SYNGAP1 基因变异致癫痫伴认知发育障碍3 例临床分析

目的探讨SYNGAP1基因变异致儿童癫痫伴认知发育障碍的临床特点。方法收集并分析2017—2019年确诊的3例SYNGAP1变异相关癫痫患儿的临床资料以及对患儿及父母的全外显子二代测序及Sanger验证结果。结果 3例患儿中,男2例、女1例,均为儿童期起病。癫痫发作分别表现为眼睑肌阵挛伴失神,肌阵挛、失张力,局灶性发作。3例患儿均有认知异常,其中1例有刻板、攻击行为,缺少眼神交流和社会性交往。患儿父母及家系成员无惊厥及发育障碍。3例患儿均检测到SYNGAP1基因存在新发杂合变异,均为常染色体显性遗传,分别为6号外显子c.623delC(p.P208Qfs*15)、1号外显子c.67+1GA(splicing)、13号外显子c.2158GA(p.Asp720Asn),其中13号外显子错义变异患儿为局灶性发作。结论 SYNGAP1基因变异可导致癫痫伴认知发育障碍,癫痫发作具有临床多样性。     

IQSEC2基因变异相关癫痫基因型与临床表型特点

目的分析IQSEC2基因变异相关癫痫患儿的基因型与临床表型特点。方法收集2019年7月至2021年10月在北京大学第一医院儿科就诊的6例IQSEC2基因变异癫痫患儿的临床资料, 对其基因型特点和癫痫发作表现、脑电图、头颅影像学等结果进行回顾性分析。结果 6例患儿中男5例、女1例。6例IQSEC2基因变异均为新生变异, 其中移码变异2例(c.3801₃808dup/p.Q1270Rfs*130、c.1459₁460delAT/p.M487Vfs*2), 无义变异2例(c.3163C>T/p.R1055*、c.1417G>T/p.E473*), 框内缺失变异1例(c.2295₂297del/p.N765del)、错义变异1例(c.2293A>G/p.N765D)。癫痫起病年龄为3月龄至2岁5月龄。癫痫发作类型多样, 包括癫痫性痉挛、局灶性发作各5例, 强直发作、肌阵挛发作各3例, 不典型失神发作、失张力发作各2例。6例患儿癫痫起病前均有全面发育迟缓, 其他临床表现有孤独症样表现3例, 小头畸形3例, 肌张力...     

Mowat-Wilson综合征5例癫痫相关的临床特点

目的总结Mowat-Wilson综合征(MWS)患儿癫痫相关的临床特点, 提高对此病的认识。方法回顾性分析2020年6至12月就诊于北京大学第一医院的5例MWS患儿的癫痫相关临床特点, 总结其癫痫发作的起病年龄、临床表现、脑电图、头颅磁共振成像(MRI)、ZEB2基因变异等特点及抗癫痫发作药物(ASM)的疗效。结果 5例患儿中男3例、女2例, 癫痫发作起病年龄为6月龄至4岁。4例患儿表现为局灶性发作, 局灶性发作表现多样, 但均表现为局灶运动性发作;1例患儿表现为癫痫性痉挛发作。5例患儿均表现出特殊面容, 不同程度的智力障碍、发育迟缓以及多种先天畸形。4例患儿脑电图表现为背景节律减慢和后头部为主的癫痫样放电, 1例患儿脑电图病初为高度失律, 后表现为后头为主的多灶性放电。2例患儿头颅磁共振成像有异常, 分别表现为胼胝体发育不良和白质发育落后。5例患儿均为ZEB2基因新生杂合变异携带者, 无义变异4例, 移码变异1例。随访14～20个月, 3例癫痫发作控制超过1年, 2例癫痫发作控制超过6个月;2例单用丙戊酸, 2例联合应用丙戊酸。结论癫痫发作是MWS的常见临床表型, 以局灶性运动性发作...     

GABRA1基因变异相关癫痫的临床表型特点

目的探讨GABRA1基因变异相关癫痫患儿的临床表型特点.方法收集2016年3月至2019年7月在北京大学第一医院儿科就诊的癫痫患儿,并通过靶向捕获二代测序发现GABRA1基因变异的11例患儿(男4例、女7例),回顾性总结其临床表现、脑电图及头颅影像学特点.结果11例患儿中,10例为新生变异,1例为遗传性变异.2例患儿携带相同的变异,6例患儿携带国际未报道的新变异.癫痫起病年龄8(3~14)月龄,其中1岁内起病10例,1岁后起病1例.癫痫发作类型多样,其中局灶性发作10例,全面性强直-阵挛发作3例,肌阵挛发作3例,痉挛发作2例.有5例患儿具有多种发作类型.9例发作有热敏感特点,其中6例因发热诱发癫痫持续状态.2例具有光敏感特点.11例患儿脑电图显示背景异常5例,发作间期有异常放电6例.所有患儿的头颅磁共振成像均未见明显异常.9例患儿有不同程度的发育落后.临床诊断为Dravet综合征5例,婴儿痉挛症2例,不能分类的早发癫痫性脑病1例,其余3例为局灶性癫痫.11例患儿末次随访年龄为8月龄~12岁,8例癫痫发作已缓解6个月~8年,其中1例已停用抗癫痫药物.结论GABRA1基因变异中新生变异较遗传变异常见,其导致的癫痫多数在婴儿期起病,癫痫发作类型多样,局灶性发作最为常见.多数患儿发作预后好,但普遍发育落后.     

FRRS1L基因突变致发育性癫痫性脑病伴运动发育障碍1例并文献复习

对2022年6月徐州医科大学附属徐州儿童医院收治的1例FRRS1L基因突变导致的发育性癫痫性脑病(DEE)伴运动发育障碍患儿的临床特征及基因突变特点进行回顾性分析。患儿, 男, 1岁9个月, 自幼发育迟缓, 6月龄出现肌张力减低, 1岁7月龄出现癫痫发作(局灶阵挛发作), 多种抗癫痫发作药物治疗不能控制, 随着癫痫发作开始出现发育倒退和手足异常运动。家系全外显子组测序显示患儿FRRS1L基因存在2个杂合变异(错义突变和缺失突变), 其中错义突变系母源性c.754C>T(p.R252C), 位于第4号外显子;缺失突变系父源性c.438 _c.459del(p.I146fs*4), 位于第2号外显子, 构成复合杂合突变。共检索到国外文献6篇(31例患儿), 临床表现与本例患儿相似, 但基因型不同, 均为纯合突变。FRRS1L基因突变可导致DEE, 为常染色体隐性遗传, 婴幼儿期起病的难治性癫痫发作, 伴随发育倒退和明显的过度运动是其典型特征, 远期预后不良。     

1例多发先天畸形-肌张力低下-癫痫综合征1临床及遗传学分析

目的分析多发先天畸形-肌张力低下-癫痫综合征1(MCAHS1)的临床及遗传学特征。方法回顾2018年4月确诊的1例MCAHS1患儿的临床资料;应用全外显子测序及Sanger验证行基因检测;采用流式细胞术分析患儿外周血粒细胞表面糖基磷脂酰肌醇(GPI)锚定蛋白FLAER、CD16、CD24、CD58、CD59表达量。结果男性患儿,4月龄,因阵发性双眼上翻,发育落后就诊;患儿有特殊面容、肌张力低下。全外显子测序发现患儿PIGN基因存在2个杂合变异,c.343G>C和c.1694G>T,分别来自于临床表型正常的母亲和父亲,为复合杂合变异。该变异尚未见报道,经美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(ACMG)指南评级为疑似致病性变异。该复合杂合变异导致粒细胞表面GPI锚定蛋白的表达量下降。随访发现患儿10月龄出现发热抽搐,15月龄出现癫痫,口服丙戊酸钠后发作控制。经康复治疗患儿仍发育缓慢。文献检索已经报道MCAHS1患者18例,基因变异以错义变异最常见,多数患儿预后不佳。结论该MCAHS1患儿的基因测序扩充了MCAHS 1基因变异谱。     

RARS2 基因变异一家系报告并文献复习

目的探讨RARS2基因变异的临床特点。方法回顾分析一家系2例RARS2基因变异患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果 2例患儿为姐妹,均于4月龄起病,表现为喂养困难、顽固性局灶性癫痫发作、四肢肌张力减低、小头畸形,血乳酸一过性升高;头颅磁共振示双侧大脑半球萎缩,右侧颅板下出血,右侧基底节区异常信号。先证者检测到RARS2基因复合杂合变异,NM_020320 c.1157GT(p.R386L),NM_020320 c.1210AG(p.M404V)。先证者姐姐首次基因检测无发现,再次分析发现RARS2基因同样变异,并于1岁4月龄死亡。检索到相关文献19篇,包括本家系2例共37例患儿。其中男37.2%、女62.8%,大多在6月龄内起病;临床表现有癫痫发作,精神运动发育停滞或倒退,喂养困难,肌张力减低,小头畸形;大部分患儿血、脑脊液乳酸增高及脑桥小脑发育不良。共发现RARS2基因33个变异位点。结论 RARS2基因变异的临床表现有顽固性癫痫发作、喂养困难、精神运动发育迟滞或倒退、小头畸形、肌张力减低,部分患儿无桥脑小脑发育不良,预后差。     

KCNT1基因变异相关婴儿癫痫伴游走性局灶性发作3例报告

目的 探讨KCNT 1基因变异相关婴儿癫痫伴游走性局灶性发作(EIMFS)的临床特征及基因变异特点.方法 回顾分析3例KCNT 1基因变异相关EIMFS患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献.结果 2例女性患儿分别于3、6月龄起病,1例男性患儿于2月龄起病.3例均以抽搐起病,经基因检测证实为KCNT 1基因新发错义变异,分别为...     

WWOX基因变异致早发性婴儿癫痫性脑病1例报告并文献复习

目的报道早发性婴儿癫痫性脑病致病性变异。方法收集1例早发性婴儿癫痫性脑病患儿及其家系成员的基因检测结果,并复习相关文献。结果先证者为男性,3月龄,反复抽搐发作1个月,表现为局灶性发作和痉挛发作;先证者父亲、母亲表型无异常。先证者存在WWOX基因c.183CG(p.Tyr61*)无义变异和c.178-16TG(内含子)复合杂合变异,前者源自母亲,后者源自父亲。上述2个变异均未见报道,根据美国遗传学和基因组学学会指南判断前者为"可能致病",后者为"意义未明"。给予患儿左乙拉西坦联合硝基安定口服治疗后,癫痫仍反复发作,精神及运动发育显著落后,肌张力低下。检索到临床资料齐全的WWOX基因文献报道 22篇共64例患者,涉及30多个位点,其中复合杂合变异和纯合变异最常见,后者多来自中东地区的近亲婚配家庭,癫痫以早期婴儿癫痫性脑病最常见。结论 WWOX基因复合杂合变异是该婴儿癫痫性脑病的致病性变异;WWOX基因变异所致的癫痫为药物难治性。     

PRRT2基因突变相关发作性疾病临床特征及突变分析

目的分析PRRT2基因突变相关发作性疾病患儿基因型与表型的关联。方法回顾分析2016年5月至2018年7月收治的具有PRRT2基因突变的15例患儿的临床资料及基因检测结果。结果 15例患儿中男8例、女7例,中位起病年龄6个月(4～13个月)。12例有发作性疾病家族史。13例患儿表现为局灶性发作或局灶性发作继发全面性发作;1例表现为痉挛发作;1例在8月龄时出现癫痫发作,15岁时表现为发作性运动障碍。2例患儿发作间期脑电图有癫痫样放电,1例呈不典型高度失律,12例未见异常。3例患儿头颅MRI表现为额颞脑沟加深,12例未见异常。14例患儿应用抗癫痫药物后控制良好,但其中1例停药后复发;另1例痉挛发作难以控制。15例患儿均发现PRRT2基因杂合突变,9例为碱基重复突变(c.649dupC,p.Arg217Profs*8),2例错义突变(c.439GC,p.Asp147His;c.640GC,p.Ala214Pro;c.962TC,p.Leu321Pro),2例碱基缺失突变(c. 649 delC,p.Arg 217 Glufs*12;c. 650 delG,p.Arg 217 Glnfs 12*),2例无义突变(c. 649 CT,p.Arg 217*;c. 970 GT,p.Gly 324*),其中2个突变(c. 962 TC,c. 970 GT)为未曾报道的新突变。13例患儿的父母一方携带相同突变,2例为新生突变。11例患儿诊断为良性家族性婴儿癫痫,2例为良性婴儿癫痫,1例为婴儿惊厥伴阵发性运动诱发的运动障碍,1例为婴儿痉挛。结论 PRRT2基因突变在儿科最常见的临床表型是良性家族性婴儿癫痫,其次为良性婴儿癫痫和婴儿惊厥伴阵发性运动诱发的运动障碍等。c.649dupC是PRRT2基因的热点突变,c.962TC、c.970GT为未报道的可能致病性突变。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.