PLCE1 基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征1 例报告并文献复习

目的分析PLCE1基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)的临床特征和基因变异特点。方法回顾分析1例确诊的由PLCE1基因突变致SRNS患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果女性患儿,8岁11月龄,确诊原发性肾病综合征6年余,激素耐药型,病理为局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)。肾病综合征相关基因检测发现,患儿PLCE1基因存在2个杂合错义变异 c.577GA(p.V193I)和c.2770GA(p.G924S);Sanger 测序验证显示c.577GA(p.V193I)来自患儿母亲(杂合状态),患儿父母均无c.2770GA(p.G924S)变异,为新发变异。这2个变异均为已有报道的致病性突变。结论 PLCE1基因变异可导致常染色体遗传型SRNS。     

Kabuki综合征2例临床表型和基因变异分析

目的分析Kabuki 综合征(KS)的临床和分子遗传学特征。方法回顾分析2例以生长迟缓就诊的KS患儿的临床资料,并对患儿及其父母进行矮小相关基因组或全外显子组测序及全基因组拷贝数变异(CNV)检测。结果 2例女性患儿,均因喂养困难、生长迟缓就诊;临床表现均为特殊容貌,按年龄身长、按年龄体质量的Z评分均-2.5,发育迟缓,脊椎侧弯,头颅磁共振成像异常。例1伴右肾异位,例2伴房间隔缺损。基因检测发现,例1患儿KMT2D基因34号外显子c.10139delA(p.K3380Sfs*12)杂合变异;例2患儿KDM6A基因16号外显子c.1909-1912delTCTA(p.Ser637Thrfs*53)杂合变异,均为移码变异,新发、致病性变异。结论生长迟缓、喂养困难伴发育迟缓及特殊面容的患儿可行遗传学诊断。     

MTOR基因变异致Smith-Kingsmore综合征2例并文献复习

目的总结MTOR基因变异致Smith-Kingsmore综合征的临床表型及遗传学特点。方法回顾性分析2018年4月至2021年4月在西安市儿童医院明确诊断的2例MTOR基因变异致Smith-Kingsmore综合征患儿的临床资料。以"MTOR"和"Smith-Kingsmore"为关键词分别在中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据知识服务平台、PubMed、OMIM进行检索(建库至2021年8月), 总结MTOR基因变异特点及其导致Smith-Kingsmore综合征患儿的临床特点。结果 2例患儿均为女性, 分别为1岁6月龄和2岁, 发病年龄均在婴儿期, 均表现为全面发育迟缓、巨头畸形及面容异常, 全外显子基因检测均发现MTOR基因新发杂合变异, 1例携带c.5395G>A(p.Glu1799Lys), 另1例携带c.7234G>C(p.Asp2412His)。文献检索未见中文文献, 国外文献报道具有详细表型的MTOR基因变异致Smith-Kingsmore综合征患者45例, 共发现11个基因变异, 均为杂合错义变异, 28例(62%)患者携带c.5395G>A(p...     

高IgE综合征2例临床及基因分析

目的探讨DOCK8基因变异导致的反复感染型高IgE综合征的临床及遗传特征。方法回顾分析2例高IgE综合征患儿的临床资料,包括高通量测序分析,致病位点Sanger验证,以及外周血DOCK8基因表达水平。结果男女患儿各1例,分别为5岁2个月和4岁8个月。2例患儿均因反复感染、持续皮疹或脓疱等就诊。患儿无特殊面容,血清IgE水平显著升高,外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞水平明显上升。全外显子测序分析发现女性患儿的DOCK8基因存在IVS2+1GA和c.1729GA(p.A577T)复合杂合变异,分别来自其父母。男性患儿的DOCK8基因存在父源c.2248GA(p.E750K)和母源c.1685TG(p.L562R)复合杂合变异。生物信息学分析发现p.A577T、p.E750K以及p.L562R三个错义变异在不同的物种之间保守。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示女性患儿外周血中DOCK8基因表达水平显著降低。结论 DOCK8基因变异是感染型高IgE综合征的常见病因,扩大了DOCK8基因变异谱。     

原因不明矮小症致病基因研究(附77例报告)

目的应用靶向捕获二代测序技术检测原因不明矮小症致病基因,并分析其与临床表型的相关性。方法收集2007年至2015年在上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院儿内科就诊的临床诊断为原因不明矮小症77例患儿的临床资料。制备包括与生长相关的187个基因编码区序列的基因panel,对77例患儿进行二代测序,根据美国医学遗传学与基因组学学会(ACMG)指南评判变异位点,筛选出致病基因,并通过Sanger测序验证,分析患儿基因型和临床表型相关性。结果检测到5例存在致病性变异;1例存在可能致病性变异;1例变异意义不明确。这7种变异均为杂合。1例ACAN基因存在致病性变异p.D2407fs,表现为矮小及骨龄偏大;3例发现PTPN11基因存在已知致病性变异,分别为p.A72G、p.I282V和p.P491S,确诊为Noonan综合征;1例COL2A1基因存在已知致病性变异p.R904C,确诊为Stickler综合征;1例COMP基因存在可能致病性变异p.D401N,可造成多发性骨骺发育不良;1例为家族性矮小患儿,发现GHSR基因新发杂合变异p.S289Y,其骨龄发育落后,基因型与临床表型一致,目前评判意义不明确。结论发现ACAN基因杂合缺陷与骨龄发育超前的特发性矮小相关。COMP基因p.D401N变异,可能与多发性骨骺发育不良有关。GHSR基因新发杂合变异p.S289Y,可能导致矮小,须进一步功能实验验证。     

马凡综合征2例临床及FBN1基因分析

目的探讨马凡综合征(MFS)的临床特点及其致病基因原纤维蛋白-1(FBN1)突变的特点。方法回顾分析2例MFS患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果例1患儿,男,1岁10个月,特殊面容,双下眼睑水肿,高腭弓、手指及足趾细长;双肺闻及少许湿啰音,心尖部闻及收缩期杂音;彩色超声心动图示主动脉冠状窦扩张,主、肺动脉增宽,左心室憩室,二尖瓣少量反流,三尖瓣中量反流;心电图显示不完全右束支传导阻滞;基因检测FBN1基因存在c.3037GA突变(p.Gly1013Arg)。例2患儿,男,12岁,体型瘦长,四肢表现为蜘蛛样指/趾,高度近视,主动脉瓣第一、二听诊区可闻及2/6级收缩期及舒张期杂音;心脏彩超示主动脉窦部明显增宽,主动脉瓣关闭不全,肺动脉瓣轻度返流,左室增大;基因检测FBN1存在c.1876GA杂合突变(p.Gly626Arg),该突变未见报道。结论 FBN1基因检测可确诊MFS,发现一新突变c.1876GA(p.Gly626Arg)。     

儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病2 例临床分析

目的分析儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病(VWD)的临床特征及基因变异。方法回顾分析2例VWD患儿的临床资料,采用免疫比浊法检测血管性血友病因子(VWF)活性。采集患者及其父母的外周血,通过高通量基因测序,分析F7、F8、F9、F11、VWF基因全部外显子编码区和剪接区的变异情况。采用PCR结合Sanger测序的方法,分析VWF基因位点的变异情况。结果 2例男性患儿,分别为1岁和2岁,临床表现以皮肤黏膜出血为主,血管性血友病因子活性(VWF:Act)分别为5.0%及2.8%。例1血浆因子Ⅷ凝血活性(FⅧ:C)1.9%、血浆因子ⅩⅡ凝血活性(FⅩⅡ:C)43.2%;例2 FⅧ:C 23%。例1 VWF基因检测到c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)纯合变异;父母均为杂合变异。例2 VWF基因检测到c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)和c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)杂合变异,分别来自其父亲、母亲。c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)变异与3型VWD相关;c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)变异率极低,与1型VWD相关;c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)变异未见报道,SIFT、Polyphen和MutationTaster均预测其有致病性。2例患儿经止血及替代治疗后,病情均有所好转。结论经基因检测确诊重型1型和3型VWD各1例,并发现VWF基因c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)新发变异。     

AVPR2 基因变异致先天性肾性尿崩症2 例报告并文献复习

目的探讨先天性肾性尿崩症的临床特点、基因诊断及治疗。方法回顾分析2例先天性肾性尿崩症患儿的临床资料。结果 2例男性患儿分别为5岁和3岁2个月,均以多饮多尿、生长迟缓为主要表现。经禁水-加压素试验证实为持续低比重尿。尿崩症相关基因检测发现,例1患儿精氨酸加压素受体2(AVPR2)基因外显子2杂合错义突变c.650CT(p.P217L),且为新发变异。例2患儿AVPR2基因外显子1及外显子2缺失,亦为新发变异,其母亲为携带者,父亲AVPR2基因未见异常变异。对新发的变异位点通过Mutation-taster及Polyphen2软件预测为致病性变异。2例患儿口服氢氯噻嗪联合吲哚美辛治疗1年,尿量及夜尿减少,无电解质紊乱及肾功能受损等。结论 AVPR2基因为先天性肾性尿崩症的主要致病基因,发现2种国内外未见报道的新变异位点。     

限制型心肌病患儿致病基因检测1例报告

目的分析TNNI3基因变异致可疑限制型心肌病的临床表型及基因型。方法回顾分析1例可疑限制型心肌病患儿的临床资料。结果患儿为4岁8月龄女孩,因咳嗽、发热,心电图异常入院。患儿心电图示双心房负荷重,左心室高电压;超声心动图示全心扩大,室壁运动减弱;心功能不全;少量心包积液;二尖瓣关闭不全(中量反流);肺动脉高压。患儿于入院2个月前曾有上楼时口唇发绀史。基因检测提示患儿存在TNNI 3基因c.575G>A杂合变异,其父母未携带该变异,属于新发变异。该变异使TNNI 3基因192位的精氨酸被组氨酸取代。多物种对比发现该位点具有高度保守性。各种预测软件提示该变异为有害变异。结论TNNI3基因c.575G>A(p.Arg192His)杂合变异很可能是本例患儿的致病变异。     

儿童Alstrom 综合征1 例报告及文献复习

目的分析罕见的Alstrom综合征的临床特征,及诊断和治疗。方法回顾1例Alstrom综合征患儿的临床资料及二代测序检测ALMS1基因分析结果,并复习相关文献。结果 12岁10个月的女性患儿,自出生1个月余患扩张性心肌病,之后逐渐出现、肥胖、视神经疾患、感音神经性听力下降、血糖偏高、月经不规则。实验室检查显示,存在高雄激素水平、高血糖、高血脂、脂肪肝表现。高通量测序分析证实存在ALMS1基因突变,c.5418del C,p.Y1807Tfs*23的杂合移码变异,c.10549CT,p.Q3517*的杂合无义变异;其中,c.5418del C为首次报道的新变异。结论 Alstrom综合征为常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,主要表现为多脏器功能减退、代谢综合征等,可通过基因检测确诊。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.