发育性髋关节发育不良的早期筛查及保守治疗现状

发育性髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)是小儿最常见的髋关节疾病。早期筛查是发育性髋关节发育不良诊治的重要环节,在日益成熟的筛查体系下,通过体格检查、超声检查及X线检查等方法可尽早明确诊断,为早期治疗提供条件。保守治疗适用于1.5岁以内的DDH患儿,包括佩戴髋关节外展支具和闭合复位。本文将围绕发育性髋关节发育不良的早期筛查和保守治疗的近期研究成果进行综述。     

发育性髋关节发育不良的诊治策略

发育性髋关节发育不良（ developmental dysplasia of the hip, DDH）旧称先天性髋关节脱位（congenital dis-location of the hip,CDH）,1992年北美小儿矫形外科学会将其改名为发育性髋关节脱位或发育性髋关节发育不良,是一种常见的先天性畸形,分为髋关节发育不良、髋关节半脱位、髋关节脱位三种类型。我国发病率报告为0．9‰-39‰,男女发病比例为1：5-7,甚至更高。早期诊断并未普及,儿童骨科医师甚至成人骨科医师都在治疗,但治疗方法各异,并发症较多,一直是儿童骨科医生研究的热点。一、早期诊断     

骨化核与发育性髋关节发育不良闭合复位后股骨头缺血坏死相关性的研究进展

发育性髋关节发育不良(developmental dysplasia of the hip, DDH)是常见的儿童肢体畸形, 早期筛查和诊断非常重要, 延误治疗或治疗不当将导致严重后果。股骨头缺血性坏死(avascular necrosis, AVN)是DDH闭合复位后严重且常见的并发症, 如何预防及避免AVN的发生一直困扰着小儿骨科医师。闭合复位前骨化核的存在似乎有助于降低AVN发生率, 避免AVN的发生与DDH早诊断、早治疗关系密切。本文就骨化核与DDH闭合复位后AVN相关性的研究进展进行综述。     

新生儿发育性髋关节异常筛查结果分析

目的 探讨新生儿发育性髋关节异常(DDH)的发病情况.方法 选取2008年6月-2009年7月在本院住院和门诊就诊的762例足月新生儿(男382例,女380例).患儿均采用Graf法和Morin法相结合的超声检查手段进行髋关节测量.参照Graf分类方法将髋关节发育不良、髋关节半脱位和髋关节全脱位者定为DDH.对髋关节发育不良患儿采取随访观察,而对髋关节半脱位和髋关节全脱位的DDH患儿行早期Pavlik吊带治疗,同时采用超声跟踪随访6个月,以进一步决定治疗方案.结果 1.143例DDH新生儿中髋关节脱位的发病率为0.52%,髋关节发育不良的发病率为18.25%;2.健康新生儿619例髋关节超声测量指标α角、β角、股骨头覆盖率的正常值分别为(60.19±6.92)度、(45.25±7.29)度、(62.85±6.38)%,DDH患儿分别为(44.52±7.53)度、(58.45±10.36)度、(37.65±7.74)%,二组超声测量指标比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05);3.性别、胎位、分娩产式、左侧等均为髋关节脱位的高危因素.结论 1.超声检查是新生儿DDH筛查的首选方法.2.明确新生儿髋关节发育的指标、DDH的发病率及相关高危因素,有利于减少DDH发生,同时早期发现DDH、尽早治疗,可改善患儿预后.     

早期筛查对发育性髋关节发育不良的预防意义及其影响因素分析

目的分析早期筛查对发育性髋关节发育不良的预防意义及其影响因素。方法以北京积水潭医院2009年1月至2013年12月间收治住院的1 376名发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH) DDH患儿为研究对象,对患儿父母进行不记名问卷调查。根据初次就诊年龄、不同就诊途径对所有受试者进行分组,问卷调查内容包括患儿初次就诊年龄、患儿父母文化程度、家庭中是否有从医人员、患儿年平均医疗费用、患儿骨科疾病患病史、首次就诊的主管医生级别等。结果2009年1月至2013年12月间,2岁以下DDH患儿占当年全部初次就诊患儿总数的比例呈现逐年升高的趋势(P 0. 05),而6岁以上DDH患儿占当年全部初次就诊患儿总数的比例呈现逐年降低的趋势(P 0. 05)。由当地医生发现并推荐就诊的患儿比例呈不断上升的趋势。Logistic回归分析结果显示,入选的变量包括患儿父亲文化程度、患儿母亲文化程度以及首次就诊的主管医生级别。结论新生儿进行髋关节早期筛查的意识已经得到一定程度的提高,疾病诊疗相关知识逐渐丰富,患儿父母亲文化程度及首次就诊的主管医生级别是DDH患儿接受早期筛查年龄的主要影响因素。     

发育性髋关节发育不良的超声诊断

发育性髋关节发育不良（developmental dysplasia of the hip，DDH）。是小儿常见运动系统畸形，早期诊断与治疗更易得到良好的预后。超声检查在本症的早期诊断方面具有优势，以下报告我院近3年来DDH的超声诊断资料，并进行讨论。     

三维CT在发育性髋关节脱位中的应用进展

发育性髋关节脱位（developmental dislocation of the hip，DDH）是小儿骨科常见的髋关节畸形之一，其主要病理变化包括髋臼发育不良、股骨头脱位及股骨近端改变。尤其是DDH残余的髋臼发育不良，其临床表现不明显，但可早期出现骨性关节炎，因此早诊断早治疗至关重要；另外髋关节是一个复杂的三维立体结构，对DDH病理形态的认识应注重于整体性、立体性，这还需借助影像学的进一步发展。在90年代中期以前，由于检查手段的限制，仅以X线片及二维CT作为临床影像诊断的依据，所包含的信息十分有限，且由于三维结构的重叠，测量结果也不准确。自从90年代中期以后，由于计算机技术与螺旋CT技术的完美结合，产生了三维CT成像技术（three dimensional computed tomography，3DCT），     

脑性瘫痪并发育性髋关节异常59例

目的探讨脑性瘫痪（CP）患儿并发育性髋关节异常（DDH）的发生率,提高CP的康复治疗效果。方法对2003年1月～2006年12月本科确诊的CP468例患儿进行常规双髋关节的X线正位摄片,由放射科专业医师作出诊断报告,有髋关节异常者,由外科协助治疗,并对患儿进行随访,每6个月行1次X线正位片检查。结果468例CP患儿的髋关节异常率达12.6%,痉挛型CP患儿中并DDH59例（19.8%）,其中发育不良22例（7.38%）,髋关节脱位或半脱位37例（12.4%）。1岁以内的15例患儿予外展支具治疗,均治愈;〉2岁行手术治疗后,其治疗效果仍在随访。结论CP患儿存在发生DDH内在因素,对其应重视髋关节发育情况。超声波检查是早期发现髋关节发育异常的重要手段。     

婴幼儿发育性髋关节异常的早期诊断

目的 报道采用超声波髋关节检查技术诊断新生儿和小婴儿发育性髋关节异常(DDH)和早期处理的初步经验。方法 2002年4月～2002年9月，391例临床怀疑DDH，年龄小于l岁的婴幼儿在上海儿童医学中心接受了超声波髋关节检查，其中男193例(49．4％)，女198例(50．6％)。最小年龄5d，最大年龄354d。其中新生儿24例(6．14％)，2个月婴儿52例(13．30％)，3个月婴儿54例(13．81％)，4～6个月婴儿164例(41．94％)，6～12个月婴儿97例(24．81％)。参照Graf等分类方法，检查者被分为五类，其中髋关节发育不良、髋关节半脱位和髋关节全脱位者定为DDH。髋关节发育不成熟者采取随访观察。年龄小于6个月的DDH接受了早期Pavlik吊带治疗，并采用超声波跟踪，决定治疗的终止或改动。结果 300例超声波检查正常，91例超声波检查阳性，其中42例诊断为DDH。接受随访的35例髋关节发育不成熟病例中，29例自行恢复。Pavlik吊带治疗在小于6个月DDH婴幼儿中成功率为91．67％。结论 采用超声波髋关节诊断技术可以早期发现新生儿和小婴儿DDH，并施行早期治疗，可以提高DDH在儿童期的治愈率，减少漏诊病例，简化治疗，提高疗效。     

新生儿及婴儿发育性髋关节异常早期筛查及早期治疗的探讨

目的通过对新生儿及婴儿发育性髋关节异常的早期筛查,结合临床检查与超声检查诊断的评价,推动新生儿及婴儿发育性髋关节异常的早期诊治。方法对本院出生的1213例新生儿及866例年龄6个月以下婴儿进行临床及超声早期筛查（Graf方法）,以明确诊断,及时治疗。结果新生儿早期疑诊45例,最终确诊5例,婴儿确诊3例,经用Pavlik吊带治疗6例痊愈,1例6个月后行闭合复位石膏固定治疗。结论新生儿期超声检查髋关节不稳定率偏高（Graflla型髋）,发育性髋关节异常的早期筛查,特别是低于6个月的超声检查检出率高,各科医师合作有利于DDH的早期诊治。     

Differences in risk factors between early and late diagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is common, affecting 7.3 per 1000 births in South Australia. Clinical screening programmes exist to identify the condition early to gain the maximum benefit from early treatment. Although these screening programmes are effective, there are still cases that are missed. Previous research has highlighted key risk factors in the development of DDH. OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk factors of cases of DDH identified late with those that were diagnosed early. METHODS: A total of 1281 children with DDH born in 1988-1996 were identified from the South Australian Birth Defects Register. Hospital records of those who had surgery for DDH within 5 years of life were examined for diagnosis details. Twenty seven (2.1%) had been diagnosed at or after 3 months of age and were considered the late DDH cases (a prevalence of 0.15 per 1000 live births). Various factors were compared with early diagnosed DDH cases. RESULTS: Female sex, vertex presentation, normal delivery, rural birth, and discharge from hospital less than 4 days after birth all significantly increased the risk of late diagnosis of DDH. CONCLUSIONS: The results show differences in the risk factors for early and late diagnosed DDH. Some known risk factors for DDH are in fact protective for late diagnosis. These results highlight the need for broad newborn population screening and continued vigilance and training in screening programmes.     

Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: Results of a 7-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is widely recommended for all infants to prevent disability from late diagnosis of dislocation of the hip. The present study evaluates the results of screening for developmental dislocation of hip in a clinic in Turkey over the course of 7 years. METHODS: Hospital records of 5798 infants who were examined regularly until walking age at Gazi University well child clinics between January 1995 and December 2001 were reviewed. Infants with known risk factors for DDH such as breech presentation, family history of DDH or swaddling, and of infants with physical examination findings suggestive of DDH, were referred to orthopedic surgeons for diagnosis. Based on this final diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of risk factors and physical examination findings were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 5798 infants, risk factors were detected in the medical history of 111 infants, and in 14 infants a musculoskeletal deformity was detected. In 606 infants the physical examination findings were suggestive of DDH. Ten patients were subsequently diagnosed with DDH. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of having a risk factor for DDH in history were 10.0%, 98.1%, 0.9%, 99.8%, and having abnormal hip examination findings were 100.0%, 88.9%, 1.6% and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A careful history and physical examination is the cornerstone of DDH screening. Serial hip examinations performed during health examination visits provide an opportunity to identify DDH cases. The sensitivity of risk factors in history and physical examination findings together is high enough to be accepted as a screening tool.     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip: Risk markers, clinical screening and outcome

Background: Early detection, diagnosis and treatment of developmental dysplasia/dislocation of hip (DDH) are essential in preventing further disability and quality of life impairment in children. DDH risk markers and association between the age of clinical screening and outcome, were evaluated.
Methods: Clinical screening at ages birth, 6 and 13 weeks was performed in 8145 infants by pediatricians. Infants suspected for DDH were referred to the community hospital clinic for clinical evaluation by a pediatric orthopedic surgeon, imaging procedures and follow up. Demographic and perinatal characteristics of the children with suspected ( n = 77) and diagnosed DDH ( n = 51) were compared to matched controls ( n = 154).
Results: The rate of suspected DDH was 0.95% and that of diagnosed DDH was 0.63%. Female gender, firstborn child and breech presentation were significantly more frequent among cases versus controls (odds ratio [OR]: 4.3, 2.7, and 6 respectively; P < 0.05). The highest positive predictive value (95.5%) in physical evaluation was any evidence of a dislocatable hip. The proportion of DDH among infants referred from the newborn department was significantly higher (OR, 4.4). DDH diagnosis after 6 weeks of age was associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent surgery and motor disability. Untoward outcome was significantly associated with increasing age of referral both at ages of 6 and 13 weeks ( P < 0.05).
Conclusions: Children with DDH have certain specific demographic and perinatal risk markers. Clinical screening targeted towards early diagnosis may lessen the need for surgical intervention and the risk of disability or motor handicap.     

The diagnosis and management of congenital dislocation of the hip

Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) or developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common condition that encompasses a spectrum of pathology affecting the neonatal hip. Clinical signs of instability may be difficult to detect at birth using the Barlow Ortolani test. A clear imperative is to make an early diagnosis since delay after 3 months is synonymous with the necessity for surgery and also leads to a compromised prognosis. There is considerable controversy about clinical screening for DDH or ultrasound screening, either comprehensive or selective. Risk factors – such as breech presentation, oligohydramnios and talipes – are well known and there is some evidence that selective screening for these babies with ultrasound may assist diagnosis. The incidence of neonatal hip instability is around 15–20 per 1000 live births but that of established dislocation 1–2 per 1000 live births in unscreened cohorts. The usual early treatment is with the Pavlik harness but after 3 months, surgery – either an open or closed reduction – is necessary and in some surgically untreated children, secondary procedures such as pelvic osteotomy are necessary.     

发育性髋关节脱位发病相关因素的研究进展

发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dislocation of the hip,DDH)是小儿骨科常见的疾病、严重危害儿童健康.髋关节发育不良包括髋臼发育不良、髋关节半脱位及全脱位等病理类型.导致该病发病的常见因素包括:阳性家族史、性别、臀位生产、不正确的襁褓方式和母体激素水平等.但是具体病因尚不明确.本文从DDH的发病率、DDH的危险因素、激素对DDH的影响、DDH的易感基因4个方面综述了DDH的研究现状,从而进一步探讨DDH的发病因素.     

髋关节三线诊断婴儿发育性髋关节脱位的意义

目的 探讨髋关节三线测量在婴儿发育性髋关节脱位早期诊断中的价值.方法 应用传统的体检方法,对180例疑诊者,摄双髋正位X线片,除众所周知的Shenton氏线、CE角等指标外,以股骨干骺端中点为起点,分别至髋臼外上缘、下缘、中心做连线,然后对此三线进行测量比较.结果 本组180例,单侧髋关节脱位122例(122髋),两侧髋脱位58例(116髋),总计238髋.通过髋关节三线测量,238髋此三线均不等长,确诊为DDH.对122例单侧髋脱位者的正常侧测量,120髋(98.3%)显示三线等长.同时对闭合复位欠佳者,此关节三线显示也不等长.结论 髋关节三线的定位都是骨性标志,清晰可鉴,定位准确,操作简单.髋关节三线测量,是婴儿时期诊断DDH一种比较准确的方法,特别在股骨头骨骺未出现前的小婴儿,更具有一定的特异性,是诊断DDH的可靠依据.另外对治疗中的婴儿,髋关节三线测量也是确定髋关节是否达到同心圆复位的一种有价值的参考指标.     

三维超声在筛查新生儿发育性髋关节异常中的探索性应用

目的 探索三维高频超声髋关节检查技术在诊断新生儿发育性髋关节异常(DDH)中的应用价值.方法 2010年6月至2010年12月,采用PHILIPS IU22超声诊断仪,二维加三维高频线阵探头,对768例新生儿行髋关节超声筛查.新生儿7d内行超声波髋关节筛查,采用Graf法及股骨头覆盖率比值测量髋关节,并结合三维成像图评判髋关节发育情况.结果 本组受检新生儿768例(1 536髋),其中女婴398例,男婴370例,新生儿平均受检时间为出生后5.8d.正常的髋关节共1 412髋,占91.92％;髋关节不稳定共99髋,占6.45％;髋关节发育不良19髋、半脱位4髋、脱位2髋,共占1.63％.结论 Graf的髋关节额状面成像技术,可以对新生儿髋关节进行清晰的超声成像,并进行了定性、定量分析,诊断DDH,但标准图像的获得是测量和诊断的关键,它会受操作者的技术影响.三维超声成像技术,可观察髋关节空间结构,旋转X、Y、Z轴,更可从不同角度观察髋关节的发育情况,提供髋关节解剖形态和关节功能的信息,并能早期显示髋关节解剖结构,这点是传统X线片不能比拟的优势,图像更加直观,加上高频超声波检查的无放射性损害,重复性强,因此二维和三维超声二者相结合诊断发育性髋关节异常,更符合临床上治疗髋臼发育不良的时间越早越好的需求.