密度的HCC的血供特点,对其具有重要的诊断价值.     

肝脏螺旋CT增强扫描的最佳延时时间

目的 探讨肝脏螺旋CT增强扫描的最佳延时时间。方法 随机选取100例肝脏增强扫描的特例，采用不同的造影剂总量、注射速率和延时时间，观察肝脏的强化程度结果采用3ml／s和4ml／s的注射速率和120ml～l50ml的造影剂总量，肝脏的强化程度最高。注射速率越高，到达强化峰值的时间也越短。结论 肝脏螺旋CT增强扫描的合理的技术方案为采用120ml～150m1的造影剂总量，注射速率3ml／s～4ml／s，动脉期延时20s—26s，门脉期延时70s～80s。     

小肝癌的SCTAR及SCTA表现与血管造影的相关性研究

目的通过螺旋CT动脉门静脉造影(SCTAP)、螺旋CT动脉造影(SCTA)与肝动脉造影比较,显示小肝癌的血流动力学特性及影像特征。方法22例原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)或HCC术后肝内转移病人(男18人、女4人,年龄34～65岁,平均44.6岁),共79个病灶(0.1～3cm,平均直径1.8cm)。5例SCTAP与17例SCTA,结果分别与肝动脉造影术比较。结果5例SCTAP显示28个小病灶中,26个低密度,2个等密度;17例SCTA发现51个病灶,42个表现为高密度,9个表现为等密度;两组血管造影分别显示17、32个病灶,其中高密度41个,等密度8个。与血管造影相比,SCTAP显示小于2cm的病灶及所有小于3cm的病灶数差异具有显著性(P<0.05)或高度显著性(P<0.01);SCTA对小于3cm的病灶数较血管造影有显著性差异(P<0.05。)结论SCTAP及SCTA可准确反映小肝癌的血流动力学特性,在显示小肝癌方面优于肝动脉造影,可以为临床提供更丰富的影像学资料。     

小肝癌SCT动脉期最大强化率与组织病理及免疫组化的多因素相关性研究

目的:对小肝癌的SCT动脉期最大强化率与组织分级、p53、p21、CD34、VEGF表达的相关性进行多因素分析,探讨以SCT多期扫描评价SHCC的生物学特性,为SHCC的治疗和预后判断提供新的依据。方法:手术病理证实小肝癌30例,共33个癌结节,术前均进行螺旋CT多期扫描,其中男26例,女4例。术后肿瘤行大体病理及其HE染色、免疫组化染色分析。结果:癌结节直径≤1cm者2个病灶,1~2cm者13个病灶,大于2cm者18个病灶(≤3cm)。与病灶动脉期最大强化率相关的因素为癌结节大小、VEGF和CD34,其中癌结节大小和CD34为正相关因素,WGF为负相关因数。亦即,动脉期强化率高的肿瘤,直径多较大,CD34高表达,而VEGF多不表达。CD34对动脉期强化率的贡献最大。结论:SCT多期增强扫描可比较全面观察肿瘤,反映SHCC的生物学特性,且无创、快捷、可重复运用。根据SHCC的SCT征象,可间接评价其相关基因的表达,为SHCC的治疗和预后判断提供新的有价值的依据。     

Clinical evaluation of a computer simulated prediction model of contrast enhancement of the liver in spiral CT

OBJECTIVE: A software program was developed simulating a compartmental model of blood circulation based on differential equations. The aim of this study was to compare software-simulated levels of hepatic enhancement with the true values in patients and to test how many patients reach the simulated hepatic enhancement level. METHODS: As software program the CT application software carebolus 2 (Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) was used. Hepatic contrast-enhancement curves were simulated prior to CT examinations to evaluate a patient specific time delay after contrast application. At the time delay, when the simulation curve showed an enhancement threshold of 40 Hounsfield Units (HU), the CT spiral scan was started applying 120 ml contrast media with 2 ml/s. The simulated curves were compared with the empiric curves of each patient. RESULTS: 25 of 28 patients (89%) achieved 40 HU. The mean enhancement of empiric patients curves was 46.32 +/- 11.9 HU, the mean simulated enhancement was 46.62 +/- 4.3 HU S.D. (P= 0.48). 4.4 values per patient liver could be compared with the simulation curve (122 points for 28 patients): 50% of the patient curves were within a range of 5 HU compared with the simulation curve. CONCLUSION: Software simulation of contrast enhancement curves of the liver is a feasible and valuable method to predict individual liver enhancement curves. Improvements concerning the integration of cardiovascular parameters and preexisting liver parenchymal diseases into the simulation software have to be arranged.     

Progression to hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with intranodular blood supply evaluated with CT during intraarterial injection of contrast material

PURPOSE: To analyze the correlation between intranodular blood supply of borderline lesions (ie, dysplastic nodules or hypovascular well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] nodules) and their progression to hypervascular classic HCC in cirrhotic livers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred seventy-six borderline lesions seen at computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) were evaluated in 49 patients with cirrhosis who underwent repeated CTAP and/or CTHA but no therapy. On the basis of CTAP findings, nodules were categorized as group A (showing almost the same portal venous supply as the surrounding liver), group B (showing decreased portal venous supply) or group C (showing partially absent portal venous supply); on the basis of CTHA findings, nodules were categorized as group I (showing almost the same arterial supply as the liver), group II (showing decreased arterial supply), or group III (showing partially increased arterial supply). RESULTS: Progression to classic HCC was observed in 29.4% of group A nodules, 53.9% of group B nodules, and 87.9% of group C nodules within 1,000 days; in 58.6% of group I nodules, 12.9% of group II nodules, and 92.2% of group III nodules within 730 days; and in 0% of nodules in group A and I, 28% of nodules in group B and/or II, and 88.7% of nodules in group C and/or III within 730 days. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of intranodular blood supply was valuable in predicting the prognosis in borderline lesions, except when only arterial blood supply was evaluated.     

173例增强检查在螺旋CT扫描中的应用与体会

1 材料与方法。回顾性分析了我院2002年7月至2003年7月完成的173例增强螺旋CT扫描，其中腹部152例、头颅15例、胸部5例、CTA2例(颅底动脉环及髂动脉各1例)，男性146例，女性27例。年龄11岁～83岁．平均57岁。使用非离子造影剂欧乃派克注射液166例，使用离子造影剂安其格那芬注射液7例。CT     

肝癌的血管生成与螺旋CT和动态MRI的强化

肝细胞癌(简称肝癌)是我国目前最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。新生血管生成是肝癌发生、生长过程中最重要的现象，血管形成的过程是肿瘤生长和转移所必需的阶段，并影响患者的预后。血管形成的过程对于理解肝癌在螺旋CT和动态MRI上的强化机理至关重要。肿瘤血管形成导致的影像学图像强化的改变也可以为肝癌的定性提供诊断依据，评价抗血管生成治疗的疗效，并预测肿瘤患者的预后。因此，本文综合肝癌新生血管的形成过程及进展，和它对螺旋CT和动态MRI强化的影响。进一步提高影像学对肿瘤的认识。     

暂时阻断肝静脉后行肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗肝癌的药代动力学研究

目的对照单纯经肝动脉化疗栓塞术（ＴＡＣＥ），研究暂时阻断肝静脉后行肝动脉化疗栓塞术（ＴＡＣＥＴＨＶＯ）治疗原发性肝癌的药代动力学变化。方法为了进行药代动力学研究，随机将病人分为两组，ＴＡＣＥ组和ＴＡＣＥＴＨＶＯ组。采用高效液相色谱仪测定肝静脉和外周静脉血中５氟尿嘧啶（５Ｆｕ）的血药浓度，进行药代动力学分析。结果肝静脉和外周静脉血中５Ｆｕ的曲线下面积比值，ＴＡＣＥＴＨＶＯ组明显大于ＴＡＣＥ组；肝静脉血中５Ｆｕ的峰浓度，ＴＡＣＥＴＨＶＯ组明显高于ＴＡＣＥ组。同组中肝静脉和外周静脉的５Ｆｕ浓度趋向一致时间，ＴＡＣＥＴＨＶＯ组３０分钟，ＴＡＣＥ组为６分钟。结论暂时阻断肝静脉后行肝动脉化疗栓塞术可明显提高肿瘤局部的药物浓度，延长作用时间，加倍提高了抗肿瘤的效果，该法在临床上有很好的应用价值     

Altered hepatic hemodynamics caused by temporary occlusion of the right hepatic vein: evaluation with Doppler US in 14 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate with Doppler ultrasonography (US) the altered hepatic hemodynamics caused by temporary occlusion of the right hepatic vein. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 14 patients being considered for hepatic arterial infusion or transarterial embolization. In all patients, maximum peak velocity of the blood flow in the right portal vein was measured with Doppler US before and during the occlusion of the right hepatic vein. In 13 patients, color Doppler US was performed to evaluate Doppler signal in the portal venous branch in the occluded area before and during occlusion. Average peak velocity in the right hepatic artery in eight patients was measured by using a transducer-tipped guide wire before and during occlusion. RESULTS: Maximum peak velocity of the right portal vein significantly decreased with occlusion (P <.01). Hepatic venous occlusion changed the Doppler signal in the portal venous branch in the occluded area from hepatopetal to no signal in 10 patients; to weakened hepatopetal in two; and to hepatofugal in one. Average peak velocity of the right hepatic artery showed a decrease or plateau for 15-30 seconds after the start of occlusion and then a rapid increase to reach a plateau at around 75-90 seconds, with 1.5-2 times as much velocity as that before occlusion. CONCLUSION: Increase in hepatic arterial velocity is accompanied by a decrease in the portal velocity with temporary occlusion of the right hepatic vein; the expected increased drainage through the portal vein was almost undetectable.     

Portal vein involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma: dynamic CT features

The authors conducted a retrospective examination of 62 hepatocellular carcinomas, taking dynamic CT scans of selected sections after an intravenous contrast bolus. The proximal portal vein was involved in 40% of cases and the distal segment in 16%. Angiographic correlation was available in 23 patients. CT signs of main or lobar portal vein involvement included (a) hypodensity and enlargement, (b) periportal arterial hypervascularization surrounding the hypodense intraluminal region, (c) nonvisualization of the lobar portal vein, (d) arterioportal shunting, and (e) differences in lobar attenuation. The characteristic appearance of tumor within the portal vein was noted in many cases; in others, distinction between tumor and bland thrombus could not be made. Peripheral portal vein obstruction was suggested when a small, hypervascular tumor became hypodense during the portal phase of CT. The frequency and significance of these CT signs of portal vein involvement are discussed.     

正常人肝静脉变异的64层螺旋CT表现

目的探讨64层螺旋CT肝静脉成像技术显示正常人肝静脉变异的可行性。方法选取75例行腹部CT检查的无肝脏疾病患者，进行肝静脉成像扫描。观察肝静脉回流、肝静脉引流肝段的情况，并按3种解剖分型（Nakamura、Marcos及Kawasaki分型）分别对肝静脉进行分型。结果肝右静脉单独汇入下腔静脉，肝左静脉和肝中静脉先汇合后再注入下腔静脉，占86．7％（65／75）；肝右静脉、肝中静脉及肝左静脉分别单独汇入下腔静脉，占13．3％（10／75）。肝右静脉Nakamura分型：A型占49．4％（37／75），B型占37．3％（28／75），C型占13．3％（10／75）。肝中静脉Marcos分型：A型占56．0％（42／75）；B型占24．0％（18／75）；C型20．0％（15／75）。肝左静脉Kawasaki分型：I型占40．0％（30／75）；II型占60．0％（45／75）。结论正常人肝静脉变异率较高，多层螺旋CT静脉成像可提供细微的静脉系统分支图像。     

多层螺旋CT 多期增强扫描对不典型强化的肝癌影像分析及诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）多期增强扫描对肝癌少见强化方式的影像分析及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析21例经手术病理证实或临床确诊的不典型强化的肝癌C T资料。结果21例中,小肝癌9例,结节型10例,巨块型2例。平扫17例呈低密度,4例呈等密度,瘤内密度均匀16例,5例密度不均匀。多期增强检查21例中,动脉期5例呈低密度,等密度4例,高密度12例。门脉期7例呈高密度,10例呈等密度,4例病灶呈低密度。延迟期1例呈高密度,2例呈等密度,18例呈低密度。结论 M SC T的多期增强扫描能反映出肝癌少见的强化方式,对其诊断及鉴别有着重要的意义。     

Non-tumorous enhancement caused by cholecystic venous inflow shown on biphasic CT hepatic arteriography: comparison with hepatocellular carcinoma

The haemodynamics in non-tumorous abnormalities on CT arterial portography (CTAP) owing to cholecystic venous direct inflow to the liver were compared with the haemodynamics in hepatocellular carcinoma. 53 patients who simultaneously underwent CTAP and CT during hepatic arteriography (CTHA) to detect hepatocellular carcinoma had the late phase added to CTHA. Changes in size, shape and pattern of 47 non-tumorous enhancement abnormalities on the liver around the gall bladder or in the dorsum of segment IV between the early and late phases on biphasic CTHA as well as of 60 tumorous lesions were determined. Enhancement on biphasic CTHA was seen in all 47 lesions with a non-tumorous portal defect (early phase alone, n=8; late phase alone, n = 3; both, n = 36). In these 47 lesions, the size and the shape of enhancement changed in 63.8% and 51.1%, respectively, between the early and late phases on CTHA; the pattern of enhancement did not change in 72.3%. On the other hand, the size of enhancement on biphasic CTHA changed in only 16.7% of 60 tumours, and the shape in only 5%, although the enhancement pattern changed in a large proportion (80%). In conclusion, owing to the difference in haemodynamics, non-tumorous abnormalities caused by cholecystic venous inflow and tumours are clearly delineated on biphasic CTHA. Thus, adding the late phase to previous single phase CTHA (i.e. performing biphasic CTHA) is useful in differentiating the two entities.     

肝癌16层螺旋CT多期肝血管造影与DSA对比研究

目的:探讨原发性肝癌16层螺旋CT多期肝血管成像技术、优势及其临床价值。方法:对70例原发性肝癌患者分别行肝动脉期、门静脉期、肝实质期螺旋CT多期肝血管造影,分析MIP、VRT、SSD3种血管重建方法对肝癌并发的肿瘤血管性病变的显示,并与DSA进行对比分析。结果:70例肝癌DSA共检出肿瘤供血动脉115支,MSCTA检出110支,符合率约95.6%,两者间无统计学显著性差异(P=0.071)。其中MIP、VRT显示较佳,SSD显示较差(45/115,39%)。DSA显示70例均存在瘤内肿瘤血管,其中MSCTA检出65例,两者表现相似,其间无统计学显著性差异(P=0.069)。MSCTA、DSA分别检出门-肝静脉癌栓36支、27支,存在统计学显著性差异(P=0.004),DSA对较小分支癌栓显示不佳;DSA显示肝动脉-门静脉瘘29例,MSCTA检出27例(符合率93.1%),两者表现一致。MSCTA检出肝动脉解剖变异22例(31.4%),共中9例变异肝动脉参与肝癌供血,与DSA的诊断符合率为100%。结论:16层螺旋CT多期肝血管造影可全面、准确评价原发性肝癌并发的肿瘤血管性病变,与DSA检查有很高的符合率,可为外科手术及介入术前提供重要信息及指导作用。