PLCE1 基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征1 例报告并文献复习

目的分析PLCE1基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)的临床特征和基因变异特点。方法回顾分析1例确诊的由PLCE1基因突变致SRNS患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果女性患儿,8岁11月龄,确诊原发性肾病综合征6年余,激素耐药型,病理为局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)。肾病综合征相关基因检测发现,患儿PLCE1基因存在2个杂合错义变异 c.577GA(p.V193I)和c.2770GA(p.G924S);Sanger 测序验证显示c.577GA(p.V193I)来自患儿母亲(杂合状态),患儿父母均无c.2770GA(p.G924S)变异,为新发变异。这2个变异均为已有报道的致病性突变。结论 PLCE1基因变异可导致常染色体遗传型SRNS。     

NPHP不同基因变异进展为终末期肾病的肾单位肾痨3例

目的分析不同NPHP变异导致肾单位肾痨的临床特征。方法回顾分析3例NPHP变异致肾单位肾痨患儿的临床资料。结果 3例患儿均为女性,且均有贫血表现。例1存在内脏反位、肝功能异常等肾外表现;例2、例3的肾脏病理均示肾小球纤维化,肾小管基底膜完整性破坏,小管萎缩,肾脏间质炎症细胞浸润。例1、例2家族中有肾脏病史患者,例3弟弟有相同基因变异,暂无表现。基因检测显示3例患儿均存在NPHP基因变异。例1在NEK8/NPHP9基因存在c.388AC p.K130Q杂合变异以及c.1465GA,p.V489M杂合变异,均为新发现的变异;例2为NPHP1全基因缺失;例3的NPHP3基因存在c.3218TG,p.L1073*纯合变异,其弟弟存在相同的纯合变异位点。3例患儿均已行肾脏移植治疗,门诊随访中。结论肾单位肾痨是一类临床和遗传异质性疾病,临床表现无特异性,基因检测有助于诊断。肾移植是NPHP进展为终末期肾病的有效治疗手段。c.388AC p.K130Q杂合错义变异和c.1465GA,p.V489M杂合变异是新发现的NPHP基因变异。     

以神经系统受累为主的Adams-Oliver综合征2型临床和基因分析

目的探讨DOCK 6基因变异导致的Adams-Oliver综合征2型(AOS2)的临床和基因型。方法回顾分析1例确诊AOS2患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,女,自幼发育落后,6月龄时出现抽搐,头围小,双侧大腿皮肤局部毛细血管扩张。头颅磁共振成像示两侧脑室壁、室管膜下多发钙化,伴脑室旁片状脱髓鞘,脑发育不良,双侧海马轻度萎缩,右侧颞枕叶异常信号。基因检测发现患儿DOCK 6基因存在c.3069_3069del和c.5220+1G>A复合杂合变异,分别来自于表型正常的父母亲,为致病性变异。结论新发现AOS2致病基因,扩大了DOCK 6基因变异谱。     

二例合并癫痫的高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征患儿的基因分析

目的探讨两例低血糖、癫痫发作合并高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征女孩的遗传学病因。方法采集2例患儿的临床资料, 采集家系外周血行全外显子基因测序(WES), Sanger测序验证。结果全外显测序结果提示两例患儿均表为GLUD1基因变异c.1466C>T(p.Pro489Leu)。结论 GLUD1基因变异c.1466C>T杂合变异可能是高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征的致病病因。     

发-肝-肠综合征患儿SKIV2L基因变异分析1例

分析2021-01-24南京医科大学附属儿童医院消化科1例发-肝-肠综合征（tricho-hepato-enteric syndrome,THES）患儿临床特征及基因变异情况,采集患儿及其父母外周血提取基因组DNA,使用二代测序对患儿进行基因检测,对检出的可疑变异进行一代Sanger验证及生物信息学分析。患儿临床特征为肝功能损害、腹泻、头发蓬松易断、生长迟缓。头发光镜下见脆性结节。基因测序提示患儿SKIV2L基因存在复合杂合新变异c.29C>T(p.P10L)和c.321C>G(p.H107Q)。两种变异既往均未见报道,位点较为保守,多种生物信息学预测为有害。由此得到SKIV2L基因复合杂合变异c.29C>T/c.321C>G为患者的致病原因的结论。新变异位点的检出丰富了SKIV2L基因的变异谱,为该家系的遗传咨询提供了依据。     

神经元蜡样脂褐质沉积症3例临床及基因变异分析

目的探讨神经元蜡样脂褐质沉积症(NCL)的临床和基因变异特征。方法回顾分析3例NCL患儿的临床资料和基因检测结果。结果 3例女性患儿,多表现为认知和运动倒退、不同程度的癫痫发作、视力受累。全外显子测序发现,例1的PPT1基因存在c.124+1GA及c.413CT复合杂合变异,其中c.124+1GA遗传自父亲,c.413CT遗传自母亲;例2及其哥哥PPT1基因存在c.181CT及c.536+1GA复合杂合变异,其中c.181CT遗传自父亲,c.536+1GA遗传自母亲;例3的CLN8基因存在c.768GT及c.209GT复合杂合变异,其中c.768GT遗传自父亲,c.209GT遗传自母亲。c.768GT和c.209GT是既往未见报道的新的变异位点。结论基因检测有助NCL的诊断及遗传咨询;PPT1基因变异可呈现不同的临床表现,即使是同一家系具有相同变异位点的个体临床表现也各不相同。     

儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病2 例临床分析

目的分析儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病(VWD)的临床特征及基因变异。方法回顾分析2例VWD患儿的临床资料,采用免疫比浊法检测血管性血友病因子(VWF)活性。采集患者及其父母的外周血,通过高通量基因测序,分析F7、F8、F9、F11、VWF基因全部外显子编码区和剪接区的变异情况。采用PCR结合Sanger测序的方法,分析VWF基因位点的变异情况。结果 2例男性患儿,分别为1岁和2岁,临床表现以皮肤黏膜出血为主,血管性血友病因子活性(VWF:Act)分别为5.0%及2.8%。例1血浆因子Ⅷ凝血活性(FⅧ:C)1.9%、血浆因子ⅩⅡ凝血活性(FⅩⅡ:C)43.2%;例2 FⅧ:C 23%。例1 VWF基因检测到c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)纯合变异;父母均为杂合变异。例2 VWF基因检测到c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)和c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)杂合变异,分别来自其父亲、母亲。c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)变异与3型VWD相关;c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)变异率极低,与1型VWD相关;c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)变异未见报道,SIFT、Polyphen和MutationTaster均预测其有致病性。2例患儿经止血及替代治疗后,病情均有所好转。结论经基因检测确诊重型1型和3型VWD各1例,并发现VWF基因c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)新发变异。     

POLG 基因变异致线粒体病一家系分析

目的分析POLG基因变异致线粒体病的临床表型及基因变异。方法回顾分析于2019年5月就诊,并经采集外周血DNA进行医学外显子、外显子-内含子交界区靶向二代测序和一代验证,1个确诊为POLG基因变异致线粒体病家系的临床资料。结果先证者,男,10岁,与其同卵双胎哥哥均有相同的体征,深感觉受损、腱反射消失、肌肉可疑萎缩。先证者3个兄姐先后于1岁多夭折。提取患儿及其父母的外周血,先证者及同卵双胎哥哥POLG基因均存在G.2558A(p.R853Q)、c.2890T(p.R964C)复合杂合变异,分别来源于患儿父母亲。结论 POLG基因复合杂合变异线粒体病家系成员有不同的表型;POLG相关疾病,即使同种基因变异,其临床异质性也较大。     

一例罕见 CFTR基因突变致儿童遗传性胰腺炎的临床与遗传学分析

目的探讨1例与CFTR基因有关的儿童遗传性胰腺炎的临床及遗传学特点。方法回顾总结山东第一医科大学附属省立医院收治的1例与CFTR基因有关的遗传性胰腺炎患儿的临床特点, 应用全外显子测序技术对患儿及其父母、姐姐进行基因测序, 用生物信息学软件预测其危害性, 并通过蛋白质结构模拟分析其影响。结果全外显子测序发现与疾病高度相关的CFTR基因变异。在位点c.3406G>A(p.A1136T)及c.650G>A(p.E217G)患儿、其父亲、姐姐为杂合变异, 其母亲无变异;在位点c.3209G>A(p.R1070Q)患儿、其母亲、姐姐为杂合变异, 其父亲无变异。蛋白结构预测软件分析, 基因突变位点导致了蛋白结构相应位置的氢键及空间构象改变。结论对反复发作的胰腺炎, 需警惕遗传性胰腺炎的可能, 基因测序是可靠的检测方法。     

SLC4A1 复合杂合突变致遗传性球形红细胞增多症并远端肾小管酸中毒1 例报告并文献复习

目的分析SLC4A1复合杂合突变致遗传性球形红细胞增多症(HS)并远端肾小管酸中毒(dRTA)的临床表型与基因变异的关系。方法回顾分析1例确诊HS合并dRTA患儿的临床资料,以及患儿及父母外周血全外显子测序及Sanger验证结果。结果男性患儿,1岁7个月,主要临床表现为输血依赖性球形红细胞增多、代谢性酸中毒、低钾血症及生长发育迟缓。检测到患儿SLC4A1 基因2个已报道的错义变异c.2102GA p.(Gly701Asp),c.1988TC p.(Met663Thr),分别来源于父母。结论经基因检测确诊由SLC4A1复合杂合变异所致的遗传型HS合并dRTA,符合常染色体隐性遗传。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

How well are we doing? – Metabolic control in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the present level of metabolic control in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) attending Brisbane paediatric diabetes clinics with published overseas data. METHODOLOGY: Blood HbA1c concentrations, population characteristics, current treatment practices and short-term complications were recorded in all patients, aged 19 years and under, attending the diabetes clinics of the two Brisbane Children's Hospitals or the private practice of one of the authors (MJT) in the first quarter of 1998. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were assessed (M/F 142/126). Ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 11. 2 years); duration of IDDM was 0-16 years (mean 4.4 years); and 141 (53%) were pubertal. Of those aged less than 13 years, only 4% had more than two injections daily. Insulin doses (U/kg/day) rose with increasing age. Larger doses were required in regimens involving more than two injections per day than those involving one to two injections per day. Ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycaemia in the last 3 months were reported in eight (2.7%) and 17 (6.3%) of patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c (+/- SD) was 8.6 +/- 1.4% (range 5.2-14.0%), with 33% of children having a HbA1c concentration < 8%. HbA1c concentrations were significantly related (P < 0.05) to insulin dose and to duration of diabetes, but not to severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, age, frequency of injections, or number of clinic visits per year. Mean HbA1c concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those children in puberty (8.7 +/- 1.5%) than in those not in puberty (8.5 +/- 1.2%). CONCLUSION: Only 33% of patients had a HbA1C concentration less than 8% and 6.3% had a severe hypoglycaemic episode in the 3 months. These results are similar to published overseas data.     

MAINTENANCE OF DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTION OF THE SURFACTANT SYSTEM IN HUMAN FETAL LUNG TYPE II EPITHELIAL CELLS CULTURED ON PLASTIC

We report a simplified culture system for human fetal lung type II cells that maintains surfactant expression. Type II cells isolated from explant cultures of hormone-treated lungs (18-22 wk gestation) by collagenase + trypsin digestion were cultured on plastic for 4 days in serum-free medium containing dexamethasone (Dex, 10 nM) + 8-bromo-cAMP (0.1 mM) + isobutylmethylxanthine (0.1 mM) or were untreated (control). Surfactant protein (SP) mRNAs decreased markedly in control cells between days 1 and 4 of culture, but mRNA levels were high in treated cells on day 4 (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D; 600%, 100%, 85%, 130% of day 0 content, respectively) . Dex or cAMP alone increased SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D mRNAs and together had additive effects. The greatest increase in SP-A mRNA occurred with cAMP alone. Treated cells processed pro-SP-B and pro-SP-C proteins to mature forms and had a higher rate of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis (2-fold) and higher saturation of PC (~34% versus 27%) than controls. Only treated cells maintained secretagogue-responsive phospholipid synthesis. By electron microscopy, the treated cells retained lamellar bodies and extensive microvilli. We conclude that Dex and cAMP additively stimulate expression of surfactant components in isolated fetal type II cells, providing a simplified culture system for investigation of surfactant-related, and perhaps other, type II cell functions.