血管内皮生长因子在人年轻恒牙及成熟恒牙牙髓中的表达

目的：研究人年轻恒牙和成熟恒牙牙髓中血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）的表达及分布特征．探讨VEGF在恒牙牙根发育过程中的作用。方法：将因正畸或阻生拔除的健康牙分为2组,第1组年轻恒牙10例。第2组根尖闭合的成熟恒牙15例。对牙髓标本的石蜡切片进行VEGF的免疫组化染色,通过Imagepro-plus 5．1图像分析软件,对图像进行定量分析,采用SPSS13．0软件包进行χ^2检验、t检验、单因素方差分析及SNK-q检验。结果：VEGF在年轻恒牙牙髓成纤维细胞和成牙本质细胞胞质呈强阳性表达,显著强染于成熟恒牙（P〈0．05）;年轻恒牙根髓在喇叭状基顶区成纤维细胞VEGF染色强阳性,以此处向冠方及根方,VEGF表达逐渐减弱。结论：VEGF在人年轻恒牙和成熟恒牙牙髓组织中呈不同特征的表达．VEGF参与恒牙牙根的发育和成熟。     

转化生长因子-β受体Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型在人年轻恒牙中的表达

目的　探讨转化生长因子 - β受体Ⅰ、Ⅱ (TGF βRⅠ、Ⅱ )在人年轻恒牙牙本质 -牙髓复合体中的表达及其生物学作用。方法　应用免疫组化方法检测TGF βRⅠ、Ⅱ在人年轻恒牙牙本质 -牙髓复合体中的表达。 结果　TGF βRⅠ、Ⅱ在年轻恒牙牙本质 -牙髓复合体中的表达呈现空间分布特异性 ,在成牙本质细胞中呈强阳性表达 ,其他牙髓细胞呈弱阳性表达。结论　TGF βRⅠ、Ⅱ在年轻恒牙牙本质 -牙髓复合体的修复过程中发挥重要作用。     

血管内皮生长因子C

血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)是新发现的一种与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)同源的内皮细胞生长因子,主要作用是与淋巴管内皮细胞上的特异受体血管内皮生长因子受体3(VEGFR-3)以及血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)结合,介导了淋巴管的发生、生长和增生。     

犬乳恒牙替换期VEGF的表达及意义

目的：探讨犬乳恒牙替换过程中破骨细胞内血管内皮生长因子（Vascular endothelial grouth fautor,VEGF）的表达及意义。方法：分别对乳牙期、替牙期、恒牙期本地犬取上、下颌骨,制备石蜡切片,进行HE染色和破骨细胞内VEGF的免疫组化染色,用彩色病理图像分析系统分析各组染色强度灰度值。结果：替牙期犬牙根周围组织破骨细胞VEGF的免疫组化强度明显高于其它两组,且阳性信号出现在破牙细胞中。结论：VEGF在犬乳恒牙替换过程中可能起重要作用。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其受体在人牙髓中的表达

目的:探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其受体在人牙髓中表达和意义。方法:用免疫组化方法检测碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其受体在人牙髓中的表达。结果:碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在成牙本质细胞层强阳性表达, 在牙髓其它细胞和血管内皮细胞阳性表达;碱性成纤维细胞生长因子受体在成牙本质细胞层弱阳性表达,牙髓其它细胞为阴性。结论:碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其受体在反应性及修复性牙本质形成过程中可能起重要作用。     

恒牙牙根发育过程中牙髓中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的表达

目的　研究人的年轻恒牙和成熟恒牙牙髓中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)的表达及分布特征,探讨 bFGF在恒牙牙根发育过程中的作用。方法　对牙髓标本的石蜡切片进行bFGF的免疫组化染色,并做图像定量分析。结果　bFGF在牙根刚开始发育、发育过程中及发育完成后的牙髓中的阳性表达呈逐渐减弱。结论　bFGF在人正常发育的牙髓组织中,随着牙根的逐渐发育而呈现不同特征的表达,因而参与牙髓的发育和成熟。     

人正常或炎症牙髓组织中炎症信号细胞间黏附分子-1表达的研究

目的：研究人正常、慢性牙髓炎、急性牙髓炎牙髓组织中细胞间黏附分子-1免疫定位，探讨其在牙髓炎症机制中的作用和意义。方法：采用免疫组化（ABC）法对成人正常牙髓、慢性牙髓炎、急性牙髓炎牙髓中的细胞间黏附分子-1进行免疫定位。结果：细胞间黏附分子-1在3组牙髓组织中均有表达。其分布为：正常牙髓组织中少许血管内皮细胞呈较弱的阳性反应；慢性牙髓炎牙髓组织中较多的血管内皮有较强的阳性染色；急性牙髓炎牙髓组织中很多血管内皮染色呈强阳性。其中急性牙髓炎组染色强度与慢性牙髓炎组、正常组之间细胞间黏附分子-1的表达有显著差异；慢性牙髓炎组与正常组之间细胞间黏附分子-1的表达也有显著差异。结论：①人牙髓组织中血管内皮细胞膜表达细胞间黏附分子-1。②炎症组与正常组之间细胞间黏附分子-1的表达有显著性差异。③细胞间黏附分子-1可能参与介导牙髓炎症过程，在炎症机制中发挥重要作用。     

大鼠磨牙钻磨后牙髓中肌动蛋白表达的研究

目的：探讨肌动蛋白在大鼠正常牙髓及钻磨刺激后牙髓中的分布变化。方法：建立大鼠磨牙牙髓损伤模型，用免疫组化方法观察正常牙髓及钻磨后2h～14d牙髓中肌动蛋白的分布情况。结果：正常组成牙本质细胞及血管内皮细胞阳性；钻磨刺激2h组，穿髓点附近的成牙本质细胞转为阴性，血管内皮细胞及管周细胞强阳性；8h--5d各组可见强阳性血管在牙髓中分布并始终位于炎症发展的前沿区。结论：肌动蛋白对维持成牙本质细胞排列方式及正常生理功能有重要作用；其在血管内皮细胞及管周细胞的表达上调可能与牙髓损伤的早期修复有关。     

He-Ne激光对兔正畸牙周组织VEGF mRNA和VEGFR-2 mRNA表达的影响

目的：研究He-Ne激光照射对兔正畸牙周组织血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）mRNA及血管内皮细胞生长因子受体-2（VEGFR-2）mRNA表达的影响,探讨He-Ne激光照射促进正畸牙周组织改建的机理。方法：用波长632.8 nm,激光功率20 mW,能量密度2.50 J/cm^2的He-Ne激光照射兔正畸牙齿移动牙周组织,用原位杂交方法检测组织切片VEGF mRNA、VEGFR-2 mRNA的表达,用计算机图像分析及统计学方法对结果进行分析。结果：1、3和5 d组He-Ne激光照射侧压力区的VEGF mRNA和VEGFR-2 mRNA表达均高于对照侧压力区,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。1、3、5和7 d组He-Ne激光照射侧张力区的VEGF mRNA和VEGFR-2mRNA表达均高于对照侧张力区,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论：He-Ne激光照射有效促进正畸牙周组织中VEGF mRNA及VEGFR-2 mRNA的表达,通过促进血管改建从而加速正畸牙周组织改建的进程。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在年轻恒牙牙髓中的表达

目的研究人的正常年轻恒牙牙髓中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basicfibroblastgrowthfactor,bFGF)的表达及分布特征,探讨其在牙髓发育成熟中的作用。方法采用SP免疫组化法,对牙根发育1/3～3/4的恒牙牙髓标本的石蜡切片进行bFGF的免疫组化染色,并做图像定量分析。结果bFGF在年轻恒牙牙髓组织中呈阳性表达,在冠髓,牙髓中心区的灰度值高于牙髓外层;而在根髓则相反(P<0.05)。结论bFGF可能参与牙髓的发育和成熟。     

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression in the pulp of human primary and young permanent teeth

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in endothelial cells within the dental pulp of human primary and young permanent teeth and the spatial distribution of VEGFR-2-positive cells. Nine sound primary teeth and 4 sound young permanent teeth were evaluated by immunohistochemistry with a human anti-VEGFR-2 antibody. Stained tissue sections were analyzed qualitatively under light microscopy. Here we observed that endothelial cells of both primary and permanent teeth showed positive immunostaining for VEGFR-2. Notably, VEGFR-2-positive cells in the primary teeth tended to be found close to the subodontoblastic layer, whereas the spatial distribution of VEGFR-2 immunostaining in the permanent teeth was more uniform. In conclusion, VEGFR-2 was expressed in the microvascular endothelial cells of both primary and young permanent teeth, which suggests that these cells are capable of responding to the morphogenetic and survival signals mediated by VEGF.     

Immunocytochemical investigation of immune cells within human primary and permanent tooth pulp

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are any differences in the number and distribution of immune cells within human primary and permanent tooth pulp, both in health and disease. DESIGN: The research took the form of a quantitative immunocytochemical study. One hundred and twenty-four mandibular first permanent molars and second primary molars were obtained from children requiring dental extractions under general anaesthesia. Following exodontia, 10-microm-thick frozen pulp sections were processed for indirect immunofluorescence. Triple-labelling regimes were employed using combinations of the following: (1) protein gene product 9.5, a general neuronal marker; (2) leucocyte common antigen (LCA); and (3) Ulex europaeus I lectin, a marker of vascular endothelium. Image analysis was then used to determine the percentage area of immunostaining for LCA. RESULTS: Leucocytes were significantly more abundant in the pulp horn and mid-coronal region of intact and carious primary teeth, as compared to permanent teeth (P < 0.05, anova). Both dentitions demonstrated the presence of well-localized inflammatory cell infiltrates and marked aborization of pulpal nerves in areas of dense leucocyte accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: Primary and permanent tooth pulps appear to have a similar potential to mount inflammatory responses to gross caries The management of the compromised primary tooth pulp needs to be reappraised in the light of these findings.     

Primary teeth show less protecting factors against root resorption

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; Background. Physiological root resorption differentiates primary from permanent teeth. The understanding of what protects and regulates root resorption might help to develop therapies to its control. Aim. To verify the presence and distribution of ECRM and the expression of CK14, OPG, TRAP and COX‐2 in the periodontal ligament (PDL) of human primary and permanent teeth. Design. Eight primary teeth undergoing physiological or pathological root resorption and 4 permanent teeth were immunohistochemically processed for CK14, TRAP, COX‐2 and OPG expression. Results. PDL from primary and permanent teeth showed similar morphological features; however, fewer ECRM clusters and higher immunoreactivity to CK14 were found in primary PDL. In permanent teeth, ECRM were distributed along the entire PDL tissue. Howship′s lacunae were found only in primary teeth, associated with the presence of TRAP‐positive cells and increase in COX‐2 expression. OPG expression in primary PDL was detected in nonresorptive cervical areas and in lacunae showing reparative tissue. It was observed higher expression of OPG in all permanent teeth when compared to primary specimens. Conclusions. It may be concluded that PDL from primary teeth shows less ECRM clusters and lower expression of OPG. These features may be associated with lower protection against root resorption in primary teeth.     

Metapex糊剂用于年轻恒牙活髓切断术的临床研究

观察Metapex糊剂用于活髓切断术的临床疗效。方法：对因各种原因引起冠折露髓的年轻恒牙患者28例3l颗患牙行活髓切断术治疗,用Metapex糊剂作为活髓保存剂。术后对患牙进行定期随访观察。结果：26例患者29颗患牙均于1～3个月在x线片上观察到牙本质钙化桥的形成并持续增厚,牙根继续发育直至根尖孔闭合,整个过程约1．5～3．0年,无根内外吸收和根管钙化出现,成功率93．55％。结论：Metapex糊剂用于活髓切断术可取得较满意的疗效。     

Root resorption of primary molars without successor teeth. An experimental study in the beagle dog

Tooth agenesis is a common craniofacial congenital malformation in humans, but little is known about the mechanisms of root resorption in this condition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of root resorption in primary molars without successors. An animal model without permanent tooth germs was established by surgery in beagles. The times of onset of primary molar root resorption, with and without successors, were compared. The distribution of immune cells, odontoclasts, and their activating factors were determined by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Root resorption of primary mandibular molars without successors began later than physiological resorption. In primary molars without permanent germs, odontoclasts and immune cells were present mainly in the apical pulp at the start of root resorption, whereas in control teeth receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-positive cells were found mainly in the region of the periodontal ligament. CD14(+) and CD3(+) cells were found in both the pulp and the periodontal ligament region. These results suggest that the dental pulp of primary molars, as well as immune cells, may play an important role in root resorption in primary molars without permanent tooth germs.     

The reliability and accuracy of two methods for proximal caries detection and depth on directly visible proximal surfaces: an in vitro study

This study aimed to determine the reliability and accuracy of the ICDAS and radiographs in detecting and estimating the depth of proximal lesions on extracted teeth. The lesions were visible to the naked eye. Three trained examiners scored a total of 132 sound/carious proximal surfaces from 106 primary teeth and 160 sound/carious proximal surfaces from 140 permanent teeth. The selected surfaces were first scored visually, using the 7 classes in the ICDAS. They were then assessed on radiographs using a 5-point classification system. Reexaminations were conducted with both scoring systems. Teeth were then sectioned and the selected surfaces histologically classified using a stereomicroscope (×5). Intrareproducibility values (weighted kappa statistics) for the ICDAS for both primary and permanent teeth were >0.9, and for the radiographs between 0.6 and 0.8. Interreproducibility values for the ICDAS were >0.85, for the radiographs >0.6. For both primary and permanent teeth, the accuracy of each examiner (Spearman's correlation coefficient) for the ICDAS was ≥0.85, and for the radiographs ≥0.45. Corresponding data were achieved when using pooled data from the 3 examiners for both the ICDAS and the radiographs. The associations between the 2 detection methods were measured to be moderate. In particular, the ICDAS was accurate in predicting lesion depth (histologically) confined to the enamel/outer third of the dentine versus deeper lesions. This study shows that when proximal lesions are open for inspection, the ICDAS is a more reliable and accurate method than the radiograph for detecting and estimating the depth of the lesion in both primary and permanent teeth.     

C型利钠利尿肽在人乳牙根生理性吸收过程中的表达

目的：探讨C型利钠利尿肽（C-type natriuretic peptide,CNP）在人乳牙根生理性吸收过程中的表达及作用。方法：运用免疫组织化学方法检测人乳牙根生理性吸收过程中CNP蛋白的表达。结果：乳牙的破牙细胞、牙髓成纤维细胞及成牙本质细胞胞浆中CNP免疫组化染色阳性,且表达高于恒牙组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,乳牙牙周韧带成纤维细胞CNP染色亦阳性。结论：CNP在人乳牙牙根生理性吸收过程中有表达,可能对乳恒牙替换起到一定的促进作用。     

儿童恒前牙冠折露髓的牙髓组织学观察

目的：了解不同外伤时期内的牙髓组织学改变,为冠折露髓年轻恒牙的活髓保存治疗提供组织学依据。方法：通过组织学和免疫组化法对牙髓组织进行组织学和生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）分布特征的观察。结果：本组患牙牙髓组织内均未见到局灶性炎症或局灶性坏死现象,即使冠髓出现炎症,而根髓组织基本正常。ｂＦＧＦ染色冠折露髓１周内血管内皮细胞弱阳性,而后染色逐渐增强,且神经纤维也出现阳性。结论;年轻恒牙外伤牙折后牙髓组织的炎症程度并非随着牙髓暴露的时间而加重;ｂＦＧＦ参与了外伤牙髓的修复     

Estimation of trace elements in sound and carious enamel of primary and permanent teeth by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: an in vitro study.

The influence of trace elements on the prevalence of caries is a complex subject. However, the demonstration of an inverse relationship between caries prevalence and fluoride (F) intake indicates the potential effect of trace elements on caries. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study sought to estimate and compare the trace element concentrations in sound and carious enamel of primary and permanent teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty sound and carious primary and permanent teeth, extracted from children and adolescents of Davangere city, were collected. The teeth were divided into four groups (of ten each) and enamel samples were prepared by mechanical grinding. The trace elements were estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study showed the presence of 18 trace elements (F, Sr, K, Al, Si, Ni, B, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Cr, Zn, Mg, Se, Pb, Mo, and V) in the enamel of sound and carious primary and permanent teeth. The mean, standard deviation, and range (at 95% confidence level) were calculated for each element. The concentrations of F, Sr, and K were significantly ( P <0.05) higher in sound enamel of permanent teeth than in sound enamel of primary teeth. The concentrations of F, Sr, K, Al, and Fe were significantly ( P <0.05) higher in sound enamel of permanent teeth than in carious enamel of permanent teeth. The concentrations of F, K, and Si were significantly ( P <0.05) higher in sound enamel of primary teeth than in carious enamel of primary teeth.     

A follow-up study of the use of DIAGNOdent for monitoring fissure caries in children

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the laser fluorescence device DIAGNOdent for monitoring occlusal caries longitudinally as part of a routine dental check-up in a public dental clinic. METHODS: Children aged 7-8 and 13-14 years at baseline participated in the study. As part of two consecutive dental check-ups with a mean interval of 1,19, years, 423 permanent molars and 315 primary molars in 81 children were examined visually and using DIAGNOdent by one dentist. In teeth where, as judged by visual examination, caries had emerged or progressed during the follow-up, the DIAGNOdent values had increased significantly from the baseline. RESULTS: In permanent teeth with a change in visual score from sound to enamel or dentin caries, the mean DIAGNOdent value increased from 24 to 37 and in primary teeth from 8 to 40. The increase in DIANGOdent values correlated positively with the increase in visual score. The mean DIAGNOdent value at baseline was significantly higher in teeth that became carious than in those that remained sound during the follow-up. For permanent teeth with a visual reversal from inactive or active enamel caries to a sound surface, the mean DIAGNOdent value decreased from 36 to 24. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that DIAGNOdent is useful in monitoring occlusal caries in both permanent and primary molars.