泌尿道感染合并肾积水与膀胱输尿管反流的临床研究

目的：探讨泌尿道感染合并肾积水患儿的临床特点及并发尿路畸形的特点。方法对2010年1月至2014年11月间收治的843例泌尿道感染患儿进行回顾性分析,经B超检查肾盂分离4~9mm患儿为轻度肾积水,肾盂分离≥10mm患儿为中重度肾积水,分析患儿并发膀胱输尿管反流和其他尿路畸形及细菌培养阳性率、耐药菌发病率。结果53例轻度肾积水患儿,合并膀胱输尿管反流7例,髓质海绵肾1例;32例中重度肾积水患儿,合并膀胱输尿管反流3例,肾盂输尿管扩张8例,重复肾2例,肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄3例,输尿管囊肿2例,后尿道瓣膜1例。轻度肾积水患儿尿培养阳性共34例,革兰阴性菌31例(91.2%),革兰阳性菌3例(8.8%),以大肠埃希菌为主(21/34,61.8%);中重度肾积水患儿尿培养阳性共18例,17例细菌感染,1例真菌感染,革兰阴性菌17例(94.4%),其中大肠埃希菌13例(72.2%)。轻度肾积水尿培养阳性患儿耐药菌13例(13/34,38.2%),中重度肾积水尿培养阳性患儿耐药菌17例(17/18,94.4%)(x2=15.234,P﹤0.001)。结论轻度肾积水患儿合并膀胱输尿管反流多见,中重度肾积水患儿合并其他泌尿道畸形多见;中重度肾积水患儿耐药菌比例较轻度肾积水患儿高。     

不同腹腔镜微创术式处理儿童重复肾畸形的研究

目的探讨儿童重复肾畸形的不同腹腔镜微创处理方法。方法 2018年1月至2019年6月,郑州大学第一附属医院小儿外科共收治儿童各类重复肾畸形患儿30例,其中反复泌尿道感染13例,排尿疼痛5例,肾区疼痛5例,非排尿期持续滴尿5例,无症状7例。经术前进行泌尿系彩色多普勒超声、磁共振泌尿系水成像、泌尿系CTU、肾动态显像、排尿性膀胱尿道造影等检查,诊断上位肾积水并输尿管扩张18例,上位肾发育不良伴上位输尿管全程扩张开口异位4例,上下位肾积水伴上下位输尿管均全程扩张3例,下位肾盂输尿管交界处梗阻5例,30例患儿中有输尿管囊肿8例。所有患儿均行腹腔镜微创手术,根据不同情况选用腹腔镜上位肾脏及输尿管切除术、腹腔镜上下位输尿管端侧吻合术、腹腔镜下位肾盂输尿管端侧吻合术、腹腔镜下位肾切除联合上位输尿管膀胱再植术、气膀胱下双根输尿管再植术、膀胱镜下输尿管囊肿基底部电切术等。结果本组所有手术均未中转开放,历时20～280 min,术中出血0～20 ml,均未输血。所有患儿随访6～12个月,11例上位肾切除术后下位肾血供好,滴尿症状完全消失,泌尿道感染无复发;5例上下位肾盂输尿管和输尿管之间端侧吻合术后肾积水...     

泌尿道感染患儿膀胱输尿管返流和肾瘢痕的发生情况

目的分析不同年龄泌尿道感染儿童膀胱输尿管返流（VUR）和肾瘢痕的发生情况，加强对VUR的认识，提高检出率。方法选择上海交通大学附属新华医院儿科2001年1月-2006年12月因泌尿道感染入院患儿90例，通过排泄性膀胱尿道造影（VCUG）和（或）直接放射性核索膀胱造影（DRNC）明确诊断VUR共40例。分别根据泌尿道感染发生次数及不同年龄，分为首次泌尿道感染和1次以上泌尿道感染组，〉5岁和≤5岁组；分析VUR在首次泌尿道感染和1次以上泌尿道感染组、不同年龄组发病率情况。通过肾静态皮质显像（DMSA）检测肾瘢痕，分析年龄与VUR的级别、肾瘢痕的关系。剖析胎儿超声检查异常、生后VUR和肾瘢痕的发生情况。结果VUR的发病率在首次泌尿道感染和1次以上泌尿道感染组、〉5岁和≤5岁组差异均有统计学意义（X^2=10．627，4．409Pa〈0．05）。年龄与VUR的级别、年龄与肾瘢痕均呈负相关（r=-0．342，-0．348Pa〈0．05）。反复泌尿道感染、≤5岁的泌尿道感染患儿VUR的发生率高。年龄越小发生肾疤痕和高级别VUR的可能性越大。胎儿B超检查显示肾积水患儿，发生高级别VUR和肾瘢痕的可能性大。结论反复泌尿道感染、≤5岁的泌尿道感染患儿、胎儿B超检查显示肾积水的患儿应及时行VCUG和DMSA，及时发现、监测VUR和肾瘢痕。     

新生儿重度肾积水的手术治疗及疗效观察

目的 探讨重度肾积水新生儿期手术干预的可行性和疗效.方法 回顾性分析了新生儿期接受手术治疗的18例重度肾积水患儿的临床资料.结果 16例于新生儿期行离断式肾盂输尿管成形术(Anderso-Hynes术),2例Ⅰ期行肾造瘘术,Ⅱ期行肾盂成形术,所有病例术中麻醉及手术过程顺利,术后恢复满意.术后除1例有轻度切口疝外,无术后出血、感染、吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄等并发症.术后随访1.3年(3个月～4年),患儿生长发育正常,无尿路感染症状,患肾积水明显减轻、甚至消失,肾实质厚度增加,肾脏形态接近正常.结论 新生儿期手术干预能早期解除肾内压力,不仅能尽快恢复患肾功能,而且患肾形态有望恢复正常.产前诊断重度胎儿肾积水的患儿于生后1～2周应常规行B超检查,同时结合CTU或MRU加SPECT检查以明确诊断.确诊存在器质性梗阻的新生儿,若为重度肾积水,分肾功能<35%或伴发严重泌尿系感染者,建议尽早手术干预.     

重肾双输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水的诊疗分析

目的 探讨小儿重肾双输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水的临床特点及诊疗方法.方法 回顾性分析本院近10年来收治的190例重肾双输尿管畸形病例中,6例合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水患儿的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、临床症状、解剖结构及处理方法等.结果 重肾双输尿管畸形患儿190例,合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水6例,占3.16%.其中男5例,女1例,年龄10 d至3岁7个月,平均13.8个月.围产期行B超检查发现肾积水4例,泌尿系感染1例,腹部包块1例.病变位于左侧3例,右侧3例;3例为重肾完全型双输尿管,3例为重肾Y型输尿管,其中1例为右重肾Y型输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄及下肾输尿管膀胱连接部狭窄.3例重肾完全型双输尿管病例中,1例行上组肾及输尿管切除＋下组肾离断性肾盂成形术,2例行下组肾离断性肾盂成形术;3例重肾Y型输尿管中,2例行上肾输尿管下肾盂端侧吻合＋下组肾离断性肾盂成形术,1例行上组肾及输尿管切除＋下组肾离断性肾盂成形术＋输尿管膀胱再植术.术后随访3~18个月,平均12个月,B超及IVP显示肾积水明显好转,无并发症.结论 重肾双输尿管合并下肾肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻性肾积水发病率低,易误诊.术前B超、IVP及MRU是有效的辅助检查手段.临床应根据患儿肾功能及解剖异常情况制定个体化的手术方案.     

肾盂输尿管成形术患儿术后并发症的处理和预防

目的 探讨儿童肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻肾盂输尿管成形术术后并发症的原因、处理和预防.方法 1996年1月-2010年10月中山大学附属第一医院收治的肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻行肾盂输尿管成形术术后发生并发症患儿共22例.男20例,女2例;年龄8 d～9岁(平均3.5岁);左侧20例,右侧2例.对患儿进行随访,并结合其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 22例中吻合口狭窄10例,其中8例行再次肾盂输尿管成形术,2例行吻合口瘢痕松解、瘢痕狭窄切除再吻合;吻合口水肿伴泌尿系感染6例,3例行肾造瘘,3例延期拔除原肾造瘘管;单纯泌尿系感染2例,行抗感染治疗;输尿管中段狭窄1例,行输尿管中段狭窄切除再吻合;输尿管末段狭窄1例,行输尿管膀胱再吻合术;吻合口血肿伴泌尿系感染1例,行血肿穿刺引流、肾穿刺造瘘;巨大肾积水并无功能肾1例,行肾切除.10例吻合口狭窄切除标本病理:输尿管慢性炎症,肌层增厚;2例输尿管中、末段狭窄切除标本病理:输尿管慢性炎症,管壁变薄;1例肾切除标本病理:肾实质不同程度萎缩,间质慢性炎症并不同程度纤维化.随访6～36个月,临床症状均已消失,复查尿常规均无异常.超声检查21例患侧肾积水均减轻、肾皮质均有不同程度增厚;另1例患肾切除术后超声检查示对侧肾脏代偿性增大.结论 肾盂输尿管成形术术后需要密切随访,及时发现和治疗并发症.术前正确诊断,术中细致操作,术后精心护理及预防性使用抗生素均是预防并发症措施.     

新生儿先天性重度肾积水诊疗分析

目的 探讨产前超声诊断的重度肾积水胎儿出生后围新生儿期的诊断、手术治疗及疗效.方法 对新生儿期入院的肾积水患儿7例进行分析,超声提示存在4级肾积水,行IVP或ECT 及 MRU检查后提示重度UEJ0肾积水.6例直接行离断式肾盂成型术（Anderson-Hynes术）.另1例行肾穿刺造瘘术.引流38 d后再行肾盂成形术.结果 7例患儿均无近期手术并发症.术后随访6个月至2年.尿常规未见明显泌尿系统感染.超声提示肾盂分离值较术前明显改善,肾皮质厚度较术前增厚.结论 肾积水围新生儿期手术治疗安全而有效,新生儿重度肾积水,明确诊断即可积极手术治疗,以保存患肾功能.超声检查对于肾积水患儿术前诊断及术后随访有重要意义.     

三聚氰胺污染奶粉致婴幼儿肾积水4年随访分析

目的 探讨三聚氰胺污染奶粉致肾积水对儿童泌尿系统及生长发育的影响.方法 对2008年7月至10月在郑州大学第一附属医院治疗的25例三聚氰胺肾积水患儿进行4年随访.随访内容包括泌尿系超声、肾功能、血常规、尿常规,同时记录患儿身高、体质量等发育情况.选取同期非纯母乳喂养和无三聚氰胺污染奶粉喂养史的30名健康儿童为健康对照组.结果 25例肾积水患儿成功随访,其中男15例,女10例;年龄(67.60 ±17.22)个月;双侧积水8例,单侧积水17例.4年后随访发现20例积水消失,5例减轻.患儿补钙的比例与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义,身高和体质量与健康对照组比较差异均无统计学意义.随访时未发现泌尿系占位性病变.结论 三聚氰胺污染奶粉致患儿肾积水4年后身体生长发育正常,极少数患儿肾积水继续存在,但无恶化迹象.     

儿童泌尿系感染的诊治进展

泌尿系感染是指病原体直接侵入尿路 ,在尿液中生长繁殖 ,并侵犯尿路黏膜或组织而引起损伤。感染可累及上、下泌尿道 ,因其定位困难 ,故统称为泌尿系感染。据报道3%～ 5 %女性儿童及男性儿童得过 1次泌尿系感染。 1999年国际质量控制委员会及泌尿系感染分会报道 :小于 1岁女性儿童泌尿系感染发生率为 6 5 % ,男性儿童为 3 3% ;1～ 2岁女性儿童为 8 1% ,男性儿童为 1 9% [1] 。发热原因不明的婴儿和小于 2岁儿童中 ,泌尿系感染占 5 % ,其中女性儿童高于男性儿童 2倍以上。泌尿系感染的重要性在于它与泌尿系统畸形特别是膀胱输尿管反流 (VUR…     

泌尿系感染新进展（讲座）

泌尿系感染是儿科的常见病与多发病,近年来关于其致病因素、诊断及治疗方面有不少新的进展,现将有关研究讨论如下。泌尿系感染的致病因素决定泌尿系感染发生的主要因素包括:(1)侵入泌尿道的细菌量;(2)感染菌株的毒力;(3)宿主的抵抗力或防御机制。一、感染菌株的毒力因素泌尿系感染的发生以上行感染最多见,细菌多为来自肠道内部的兼性     

RENAL FUNCTION DURING HYDROPENIA AND WATER DIURESIS IN CHILDREN WITH RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary concentrating and diluting capacity and sodium excretion have been determined in 17 children with previous histories of urinary tract infection confirmed by urine cultures. There were no signs or symptoms of infection at the time of the study. Renal function was found to be normal in patients with normal intravenous pyelographies (IVPs). In the patients with renal parenchymal changes a wide variety of functional changes could be found. Reduction of the glomerular filtration rate was the predominant lesion. The GFR could however not be predicted by the IVP-appearance. Most of the patients were able to increase the GFR during water diuresis. The glomerular-tubular balance for sodium was reset in 3 of the patients as manifested by an increased C_Na/C_In. The concentrating capacity was also reduced in those 3 patients, indicating an impairment of the sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle. All the patients were able to dilute the urine normally during water diuresis, but 5 of the patients were unable to increase their diluting capacity during the transition from hydropenia to water diuresis. It is noteworthy that only those patients were unable to increase the GFR significantly during the transition from hydropenia to water diuresis.     

定量测定尿促性腺激素判断女童性发育程度应用价值研究

目的 探讨定量测定尿促性腺激素（UGn）,包括尿黄体生成素（ULH）、尿卵泡刺激素（UFSH）在女童性发育中的应用价值。方法 以2013年10月至2015年2月在上海交通大学附属瑞金医院儿内科因乳房发育就诊的109例女童作为研究对象。109例均诊断为性早熟或青春发育提前。收集其就诊第1、2日晨尿,检测UGn浓度。就诊第2日晨采血,行促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）激发试验,并收集试验后4 h内总尿,测UGn。结果 （1）连续2日晨尿UGn浓度差异无统计学意义,与血Gn基础值显著相关。（2）GnRH激发试验后4 h总尿UGn浓度与血Gn峰值呈显著相关,激发试验后血和尿的LH/FSH比值也呈显著相关。（3）尿、血Gn水平评估Tanner Ⅱ期与Tanner Ⅲ期的价值相似。（4）晨尿ULH、激发后4h总ULH及ULH/UFSH比值有助于临床鉴别乳房早发育（PT）和中枢性性早熟（CPP）。结论 检测UGn对于判断女性儿童性发育程度有一定意义,可作为一种无创而灵敏的诊断方法。     

窒息新生儿尿内皮素、尿微量蛋白的变化观察

目的　 探讨尿内皮素 (ET)、尿微量蛋白 (a1 M、TRF、Alb)在新生儿窒息肾脏损害中的意义。 方法 　窒息组在生后第 3天、第 7天采用放射免疫法测定尿ET ,同时测定其尿微量蛋白水平。对照组健康新生儿同期进行上述检测。 结果 　发现窒息组第 3天尿ET含量明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。且重度窒息组 >轻度窒息组 >对照组。第 7天重度窒息组尿ET平均水平虽高于对照组、轻度窒息组 ,但统计显示无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。尿微量蛋白 (a1 M、TRF、Alb)变化与尿ET呈正相关 (P <0 0 1)。 结论 　尿ET与尿微量蛋白含量测定可以作为新生儿肾功能损伤的早期指标。新生儿窒息尿ET的增高与肾损害有密切关系     

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??Objective To investigate the value of quantitative assay of urinary gonadotropins ??UGn????including ULH and UFSH??in sexual development in girls. Methods A total of 109 girls with sexual development underwent both GnRH stimulation and UGn assay admitted from October 2013 to February 2015 in Rui Jin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were analyzed. Two successive morning urine was collected for detection of UGn. On the second day girls underwent conventional GnRH stimulation test while serial blood samples and the total 4-hour urinary sample after GnRH administration was collected for detection of UGn. Results ??There were no significant differences in UGn concentrations between two consecutive days but UGn was significantly correlated with basic serum Gn. ??Total 4 h UGn concentrations were significantly correlated with peak value of serum Gn. The ratio of ULH/UFSH was also correlated with ratio of serum LH/FSH. ??The value of assessment for breast development in Tanner stage ?? and ?? was similar by quantitative assays of UGn or serum Gn. ??Determination of basic morning ULH level and total 4 h ULH and the ratio of ULH/UFSH after GnRH stimulation were all helpful for clinical discrimination of PT and CPP. Conclusion UGn detection is considered as a significant criteria for assessment of activity of HPG axis in children with sexual development??and can be used as a non-invasive and sensitive diagnostic method.     

Neurofibromatosis involving the lower urinary tract in children A report of three cases and a review of the literature

Three children with neurofibromatosis involving the lower urinary tract are reported and their clinical, radiological and pathological findings are described. Lower urinary tract involvement in neurofibromatosis has previously been reported in 17 children, 12 of whom had other stigmata of von Recklinghausens disease. Lower urinary tract involvement may be asymptomatic and can be found incidentally. Every case with neurofibromatosis presenting with what may appear to be even only insignificant urinary symptoms should be thoroughly investigated urologically. Symptoms are usually related to urinary tract obstruction or neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to the involvement of the nerves supplying the bladder. Urinary diversion is the treatment of choice as surgical removal of the extensive tumour is seldom feasible. Following treatment the prognosis for survival appears to be good.     

Late effects on the urinary bladder in patients treated for cancer in childhood: a report from the Children's Oncology Group

Childhood cancer survivors who have had pelvic or central nervous system surgery or have received alkylator-containing chemotherapy or pelvic radiotherapy as part of their cancer therapy may experience urinary bladder late effects. This article reviews the medical literature on long-term bladder complications in survivors of childhood cancer and outlines the Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-up (COG LTFU) Guidelines related to bladder function. An overview of the treatment of bladder late effects and recommended counseling for survivors with these complications are presented.     

A 20-year study of persistence of lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary incontinence in young women treated in childhood

ObjectiveTo determine whether urinary incontinence (UI) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) persist over years, patients treated for UI and LUTS in childhood were re-evaluated in adulthood.Materials and methodsForty-seven women (cases) treated in childhood for daytime UI/LUTS (group A) and nocturnal enuresis (group B) self-completed (average age: 24.89 ± 3.5 years) the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for Female with LUTS (ICIQ-FLUTS). ICIQ-FLUTS was self-administered to 111 healthy women (average age: 23 ± 5.1 years) from a nursing school as a control group. Data obtained from ICIQ-FLUTS and quality of life (QoL) score (0–10) were compared (Fisher's exact test) between patients and controls, and between group A (n = 28) and group B (n = 19).ResultsPrevalence of LUTS was higher in patients than in controls. The difference between patients and controls was statistically significant (p = 0.0001) for UI (34% vs. 7%) and feeling of incomplete bladder emptying (49% vs. 28%). QoL score was >5 in 59% of patients and 1% of controls (p = 0.0001). No significant differences were found between groups A and B.ConclusionsUI and LUTS are confirmed in young women who suffered for the same condition in childhood. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess if these symptoms persist or are newly onset.     

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??Proteinuria measurement is used to identify and monitor kidney damage. Accurate assessment of proteinuria is essential to clinical practice. This review focuses on the current status and question of proteinuria measurement. We also addressed standardization of preanalytical??analytical??and postanalytical issues including urine sample collection??urine protein and albumin measurement??and reporting of test results.