伴GATA1变异的非唐氏综合征急性巨核细胞白血病2例并文献复习

目的探讨GATA1基因变异致急性巨核细胞白血病(AMKL)的临床特征。方法分析2例GATA1基因变异致AMKL的非唐氏综合征患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果例1为2岁女性AMKL患儿,无特殊面容及发育迟缓;病初骨髓染色体核型示50,XX,+8,+10,+21,+21[7]/46,XX[13];基因检测示GATA1基因变异c.52dupT;经诱导化疗骨髓缓解后复查外周血染色体示46,XX;目前无病生存。例2为1岁男性AMKL患儿,无特殊面容;病初骨髓染色体核型示47,XY,+21[10]/46,XY[10];基因检测示GATA1变异;经化疗骨髓缓解后复查染色体示46,XY;目前持续缓解中。结论提示在非唐氏综合征儿童罹患AMKL时需重视GATA1基因变异的检测。     

Y染色体拷贝数变异致性发育异常的临床和遗传学特点

目的探讨Y染色体拷贝数变异致性发育异常(DSD)患儿的临床表型和遗传学特点。方法回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院2018年1月至2022年9月收治的3例Y染色体拷贝数变异致DSD患儿的临床资料, 应用染色体核型分析、全外显子测序(WES)、低深度全基因组拷贝数变异测序(CNV-seq), 荧光原位杂交(FISH)和性腺组织病理活检技术对患儿进行临床分析和遗传学检测。结果 3例患儿就诊年龄分别为12、9、9岁, 均表现为身材矮小和性腺发育不良, 社会性别均为女。均为正常女童外阴, 例1伴脊柱侧弯, 余未见明显异常。3例患儿均报告为46, XY核型, WES未发现相关基因变异。CNV-seq确定例1为47, XYY, +Y(2.12), 例2为46, XY, +Y(1.6), 即Y染色体拷贝数增加。FISH最终确定2例患儿Yq11.2附近断裂后发生重组, 为携带拟双着丝粒Y染色体idic(Y)的嵌合体DSD。例1核型重新诠释为mos 47, X, idic(Y)(q11.23)×2[10]/46, X, idic(Y)(q11.23)[50], 例2为45, XO[6]/46, X, idi...     

Pallister-Killian综合征1例临床及细胞分子遗传学分析

目的探讨Pallister-Killian综合征(PKS)的细胞分子遗传学特点。方法采集患儿外周血标本进行G显带染色体核型分析,单核苷酸多态性-微阵列芯片(SNP array)技术鉴定异常片段来源,运用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术加以确认。结果女性患儿,8月龄,因精神运动发育迟缓就诊。出生后有喂养困难、肌张力低下、面容异常、后发际线低、足部畸形、双耳听力未过关等临床表现。外周血染色体G显带核型为mos 47,XX,+mar[18]/46,XX[82];芯片分析结果发现患儿12号染色体短臂嵌合重复,提示为12 p四体嵌合体;FISH检测显示有48%的细胞有4个12 p信号。结论根据临床表现,常规外周血染色体核型分析结合SNP-array及FISH检测诊断PKS。     

45，X/46，XY嵌合体性腺表型与分子生物学分析

目的:探讨45,X/46,XY嵌合体患儿性腺特征、性腺肿瘤的发生率及 SRY基因及Y染色体微缺失检测结果。 方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2019年12月在江西省儿童医院就诊的45,X/46,XY核型或其变异型患儿的病例资料,对45,X/46,XY嵌合体性腺表型及分子生物学进行分析。结果:30例...     

混合性性腺发育不良伴外生殖器畸形临床及分子遗传学研究

目的 分析混合性性腺发育不良（mixed gonadal dysgenesis,MGD）伴外生殖器畸形患儿的临床特征及其与分子遗传学的相关性。方法 收集2002年1月至2014年12月因外生殖器畸形就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院儿内科5例患儿病例资料,其染色体为45,X/46,XY嵌合体或包含45,X/46,XY的其他嵌合体。分析其临床特征并进行相关辅助检查,采用多重连接依赖式探针扩增技术（multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA）检测外周血DNA中Y染色体微缺失情况及性发育过程相关基因拷贝数变化。结果 5例MGD患儿临床表型不一,其中3例为男性抚养,2例女性抚养。4例存在不同片段及数量的Y染色体微缺失,5例均未检测到WNT4、NR5A1、SOX9、Cxorf21的拷贝数异常。 结论 MGD临床表型谱广泛,外生殖器畸形严重程度不一。临床表型和外周血染色体核型嵌合比例之间无明显关联。Y染色体微缺失在MGD中的发生率很高,微缺失的范围大小可能和外生殖器的男性化程度正相关。     

外周血核型45,XO表型为男性性发育异常一例

1例1岁9月龄患儿,社会性别男,以生后外阴异常为主诉,体格检查发现患儿尿道开口于会阴,伴有阴茎下弯,阴茎阴囊转位,左侧阴囊内可及睾丸,右侧阴囊及腹股沟区未触及似睾丸包块,但多次查外周血染色体核型为45,XO未检测到SRY基因,与临床表型不符。进一步行口腔黏膜、包皮组织及性腺组织FISH检测,发现为45,XO/46,XY/46,X ish der(Y)t(Y;Y)嵌合体。外周血染色体核型为45,XO,临床表型为男性的情况非常少见。     

15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征1例并文献复习

目的 采用分子遗传学技术分析1例常规染色体核型拟诊为21/22三体的发育迟缓伴孤独症患儿,明确遗传学诊断。方法 收集患儿及其父母的外周血标本,常规提取基因组DNA,应用高分辨染色体核型分析（400-550带）检测患儿及其父母的染色体数目及结构,微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(array-CGH)筛查患儿的全基因组拷贝数变异,以荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对异常的基因拷贝进行染色体精确定位和定量。结果 女,2岁,发育迟缓伴孤独症样表现。外侧眼角下垂、内眦赘皮。常规染色体核型检查（320带）分别为47,XX,+22和47,XX,+21。高分辨染色体核型分析显示,该患儿携带额外标记染色体（SMC）,核型为47,XX,+mar dn,尚不能确定是否为21/22三体携带者,患儿父亲高分辨率核型染色体分析提示为46,XY,母亲为46,XX,提示患儿携带SMC为新生突变。array-CGH检测显示15q11.2-13.2区域微重复（chr15:22684529-30730543,8.0 Mb,hg19）。FISH验证该SMC来源于15号染色体,由15q11.2-13.2区域二倍体及双着丝粒组成。患儿最终诊断为15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征。复习文献报道的15q11.2-13.2拷贝数增加病例的临床表型,微重复四倍体综合征的主要表型有智力低下/发育迟缓（100％）、肌张力低下（92.9％）、孤独症/孤独症样表现（71.4％）和癫痫（61.5％）等。结论 15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征是患儿发生精神发育迟滞伴孤独症的遗传学基础,array-CGH能够快速、准确地检测基因组的微小失衡。     

尿道下裂患儿染色体及核型分析

目的通过对尿道下裂患儿染色体核型分析和SRY基因检测,初步明确染色体核型、SRY基因缺失情况和尿道下裂之间的关系。方法采用染色体核型Leica Cyto Vision~自动细胞遗传学分析系统进行染色体核型分析。采用PCR扩增琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法对SRY基因进行检测。结果 137例尿道下裂患儿中,检测出染色体异常10例(7.29%),其中Ⅰ型2例(2/46,4.3%),Ⅱ型3例(3/41,7.3%),Ⅲ型2例(2/26,7.6%),Ⅳ型3例(3/24,12.5%),1例患儿SRY检测阴性,染色体检测45,XY,-21[10]/46,XY,r(21)[5]/46,XY,r(21;21)[13],行双侧睾丸活检,双侧活检均有睾丸组织和卵巢组织,为DSD(disorders of sex development),其余病例未发现有SRY异常。结论染色体和核型改变是尿道下裂形成的主要原因之一,已确定可引起尿道下裂的染色体畸变有十余种,对于外生殖器分化模糊,如伴尿道下裂、阴蒂肥大呈阴茎样,根据生殖器外观常难以正确决定性别的患者,通过性染色体检查有助于做出明确诊断,并根据染色体检查结果和临床其它检查,明确是否DSD。     

47,XXX/48,XXX,+8 合并贝赫切特综合征1 例报告及文献复习

目的分析临床罕见的47XXX/48XXX+8合并贝赫切特综合征患者的临床特征和诊断、治疗。方法回顾1例47XXX/48XXX+8合并贝赫切特综合征患者的临床资料,染色体核型分析及基因分析结果,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,女,11岁女性,反复发热6年余并伴有反复口腔溃疡及外阴溃疡,临床诊断为贝赫切特综合征;集合全基因芯片扫描及外周血染色体核型分析结果,患儿染色体核型为为47,XXX[12]/48,XXX,+8[18]。结论染色体核型分析与基因分析在诊断疾病上有着相互补充的作用。8号染色体上可能存在贝赫切特综合征相关致病基因的基因剂量增加效应。     

SRY基因检测在儿童性发育疾病诊断中的应用

目的：应用SRY基因直接测序检测技术和外周血染色体核型分析技术对外生殖器模糊的幼儿及青春期儿童进行检查以明确诊断。方法：采用常规G显带方法分析20例外生殖器模糊的患儿染色体核型,用PCR技术扩增其SRY基因,进行基因测序,分析是否存在SRY基因及SRY基因是否存在突变情况。结果：20例患儿中SRY基因阳性的有17例,阴性3例。直接测序结果显示所有SRY基因阳性患者该基因均未发生突变。染色体核型分析中检出4例特殊核型为：46, XY, del (Y) (q12)/45, X、46, XY, add (Y) (p11)、46, XY, r (9)及46, XY, 9 qh+。结论：SRY基因检测有助于明确儿童性发育疾病的分型,具有快速检测的优越性,与常规G显带相结合分析有助于儿童性发育疾病的初步诊断。     

Y Chromosome Specific DNA Probe in the Diagnosis of a Patient with mos 45, X/46, XYnf

In a patient with mos 45,X/46,XYnf, the diagnosis was confirmed with a Y chromosome-specific DNA probe, Y-190. The patient was a phenotypic female without Turner syndrome stigmata other than short stature. She showed some evidence of virilization and high serum testosterone. Her peripheral blood karyotype was mos 45,X/46X, +mar. Although this marker chromosome resembled a Y chromosome, there was no quinacrine bright region on its long arm. Southern blot analysis of her peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA with Y-190 as a probe showed strong hybridization with this probe. Gonadectomy was performed, and bilateral gonadoblastomas were found.     

Presence of Turner stigmata in a case of dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism with 45,X/46,X+mar karyotype

A case is reported of dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism (DMPH) having Turner stigmata and 45,X/46,X+mar karyotype. The marker chromosome of this patient consisted of most if not all of the short arm, including the sex determining region of the Y chromosome. Although this karyotype is relatively common in Turner's syndrome and occasionally observed in mixed gonadal dysgenesis, DMPH is usually exemplified by a 46,XY karyotype except for one patient reported with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Turner stigmata have not previously been reported in DMPH. The present patient is an intermediate case between mixed gonodal dysgenesis and typical DMPH, and this indicates that 45,X/ 46,X +mar karyotype abnormality can result in a wide range of phenotype such as DMPH, mixed gonodal dysgenesis and Turner's syndrome.     

Presence of Turner stigmata in a case of dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism with 45,X/46,X+mar karyotype

Accepted 19 November 1996
A case is reported of dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism (DMPH) having Turner stigmata and 45,X/46,X+mar karyotype. The marker chromosome of this patient consisted of most if not all of the short arm, including the sex determining region of the Y chromosome. Although this karyotype is relatively common in Turner''s syndrome and occasionally observed in mixed gonadal dysgenesis, DMPH is usually exemplified by a 46,XY karyotype except for one patient reported with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. Turner stigmata have not previously been reported in DMPH. The present patient is an intermediate case between mixed gonodal dysgenesis and typical DMPH, and this indicates that 45,X/46,X+mar karyotype abnormality can result in a wide range of phenotype such as DMPH, mixed gonodal dysgenesis and Turner''s syndrome.

     

Different Skeletal Phenotypes in a Mother and Two Daughters with Short Stature Homeobox-Containing Haploinsufficiency

Haploinsufficiency of the short stature homeobox-containing (SHOX) gene causes Turner skeletal features such as short metacarpals, cubitus valgus, and Madelung deformity. We report the clinical findings of a Japanese family consisting of two daughters with SHOX haploinsufficiency (46, X, del(X) (p.22.3)) and their mother with 45,X [9]/ 46, X, del(X) (p22.3) [11] karyotype. Physical and auxological examinations revealed a mesomelic appearance, cubitus valgus, a short neck and short stature in the daughters, but on the other hand, only a short neck and short stature in the mother. Radiological studies indicated markedly curved radii in the daughters, but only mild curvature of the radii in the mother. Regular menstruation had taken place since the age of 12 yr in the elder daughter, but the mother had irregular menstruation and she had received fertility treatment for pregnancy. The different skeletal phenotypes of the mother and her daughters with SHOX haploinsufficiency might be due to the mild gonadal estrogen deficiency found in the mother, which was caused by mosaic Turner syndrome, and the phenotypic variability of SHOX haploinsufficiency.     

45,X/47,XY,+13 mosaicism and Crohn's disease

The unusual karyotype 45,X/47,XY,+13 in an 8.5-year-old girl with the Turner phenotype is described. She displayed none of the phenotypic manifestations of trisomy 13. The patient suffered from Crohn's disease, which is known to be associated with the Turner syndrome. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of Crohn's disease in a patient with 45,X and Y chromosome mosaicism.     

Monozygotic twin discordant for Down syndrome: mos 47,XX,+21/46,XX and 46,XX

Monozygotic twins, developed from a single zygote, are almost identical in clinical phenotype and concordant karyotypes. Monozygotic twins with discordant karyotypes are thought to be quite rare. Here, we report monochorionic-diamniotic twins discordant for Down syndrome. On findings of prenatal ultrasonography, nuchal translucency thickness was different between twins, and suggested that one of the twins was at high risk for having chromosomal abnormalities including Down syndrome. The twins were monochorionic-diamniotic; therefore, chorionic villi sampling of the common placenta was performed. The karyotype of the chorionic villi cells was 46,XX, and pregnancy was maintained. After delivery, dysmorphic clinical features suggesting Down syndrome were found in one of the twins, while the other twin showed a morphologically normal appearance. Karyotypes of peripheral blood leukocytes were repeatedly normal in the dysmorphic twin; however, the karyotype of skin fibroblasts from the dysmorphic twin indicated Down syndrome mosaicism; 47,XX,+21[99]/46,XX[2]. The karyotype of skin fibroblasts from the morphologically normal twin was 46,XX. Monozygosity of the twins was confirmed by a short tandem repeat analysis using 16 polymorphic markers. A mitotic nondisjunction followed by the twinning would explain the discordant karyotypes between monozygotic twins.     

45,X/47,XY,+ 13 Mosaicism and Crohn's Disease

ABSTRACT. The unusual karyotype 4S,X/47,XY,+13 in an 8.5-year-old girl with the Turner phenotype is described. She displayed none of the phenotypic manifestations of trisomy 13. The patient suffered from Crohn's disease, which is known to be associated with the Turner syndrome. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of Crohn's disease in a patient with 45,X and Y chromosome mosaicism.     

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis in a patient with de novo tas(Y;19)(p11.3;q13.4) and 45,X mosaicism

We report a patient with a de novo telomeric association between chromosomes 19 and Y in conjunction with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. The patient was first admitted to the clinic because of abnormal external genitalia. Laparoscopic evaluation revealed (1) a rudimentary uterus, one fallopian tube, and a small gonad resembling an ovary on the right side, and (2) an immature fallopian tube, a vas deferens, and a gonad resembling a testis on the left side. Conventional cytogenetic analysis performed on cultivated peripheral blood cells, and tissue obtained from the phallus and a gonadal structure which resembled a testis revealed two different cell lines with the 46,X,tas (Y;19)(p11.3;q13.4) and 45,X karyotype. Y chromosome microdeletion analysis showed that the patient did not have any genomic deletions in the AZFa, b, c, or SRY regions on the long arm of the Y chromosome. This is the first report of a patient with mixed gonadal dysgenesis that is accompanied by a telomeric association between chromosomes 19 and Y with 45,X mosaicism.     

Short stature in children with an apparently normal male phenotype can be caused by 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and is susceptible to growth hormone treatment

Girls with unexplained short stature are routinely screened for the presence of Ullrich-Turner syndrome by clinical examination, laboratory tests, and karyotyping. In this study, we performed chromosomal analysis in boys to explore the role of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism for short stature in males. Short-term effects of growth hormone treatment in male 45,X/46,XY individuals were compared retrospectively to those in female patients. We report six boys with a normal-appearing male phenotype and 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, four of whom were diagnosed postnatally because of short stature. Two boys were diagnosed prenatally by amniocentesis. Five boys were short and were treated with growth hormone (0.04–0.05 mg/kg per day) in analogy to girls with Ullrich-Turner syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis. With the exception of one patient in whom treatment was initiated only at the age of 14.6 years, the male patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism responded to short-term growth hormone treatment similarly to females with an increasing height SDS. Conclusion:45,X/46,XY mosaicism remains undetected in some short boys because this group is not routinely karyotyped. We recommend chromosomal analysis of boys with otherwise unexplained short stature who are short for their families. Growth hormone treatment should be offered to short boys with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and a predicted adult height below the mid-parental range within clinical trials.Abbreviations FSH follicle stimulation hormone - GH growth hormone - IGF-I insulin-like growth factor 1 - IGFBP-3 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 - LH luteinising hormone - MPH mid-parental height