TACE与CT引导下射频消融术序贯疗法治疗小肝癌

目的探讨TACE与CT引导下射频消融术序贯疗法治疗小肝癌的疗效。方法我院于2015年1月至2016年3月收治的小肝癌患者96例,均给予TACE治疗,并于30 d后在CT引导下行射频消融术序贯疗法治疗,对治疗前后肿瘤体积的变化进行比较,并统计其并发症的发生情况。结果本组患者共发现136个病灶,经治疗全部消融。术后12个月患者的肿瘤病灶完全坏死率为95.59%。14例发生并发症,发生率为14.58%,经对症治疗后好转。结论采用TACE与CT引导下射频消融术序贯疗法治疗小肝癌可以有效消除病灶,且并发症较少,具有显著的近期疗效。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合射频消融治疗原发性肝癌的近期疗效及血清学指标观察

正原发性肝癌是我国最常见恶性肿瘤之一,起病隐匿,早期无典型症状,多数患者就诊时已失去手术治疗的最佳时机~([1])。目前,对于无法手术切除的肝癌患者,肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)已成为其首选治疗方法之一。但单纯行TACE具有复发率较高、病灶坏死率较低等不利结果,临床多采用TACE联合射频消融(RFA)治疗方案~([2])。为进一步探讨TACE联合RFA治疗原发性肝癌的价值,本研究对患者的血清学指标进     

原发性肝癌综合介入治疗现状与困惑

由于起病隐匿,肝癌发现时仅有20%~30%的患者有机会接受外科切除或肝移植治疗。目前,介入治疗已成为中期和部分晚期肝癌的首选方案,并且越来越多的学者认识到肝癌综合介入治疗的重要性和必要性。以经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)为主,联合多种方法(TACE联合局部治疗、TACE序贯手术治疗、TACE联合全身治疗)的综合介入治疗模式使得肝癌治疗手段更加丰富且疗效更佳。但联合治疗的适应证、时机选择以及治疗后复发、转移等问题仍需要未来进一步探索和研究。     

射频消融治疗肝肿瘤

目前，手术切除仍是肝肿瘤治疗最有效的方祛，但７０％肝肿瘤患者就诊时已失去切除机会；即使３０％患者病灶能够手术切除，但因创伤大，并发症多，术后复发率高，其疗效也不尽满意。近十年来，肝肿瘤间质消融疗法以其微创、方便、疗效确实、治疗后恢复快、可多次重复的特点在国内外飞速发展，这些方法包括冷冻、高强度聚焦超声、微波、激光和射频等，其中射频消融（ｒａｄｉｏ－ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙａｂｌａｔｉｏｎ、ＲＦＡ）被认为是最具前景的方法之一。 １．ＲＦＡ的基本原理：射频消融治疗肿瘤的基本原理是利用频率为４６０ｋＨｚ～５…     

射频消融联合同步TACE治疗老年肝癌的疗效

目的探讨射频消融同步经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗老年肝癌的可行性。方法选取老年原发性肝癌患者152例,按照病案号的单双号分为观察组和对照组各76例。观察组给予射频消融同步TACE治疗;对照组先行TACE治疗,1~2 w后再行射频消融治疗。比较两组患者生存情况、甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平、治疗前后肿瘤体积、肿瘤完全坏死率、并发症发生情况。结果观察组患者1年和2年生存率均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。两组AFP阳性患者中治疗前AFP水平之间无明显差异;治疗后12个月时观察组AFP水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗前两组患者肿瘤体积之间无明显差异;治疗后3、6、12个月观察组患者肿瘤体积均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。对照组患者肿瘤完全坏死率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者并发症发生率之间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论射频消融联合同步TACE治疗老年原发性肝癌与先行TACE治疗相比疗效更佳,且具有较好的安全性,在临床老年肝癌患者的治疗中具有较好的可行性。     

经肝动脉化疗栓塞联合局部消融治疗外科术后复发性肝癌的预后分析

目的 探讨外科术后复发性肝癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合局部消融治疗的临床疗效及影响预后的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月—2020年12月于宁夏医科大学总医院接受TACE联合局部消融治疗的47例外科术后复发性肝癌患者的资料。局部消融治疗后开始随访,评价近期疗效并随访其生存情况。对可能影响预后的因素作单因素及多因素分析,单因素分析运用Kaplan-Meier模型及log-rank检验分析,多因素分析采用Cox比例风险回归模型。结果 47例外科术后复发性肝癌患者治疗后3个月,总体有效率(ORR)为89.3%,疾病控制率(DCR)为95.7%;6、12、18、24个月总生存率分别为95.70%、76.40%、63.30%、58.00%。单因素分析及Cox比例风险回归显示：肿瘤边界不规整(RR=3.938,95%CI:1.709～9.073,P=0.005)和肿瘤位置临近危险区域(大血管、空腔脏器等)(RR=3.202,95%CI:1.415～7.245,P=0.001)与患者术后生存相关。结论 TACE联合局部消融是治疗外科术后复发性肝癌的一种较为有效的治疗方式。肿瘤边界不完整...     

经肝动脉碘化油—无水乙醇混合剂栓塞消融术治疗中晚期肝癌的研究进展

原发性肝癌是最常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一,大多数患者确诊时已处于中晚期,失去外科手术的最佳时机.不能手术切除的中晚期肝癌患者生存期为3～6个月[1].目前,介入治疗是不可切除中晚期肝癌的主要治疗方法,其中经肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术(TACE)被公认为是肝癌非手术切除的首选方法.但近年研究发现,其近期疗效显著,远期疗效并不理想.为了提高晚期肝癌患者的远期疗效,有学者将碘化油与无水乙醇混合成乳剂后经肝动脉注入治疗肝癌,取得了较好的效果.本文结合文献分析了TACE、经肝动脉碘化油一无水乙醇混合剂栓塞消融术(TEA)的优缺点.现综述如下.     

两种微创疗法对中晚期原发性肝癌患者生存率、甲胎蛋白水平及术后并发症的影响

目的:探讨微波消融和射频消融分别联合经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)对中晚期原发性肝癌患者生存率、AFP水平及术后并发症的影响。方法:研究对象选取中晚期原发性肝癌患者共120例,以随机数字表法分为对照组(60例)和观察组(60例),分别采用微波消融术和射频消融术联合TACE治疗;比较两组患者疾病控制率(DCR),客观环节率(ORR),随访生存率和复发率、治疗前后KPS评分、肝功能水平、AFP水平及术后并发症发生率。结果:两组患者ORR、DCR、随访生存率及复发率比较差异无显著性(P0.05);观察组患者治疗后KPS显著高于对照组、治疗前(P0.05);观察组患者治疗后肝功能指标水平均显著优于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者治疗后AFP水平显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组患者术后并发症发生率比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论:两种微创疗法治疗中晚期原发性肝癌在临床疗效和安全性方面较为接近;但射频消融术+TACE方案有助于改善患者日常生活质量,降低肝脏功能损伤程度,更具临床应用价值。     

肝肿瘤热消融的规范化治疗

热消融已成为同手术切除、肝移植治疗肝癌的三大根治方法,其疗效及微创性越来越受到重视。然而中国肝癌须行消融治疗的患者多数肝功能差,治疗难度大,复发率高而影响疗效及普及推广。重点简述影像指导下肝肿瘤热消融规范化治疗的原则和方案策略,旨在提高疗效及本项技术的安全性。     

微波消融治疗对肝癌患者免疫功能的影响

近10多年来,随着临床中微波技术的成熟应用及配套技术的进展,微波消融已成为目前治疗肝癌的微创方法之一,与手术切除不同之处在于消融后肿瘤组织仍残留在体内。国外研究表明,微波消融治疗肝癌时热消融除可直接杀灭癌细胞外,还可刺激机体产生抗肿瘤免疫效应。但国内关于微波     

Transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment: Barcelona clinic liver cancer staging system

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),the fifth most common cancer that predominantly occurs in liver cirrhosis patients,requires staging systems to design treatments. The barcelona clinic liver cancer staging system(BCLC) is the most commonly used HCC management guideline. For BCLC stage B(intermediate HCC),transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) is the standard treatment. Many studies support the use of TACE in early and advanced HCC patients. For BCLC stage 0(very early HCC),TACE could be an alternative for patients unsuitable for radiofrequency ablation(RFA) or hepatic resection. In patients with BCLC stage A,TACE plus RFA provides better local tumor control than RFA alone. TACE can serve as bridge therapy for patients awaiting liver transplantation. For patients with BCLC B,TACE provides survival benefits compared with supportive care options. However,because of the substantial heterogeneity in the patient population with this stage,a better patient stratification system is needed to select the best candidates for TACE. Sorafenib represents the first line treatment in patients with BCLC C stage HCC. Sorafenib plus TACE has shown a demonstrable effect in delaying tumor progression. Additionally,TACE plus radiotherapy has yielded better survival in patients with HCC and portal venous thrombosis. Considering these observations together,TACE clearly has a critical role in the treatment of HCC as a stand-alone or combination therapy in each stage of HCC. Diverse treatment modalities should be used for patients with HCC and a better patient stratification system should be developed to select the best candidates for TACE.     

Combined locoregional treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: state of the art

In recent years, a combination of intervention therapies has been widely applied in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). One such combined strategy is based on the combination of the percutaneous approach, such as radiofrequency ablation(RFA), and the intra-arterial locoregional approach, such as trans-arterial chemoembolization(TACE). Several types of evidence have supported the feasibility and benefit of combined therapy, despite some studies reporting conflicting results and outcomes. The aim of this review was to explain the technical aspects of different combined treatments and to comprehensively analyze and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of this combined treatment option and monotherapy, either as TACE or RFA alone, in order to provide clinicians with an unbiased opinion and valuable information. Based on a literature review and our experience, combined treatment seems to be a safe and effective option in the treatment of patients with early/intermediate HCC when surgical resection is not feasible; furthermore, this approach provides better results than RFA and TACE alone for the treatment of large HCC, defined as those exceeding 3 cm in size. It can also expand the indication for RFA to previously contraindicated "complex cases", with increased risk of thermal ablation related complications due to tumor location, or to "complex patients" with high bleeding risk.     

Comparison of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation, and conservative treatment for decompensated cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To compare the therapeutic effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization （TACE), laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (LRFA), and conservative treatment for the therapy of decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC).METHODS:Between October 2000 and July 2003, one hundred patients with histologically proven primary HCC and clinical decompensated liver cirrhosis (Child classification B or C) were included in this study. Forty patients received LRFA (LRFA group), twenty received TACE (TACE group),and forty received conservative treatment (control group).We compared the survival, recurrence, and complication rates in these three groups, making adjustment using the tumor metastastic node staging system.RESULTS:The major complication rate in the TACE group (9/20) was significantly higher than that in the LRFA group (7/40). For patients with TMN stage Ⅱ HCC, the survival rate of the LRFA group was better than that of the TACE and control groups (P=0.003) but the recurrence rates befween the LRFA and TACE groups did not differ.CONCLUSION: The LRFA group of patients had betterclinical outcomes in terms of survival and complication rates in comparison with the TACE group or conservative treatment in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, especially in TMN patients with stage Ⅱ HCC. LRFA is thus an appropriate alternative treatment for poor liver function among patientswith HCC.     

Intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma: How to choose the best treatment modality?

Intermediate stage, or stage B according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer classification, of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprises a heterogeneous population with different tumor burden and liver function. This heterogeneity is confirmed by the large variability of treatment choice and disease-relate survival. The aim of this review was to highlight the existing evidences regarding this specific topic. In a multidisciplinary evaluation, patients with large (> 5 cm) solitary HCC should be firstly considered for liver resection (LR). When LR is unfeasible, locoregional treatments are evaluable therapeutic options, being transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), the most used procedure. Percutaneous ablation can be an evaluable treatment for large HCC. However, the efficacy of all ablative procedures decrease as tumor size increases over 3 cm. In clinical practice, a combination treatment strategy [TACE or transarterial radioembolization (TARE)-plus percutaneous ablation] is “a priori” preferred in a relevant percentage of these patients. On the other hands, sorafenib is the treatment of choice in patients who are unsuitable to surgery and/or with a contraindication to locoregional treatments. In multifocal HCC, TACE is the first-line treatment. The role of TARE is still undefined. Surgery may have also a role in the treatment of multifocal HCC in selected cases (patients with up to three nodules, multifocal HCC involving 2-3 adjacent liver segments). In some patients with bilobar disease the combination of LR and ablative treatment may be a valuable option. The choice of the best treatment in the patient with intermediate stage HCC should be “patient-tailored” and made by a multidisciplinary team.     

Management of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract   Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common and difficult-to-treat malignant tumor. Surgical interventions are feasible in only a small proportion of patients, and non-surgical therapy has been frequently administered to patients with inoperable HCC. Various modalities of loco-regional therapy have gained much interest during the past decade. Among them, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), percutaneous injection of ethanol (PEI) or acetic acid (PAI), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) are effective treatment options. TACE can target multiple hypervascular tumors but has the potential risk of inducing hepatic or renal failure. PEI is a well-established method for small (< 3 cm) HCC, and PAI has the advantage over PEI as being more effective with fewer treatment sessions. RFA has excellent tumor ablation ability, and has been extended to treat medium- or large-sized HCC. However, the overall complication rate may be higher than previously assumed. MCT is similar to RFA in its clinical application and adverse effects. Although combination therapy often achieves a higher response rate, the side-effects may also be additive. Other therapies, such as injection of hot saline or yttrium-90 microspheres, interstitial laser photocoagulation and cryoablation are seldom used nowadays. Thalidomide may be useful in a minority of HCC patients, whereas radiotherapy, chemotherapy and tamoxifen are generally ineffective. In conclusion, although long-term survival in patients with inoperable HCC is possible in selected patients, the overall prognosis remains unsatisfactory, especially in those with aggressive tumor behavior. Newer antitumor therapy with better treatment efficacy is urgently needed. Information of the design for a more comprehensive approach using the existing therapeutic options may help refine the treatment strategy.     

Hepatocellular carcinoma and octreotide: treatment results in prospectively assigned patients with advanced tumor and cirrhosis stage

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major clinical problem. The only efficient treatment options are percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), radiofrequency ablation (RF) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), but these therapies are only applicable to patients with limited tumor spread and sufficient liver function. For patients with advanced tumor and poor liver function a systemic therapy is required. Octreotide, a somatostatin analog with antimitotic activity, is a controversial treatment option. METHODS: In the current study we prospectively assigned a group of 41 HCC patients with advanced HCC and cirrhosis stage to treatment with octreotide. The clinical and laboratory parameters were monitored and survival was analyzed using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: The medium survival in the group of all patients was 571 days. Using the Cox regression there was a significant difference in survival for alpha-fetoprotein (P = 0.026) and Quick's test (P = 0.009) in consideration of the tumor dimension compared to the other characteristics. The tumor remained stable in 26 patients over a mean follow-up of 21 months and progressed in 14 patients. One patient showed a partial response. There was no incidence of severe side-effects (WHO grade 3-4). During the follow-up time, 14 patients died because of their underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with octreotide appears safe and patients show similar survival compared to a group of patients with advanced HCC treated with TACE. Further studies are necessary to investigate somatostatin receptor subtypes or receptor mutations of patients with advanced HCC in relation to their response.     

Treatment and outcomes of treating of hepatocellular carcinoma among Medicare recipients in the United States: a population-based study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There are several treatment alternatives available for patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Yet, neither the extent to which potentially curative or palliative therapy is used to treat HCC, nor the determinants of using such therapies are known. Further, it is unclear how effective different modalities are for treating HCC. METHODS: We used the linked SEER-Medicare dataset to identify patients diagnosed with HCC between 1992 and 1999.We identified 2963 patients with continuous Medicare enrollment who were not enrolled in a Medicare-HMO. HCC treatments were categorized as potentially curative therapy (resection, transplant, local ablation), or palliative (trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE), chemotherapy), and no therapy. Demographic (age, sex, race, geographic region), clinical (comorbidity, risk factors and severity of liver disease) and tumor factors (tumor size, extent of disease) were examined as potential determinants of therapy, as well as survival in univariate and multivariable analyses. Survival curves were also generated and compared among the different treatment modalities. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 74 years (range: 32-105), and most patients (91%) were older than 65 years. Approximately 68% were White, 10% Black, 4% Hispanic, 8% Asian, and 9% were of other race. Thirteen percent of the patients received potentially curative therapy (transplant 0.9%, resection 8.2%, local ablation 4.1%), 4% received TACE, 57% received other palliative therapy, and 26% received no specific therapy. Only 34% of 513 patients with single lesions, and 34% of 143 patients with lesions <3.0 cm received potentially curative therapy. However, 19.2% of patients with unfavorable tumor features (lesion >10.0 cm) received such therapy. Among patients who received potentially curative therapy (n=392), resection was the most common procedure (n=243, 62%) followed by local ablation (n=122, 31%) and finally transplantation (n=27, 7%). In regression analyses, geographic variations in the extent and type of curative therapy persisted after adjusting for demographic, clinical, and tumor features. Median overall survival was 104 days following HCC diagnosis with the longest survival in the transplant group (852 days) and the shortest survival in the group with no treatment (58 days). In the survival analysis, transplantation led to the longest survival, followed by resection. Neither ablation nor TACE yielded prolonged survival (3 year survival was less than 10%). CONCLUSIONS: In this predominantly 65 years and older Medicare population, there are marked geographic variations in the management of HCC that seem to be at least as important as clinical and tumor-related features in determining the extent and type of HCC therapy. There is underutilization of potentially curative therapy, even among those with favorable tumor features.     

Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma

The role of liver transplantation (LT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has evolved over the past two decades, and transplantation has become one of the few curative treatment modalities for patients with HCC. Early results were poor, but the current restrictive selection criteria can yield excellent results. This review will discuss recent issues in the field, including (1) factors affecting the recurrence of HCC after LT; (2) the effect of downstaging HCC before LT, including transarterial catheter chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA); and (3) living-donor versus deceased-donor liver transplantation for HCC patients. The most important factors that have been described to affect LT survival include the tumor size, vascular invasion, and the degree of tumor differentiation. Recently, tumor markers, including alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma carboxy prothrombin, were reported as predictors of HCC recurrence after LT. Furthermore, the experience accumulated with locoregional therapies such as TACE and RFA as bridging procedures to LT, along with the reduced waiting time under the HCC-adjusted MELD (model for endstage liver disease) system for organ allocation has led to improved outcomes. With the recent advances in adult living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT), there may be a marked change in the role of liver transplantation for hepatic malignancies, in particular for HCC.     

Individualized treatment models based on blood supply characteristics in hepatocellular carcinoma using color Doppler hemodynamics

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We evaluated the long-term efficacy of the combination of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) using cisplatin-lipiodol suspension, transultrasonic portal vein chemoembolization (SPVE), radiofrequency ablation (RF), percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for treatment of advanced small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODOLOGY: A total of three hundred and eighteen patients with HCC were enrolled in this study. According to the blood supply characteristics to the tumor, individual combined therapy models were adopted: one hundred and fifty-nine patients with HCC less than 5 cm were treated with a combination of RF and PEI (RF/PEI group) and one hundred and one patients with HCC greater than 5cm were treated with a combination of TACE, RF and PEI (TACE/RF/PEI group). One hundred and eleven HCC nodules confirmed to be hypervascular by color Doppler flow imaging were treated with a combination of TACE, RF, SPVE and PEI (TACE/ RF/SPVE/PEI group). RESULTS: The combination treatment of RF and PEI (RF/PEI group), the TACE/RF/PEI group, TACE/ RF/SPVE/PEI group, the 1-year survival rates and the 3-year survival rates were 97.3% and 82.4%; 73.5% and 44.9%; 74.1% and 37.9%, respectively; The vanishing rate of blood flow around and within the tumor, the tumor size decrease rate, AFP transformed to negative rate, were significantly raised compared to those in the TACE treatment only group. CONCLUSIONS: The individual combined therapy models combination of TACE, PEI, SPVE, RF appears to prolong survival, compared with one treatment alone (TACE). This combination therapy method is an effective way for treating HCC, and color Doppler can provide important information to verify the therapeutic effects.     

Digital image analysis of endoscopic ultrasonography is helpful in diagnosing gastric mesenchymal tumors

Background

Recent studies suggest that a combination of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) may have theoretical advantages over TACE alone for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency ablation following first-line TACE treatment in the management of HCC beyond the Milan Criteria.

Methods

Forty-five patients who consecutively underwent RFA following first-line TACE treatment for HCC beyond the Milan criteria were enrolled in this study. RFA was performed within 1–2 months after TACE treatment in patients who had incomplete necrotic tumor nodules. Primary effectiveness, complications, survival rates, and prognostic factors were evaluated retrospectively.

Results

Complete ablation was achieved in 76.2% of the lesions according to 1-month follow-up computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging evaluation. The mean follow-up period was 30.9 months (range 3–94 months). There were no major complications after RFA therapy. The median overall survival was 29 months (range 20–38 months), with 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival of 89%, 61%, and 43%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor diameter (P?=?0.045, hazard ratio [HR]?=?0.228, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.054-0.968) and pretreatment serum alpha-fetoprotein level (P?=?0.024, HR?=?2.239, 95% CI: 1.114-4.500) were independent predictors for long-term survival.

Conclusions

HCC beyond the Milan criteria can be completely and safely ablated by radiofrequency ablation following first-line TACE treatment with a low rate of complications and favorable survival outcome. Further assessment of the survival benefits of combination treatment for HCCs beyond the Milan Criteria is warranted.