儿童无症状血尿肾穿刺指征探讨

目的探讨无症状血尿儿童的肾穿刺指征。方法回顾分析485例无症状血尿儿童的肾脏病理类型。根据血尿程度及有无合并蛋白尿将入组患儿分为,镜下血尿组、肉眼血尿组和血尿合并蛋白尿组;其中镜下血尿组再根据血尿程度分为尿红细胞15/HPF组,15~30/HPF组和30/HPF组。结果 485例患儿中,男227例、女258例,平均(7.23±2.93)岁;镜下血尿组318例,最常见病理类型为轻微病变(64.8%),其次为局灶性肾小球病变(16.7%)和局灶节段性肾小球硬化(8.2%);肉眼血尿组119例,最常见病理类型也是轻微病变(26.1%),其次为Ig A肾病(24.4%)和系膜增生性肾小球疾病(20.2%);血尿合并蛋白尿组48例,最常见病理类型为Ig A肾病(29.2%)和轻微病变(29.2%)。镜下血尿组、肉眼血尿组和血尿合并蛋白尿组的病理类型分布差异有统计学意义(χ~2=152.03,P0.001);其中镜下血尿组的轻微病变比例最高;IgA肾病和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎比例在在肉眼血尿和血尿合并蛋白尿组中比例较高。镜下血尿组中,尿红细胞15/HPF组149例,(15~30)/HPF组96例,30/HPF组73例,三组间病理类型构成差异无统计学意义(χ~2=15.18,P=0.512);最常见病理类型均为轻微病变。结论无症状血尿者中,为肉眼血尿或者血尿合并蛋白尿者应尽早行肾穿刺明确病理诊断。     

儿童新月体性IgA肾病临床与病理分析

目的 了解儿童原发性新月体性IgA肾病的临床、病理和免疫病理的特征 方法 分析9例儿童原发 性新月体性IgA肾病患儿的临床、病理和免疫病理资料,进行疗效观察及随访 结果 临床表现为肾病综合征5例, 急进性肾炎3例,无症状性血尿和蛋白尿1例。尿蛋白均>2 g／d,其中>3 g／d者7例:有持续性肉眼血尿8例,其中>2 周者7例;肾功能减退苦8例,其中5例仅内生肌酐清除率(CCr)轻度下降者;伴高血压7例 9例肾病理均有不同程 度的弥漫性系膜增生和小管-间质病变,平均74.5％肾小球有新月体形成,半数病例可见球囊粘连、小球硬化、节段内 皮增生和间质灶状纤维化。免疫荧光无1例单纯IgA型,IgA M和IgA M G型占55.6％,4例呈"满堂亮"。8例经大剂 量甲基泼尼松龙冲击2~4个疗程治疗,肉眼血尿、高血压全部消失,肾功能恢复正常,蛋白尿有不同程度改善 7例随 访3~18个月,3例尿蛋白正常,2例轻度蛋白尿(<1 g／d),尿蛋白>3 g／d者2例 结论 本组儿童原发性新月体性IgA 肾病临床以肾病综合征为主,持续性肉眼血尿和大量蛋白尿突出,肾功能减退程度不一;肾小球、小管和间质均有急、 慢性病理改变,球囊粘连、小球硬化和间质纤维化易见,免疫病理以IgA合并IgM、IgG沉积为主,可见"满堂亮"现象 及时大剂量甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗,短期疗效好。     

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目的分析无症状尿检异常患儿的肾脏病理,了解无症状尿检异常患儿的病理改变和临床表现的关系。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院儿内肾脏科2004年1月至2010年12月172例无症状尿检异常患儿临床资料,根据尿检结果分为单纯性血尿组(149例,86.6%)、单纯性蛋白尿组(7例,4.1%)和血尿合并蛋白尿组(16例,9.3%),所有患儿排除感染、结石、肿瘤及继发性肾炎并进行肾活检作光镜、免疫病理和电镜检查。结果 172例患儿的病理分型显示:肾小球轻微病变115例(66.9%)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化22例(12.8%)、IgA肾病13例(7.6%)、局灶球性肾小球硬化11例(6.4%)、薄基膜病4例(2.3%)、其他7例(4.1%)。血尿合并蛋白尿组中肾小球轻微病变占31.3%,IgA肾病占50%。单纯性血尿组中肉眼血尿患儿的肾脏病理中肾小球轻微病变和局灶节段性肾小球硬化分别占56.3%和25.0%。结论幼儿园入园尿检和入学尿检有利于早期发现慢性肾脏疾病。尿检异常中单纯性血尿需要密切随访,血尿合并蛋白尿和肉眼血尿患儿的应尽早进行肾组织穿刺活检。     

肉眼血尿对尿液化验结果的影响

目的探讨肉眼血尿对尿液多项化验检查结果的影响。方法回顾分析比较2014年1月至2015年12月间收治的80例有明显肉眼血尿的IgA肾病(IgAN)患儿、40例急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎(APSGN)患儿,分别在肉眼血尿期间、肉眼血尿消失后送检尿常规、尿蛋白定量、尿白蛋白定量、尿蛋白/肌酐、尿钙定量、尿钙/肌酐、肾早期损伤指标和尿蛋白电泳的变化情况。结果 IgAN和APSGN两组患儿在肉眼血尿期间的尿蛋白定量、尿蛋白/肌酐、尿钙定量、尿钙/肌酐和尿小分子蛋白百分比水平较肉眼血尿消失后明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);而尿白蛋白定量、肾早期损伤各指标(如微量白蛋白、α1微球蛋白水平、N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶)、血钙/肌酐、尿白蛋白百分比水平与肉眼血尿消失后比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。肉眼血尿期间,IgAN和APSGN两组患儿的尿蛋白定量水平均高于尿白蛋白定量水平(P0.001);而肉眼血尿消失后,两组患儿的尿蛋白定量与尿白蛋白定量水平之间的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肉眼血尿时尿蛋白、尿钙定量结果均偏高,而尿白蛋白定量则不受影响。     

伴有新月体形成的原发性IgA肾病的临床与病理分析

目的了解儿童伴有新月体形成的原发性IgA肾病的临床与病理特点.方法对29例伴新月体形成的原发性IgA肾病患儿的临床及病理资料进行分析,并依受新月体累及的肾小球比例分组比较,≥50%(A组),9例;<50%(B组),20例.结果 (1)临床方面29例均有血尿+蛋白尿,尿蛋白≥1 g/24 h 者22例(76%)和肉眼血尿86%,水肿、高血压、肾功能异常者均不及半数.A组以肾病综合征和急进性肾炎为主,持续性肉眼血尿、大量蛋白尿、高血压、肾功能衰竭均较B组明显(P<0.05).B组无症状性血尿+蛋白尿者65% .(2)病理方面新月体形成累及肾小球5%～85%, A组为52%～85%(其中新月体型IgA 肾病10%),B组5%～40%,以细胞性为主.均有系膜增生和小管-间质病变,球囊粘连易见. 两组比较A组系膜增生严重、小球硬化和小管灶状萎缩明显(P<0.05),B组球囊粘连多见(P<0.05).(3)免疫荧光均有IgA+IgM+C3沉积,合并IgG沉积者18例(62%),其中5例(17%)为"满堂亮"(A组占4例).未见一例单纯IgA沉积.结论伴有新月体形成的原发性IgA肾病临床均有血尿合并蛋白尿,以持续性肉眼血尿和大量蛋白尿为主;以弥漫性系膜增生为主要病理改变,易见球囊粘连和小管-间质病变;沉积物以IgA+IgM型或IgA+IgM+IgG型多见,部分呈"满堂亮";较一般型IgA肾病临床、病理明显加重.     

以原发性肾病综合征为表现的系膜增生性肾炎106例分析

为探讨表现为原发性肾病综合征 (PNS)的系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)治疗、疗效和预后 ,将106例PNS患儿按临床分为单纯型和肾炎型两组。按病理分为单纯MsPGN和非单纯MsPGN(MsPGN伴局灶性节段肾小球硬化或/和肾小管间质病变 ) ,并对临床和病理资料进行分析和总结。结果表明 ,72例经泼尼松8周治疗后获缓解 ;单纯型和肾炎型肾病两组之间泼尼松完全效应无明显差异 (χ2=1.19,P>0.05) ,单纯MsPGN组完全效应明显高于非单纯MsPGN组 (χ2=25.6,P<0.01) ,辅以环磷酰胺冲击治疗 (CTX_PT)可提高疗效 ,提示临床分型有其局限性。MsPGN若合并局灶节段肾小球硬化或/和肾小管间质病变者预后不容乐观。     

过敏性紫癜肾炎的临床与病理分析

目的　回顾性分析经肾活检证实为紫癜肾炎 (HSPN) 2 0例患儿临床、病理特点。方法　根据不同肾小球或肾小管 间质病理分型将 2 0例过敏性紫癜性肾炎患儿分组 ,并比较、分析临床特点。结果　肾小球病理改变为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级 2型 ,病例在起病年龄、性别、临床分型、肾外症状等方面差异无显著性意义 ,但Ⅲ级组蛋白尿排出显著多于Ⅱ级组、肾小管 间质病变程度也显著重于Ⅱ级组 ,此外HSPN组尿微量蛋白、血浆IgA、C3 浓度等较正常对照组显著增高。结论　紫癜肾炎大部分患儿均同时存在肾小球及肾小管病变 ,两者基本病变相平行 ,与临床表现存在相关性     

儿童急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎与C3肾小球病的临床分析

目的探讨儿童急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎(APSGN)和C3肾小球病(C3G)的临床特点, 提高对不典型APSGN患儿中C3G的认识和诊治水平。方法对2016年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的病初符合APSGN诊断的100例患儿资料进行回顾性分析, 最终诊断为APSGN者73例(APSGN组), 诊断为C3G者27例(C3G组), 采用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验及χ2检验比较分析2组患儿的临床表现、实验室结果、治疗和预后。结果 APSGN和C3G病初均可有链球菌感染史, 2组发病年龄与性别差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。APSGN和C3G病初的临床表现有时难以区分, 但C3G组肉眼血尿发生率(92.6%比69.8%)、肾病水平蛋白尿发生率(66.7%比30.1%)均高于APSGN组(χ2=5.583、10.960, 均P<0.05)。实验室检查中, APSGN组与C3G组相比, 白蛋白水平较高[(36.3±7.4) g/L比(28.9±6.8) g/L], 三酰甘油[(1.2±0.6) mmol/L比(1.6±0.7) mmol/L...     

37例儿童IgA肾病临床与病理分析

为了探讨IgA肾病的临床与病理改变的关系,对37例IgA肾病进行临床分型并与肾小球、肾小管间质改变及免疫病理特点的关系进行比较。结果：临床分型中单纯血尿（血尿）18例占49%,肾百闻不如一见 综合征（肾病）14例占38%,血尿和蛋白尿3例占8%,肾炎综合征（肾炎）2例占5％,肾小球病理损害以Ⅲ级为主占厮４％,临床各型与肾小球病理损害无相关性。肾小管间质改变２４例,血尿组７例占３９％,其中Ｉ级为４３％,Ⅱ级为５７％,肾病组均有改变,其中Ⅱ级１１例占７８％,Ⅲ级３例占２２％,血尿和蛋白尿组2例占66%,肾炎组1例占50%,免疫病理改变为IgA16例,IgAG6例,IgAM10例,IgAGM5例,血尿组以单纯IgA沉积为主占66%,肾病组则以IgAM型为主占50%,提示IgA肾病临床以单纯血尿为主,其次为肾病综合征;肾小球病理损害程度与临床分型无相关性,但肾病组肾小管间质均有改变且程度也较血尿组为重。免疫病理血尿组以单纯IgA为主,而肾病组以IaAM为主。     

儿童IgM肾病与IgA肾病临床和病理的对比研究

目的比较IgM肾病(IgMN)与IgA肾病(IgAN)患儿在临床及病理方面的异同。方法对经肾活检确诊的38例IgMN及40例IgAN患儿的临床表现、实验室检查及肾脏病理进行对比分析。结果 IgMN患儿的平均发病年龄小于IgAN患儿,平均肾活检前病程长于IgAN患儿,肉眼血尿发生率、尿IgG及尿白蛋白水平均低于IgAN患儿,同时严重肾小球损伤发生率也低于IgAN患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。IgMN患儿中,有严重肾小球损伤患儿的血清白蛋白水平更低而尿白蛋白水平更高,与无严重肾小球损伤的同组患儿比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);有严重肾小管损伤患儿以男性多见,肉眼血尿发生率、尿白蛋白和N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄苷酶(NAG)水平以及出现基底膜厚薄异常的比例高于无严重肾小管损伤的患儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),但发生严重肾小球损伤的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在IgAN患儿中,有严重肾小球损伤患儿的蛋白尿、肾小管见RBC管型、C3及Fibrinogen显著沉积和足突融合的发生率均高于无严重肾小球损伤的同组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);有严重肾小管损伤的患儿的肾功能受损程度、出现重度系膜细胞增生及肾小球纤维硬化情况比无严重肾小管损伤的同组患儿更严重,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童IgMN与IgAN在临床和病理方面存在差异,IgMN肾脏损伤程度较IgAN轻。与IgAN不同,IgMN患儿的肾小管损伤与肾小球损伤无平行关系。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.