1例肾单位肾痨12型的临床特点及TTC21B基因型研究

肾单位肾痨（NPHP）是一组常染色隐性遗传，主要累及肾小管间质的囊性肾病。该文报道1例TTC21B基因突变所致的NPHP 12型。患儿女，起病隐匿，3岁6个月首次就诊时即存在中量蛋白尿、肾功能损害、高血压2期，并伴有内脏反位、短指/趾，4岁前进展到终末期肾病。尿蛋白电泳以肾小球性蛋白尿为主。尿β2-微球蛋白、尿α1-微球蛋白等肾小管指标均明显增高。基因检测显示TTC21B基因存在c.1552T > C （p.C518R）、c.752T > G （p.M251R）复合杂合突变，前者来自父亲，后者来自母亲。c.752T > G为新发突变。TTC21B基因突变患儿的肾脏病理除了NPHP典型的肾小管改变外，多同时存在显著的肾小球损害。     

NPHP3基因突变致婴幼儿期进展为终末期肾病的肾单位肾痨2例并文献复习

摘要目的：总结2例在婴幼儿期进展为终末期肾病（ESRD）的NPHP3基因突变致肾单位肾痨（NPHP）患儿的临床特征及基因突变的特点。方法：收集患儿的一般情况、肾活检、影像学、实验室检查和基因测序结果,并行文献复习。结果：①2例均为男性,发病年龄3和17个月,均以黄疸、肝功能异常为首发症状,2例进展至ESRD的年龄分别为11和35个月。例1肾活检病理肾小管间质炎,肾小球轻度病变,未见囊肿;肝脏活检肝细胞弥漫性变性,间质纤维组织增生。未发现家族中有类似疾病。②行高通量测序结果显示,例1存在NPHP3基因 C.2369A>G (p.L790P)、c.1358A>G (p.L453P)杂合错义突变,例2存在c.1174C>T(p.R392X)无义突变和IVS26 3A>G剪切突变。2例均为复合杂合突变,均分别来自患儿父母。p.L453P和p.L790P错义突变及IVS26 3A>G剪切突变经软件预测为有害突变。除IVS26 3A>G外均为新发现的突变。③共检索到18篇文献1 504例NPHP患者行NPHP3测序,79例检测到NPHP3纯合突变或复合杂合突变。其中19例在新生儿期进展为ESRD,需要肾脏替代治疗,常伴有肺发育不良和胰腺囊肿,在胎儿期表现为羊水少,超声提示双肾增大,伴有囊性改变,常被诊断为常染色体隐性遗传多囊肾;余20例（含文2例）在5岁前进展为ESRD,以肝功能异常和贫血为主要表现,常伴肝脏纤维化和胆管发育异常;42例在5岁后进展为ESRD,以贫血、肾功能异常和高血压等肾脏表型为主。 结论：NPHP3基因突变所致NPHP并非传统意义上的青年型NPHP,约半数在5岁前进展为ESRD,故婴幼儿期不明原因的黄疸和肝功能异常应警惕NPHP3基因突变可能。本研究发现的c.1358A>G、C.2369A>G和c.1174C>T突变为新发现的NPHP3基因突变类型。     

不同基因突变致肾单位肾痨及相关综合征患儿临床表型特点及基因分析

目的 提高对肾单位肾痨（nephronophthisis,NPHP）及相关综合征患儿临床表型和基因特点的认识。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月—2022年11月河北医科大学第二医院儿科诊治的8例NPHP及相关综合征患儿的临床资料，对其临床特征和基因检测结果进行分析。结果 8例NPHP患儿中，男5例，女3例，起病年龄15个月至12岁，就诊时均存在不同程度肾功能异常。8例患儿中，2例以发育落后首发，2例以贫血为首发，2例为体检发现肾功能异常；肾外表现包括心血管异常2例，骨骼发育异常2例，肝功能异常1例，视网膜色素变性1例，内脏镜面转位1例。8例患儿肾脏B超均有结构改变，4例尿常规显示存在轻至中度蛋白尿。5例为NPHP1基因突变，NPHP3、IFT140、TTC21B基因突变各1例，共发现4个新突变位点。结论 NPHP及相关综合征患儿常以发育落后或贫血为首发表现，部分患儿合并肾外表现。对不明原因肾功能异常患儿，应考虑到NPHP及相关综合征，高通量测序技术有助于明确诊断。[中国当代儿科杂志，2023,25(8):831-836]     

PLCE1 基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征1 例报告并文献复习

目的分析PLCE1基因突变致激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)的临床特征和基因变异特点。方法回顾分析1例确诊的由PLCE1基因突变致SRNS患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果女性患儿,8岁11月龄,确诊原发性肾病综合征6年余,激素耐药型,病理为局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)。肾病综合征相关基因检测发现,患儿PLCE1基因存在2个杂合错义变异 c.577GA(p.V193I)和c.2770GA(p.G924S);Sanger 测序验证显示c.577GA(p.V193I)来自患儿母亲(杂合状态),患儿父母均无c.2770GA(p.G924S)变异,为新发变异。这2个变异均为已有报道的致病性突变。结论 PLCE1基因变异可导致常染色体遗传型SRNS。     

高IgE综合征2例临床及基因分析

目的探讨DOCK8基因变异导致的反复感染型高IgE综合征的临床及遗传特征。方法回顾分析2例高IgE综合征患儿的临床资料,包括高通量测序分析,致病位点Sanger验证,以及外周血DOCK8基因表达水平。结果男女患儿各1例,分别为5岁2个月和4岁8个月。2例患儿均因反复感染、持续皮疹或脓疱等就诊。患儿无特殊面容,血清IgE水平显著升高,外周血中嗜酸性粒细胞水平明显上升。全外显子测序分析发现女性患儿的DOCK8基因存在IVS2+1GA和c.1729GA(p.A577T)复合杂合变异,分别来自其父母。男性患儿的DOCK8基因存在父源c.2248GA(p.E750K)和母源c.1685TG(p.L562R)复合杂合变异。生物信息学分析发现p.A577T、p.E750K以及p.L562R三个错义变异在不同的物种之间保守。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示女性患儿外周血中DOCK8基因表达水平显著降低。结论 DOCK8基因变异是感染型高IgE综合征的常见病因,扩大了DOCK8基因变异谱。     

神经元蜡样脂褐质沉积症3例临床及基因变异分析

目的探讨神经元蜡样脂褐质沉积症(NCL)的临床和基因变异特征。方法回顾分析3例NCL患儿的临床资料和基因检测结果。结果 3例女性患儿,多表现为认知和运动倒退、不同程度的癫痫发作、视力受累。全外显子测序发现,例1的PPT1基因存在c.124+1GA及c.413CT复合杂合变异,其中c.124+1GA遗传自父亲,c.413CT遗传自母亲;例2及其哥哥PPT1基因存在c.181CT及c.536+1GA复合杂合变异,其中c.181CT遗传自父亲,c.536+1GA遗传自母亲;例3的CLN8基因存在c.768GT及c.209GT复合杂合变异,其中c.768GT遗传自父亲,c.209GT遗传自母亲。c.768GT和c.209GT是既往未见报道的新的变异位点。结论基因检测有助NCL的诊断及遗传咨询;PPT1基因变异可呈现不同的临床表现,即使是同一家系具有相同变异位点的个体临床表现也各不相同。     

SYNGAP1 基因变异致癫痫伴认知发育障碍3 例临床分析

目的探讨SYNGAP1基因变异致儿童癫痫伴认知发育障碍的临床特点。方法收集并分析2017—2019年确诊的3例SYNGAP1变异相关癫痫患儿的临床资料以及对患儿及父母的全外显子二代测序及Sanger验证结果。结果 3例患儿中,男2例、女1例,均为儿童期起病。癫痫发作分别表现为眼睑肌阵挛伴失神,肌阵挛、失张力,局灶性发作。3例患儿均有认知异常,其中1例有刻板、攻击行为,缺少眼神交流和社会性交往。患儿父母及家系成员无惊厥及发育障碍。3例患儿均检测到SYNGAP1基因存在新发杂合变异,均为常染色体显性遗传,分别为6号外显子c.623delC(p.P208Qfs*15)、1号外显子c.67+1GA(splicing)、13号外显子c.2158GA(p.Asp720Asn),其中13号外显子错义变异患儿为局灶性发作。结论 SYNGAP1基因变异可导致癫痫伴认知发育障碍,癫痫发作具有临床多样性。     

二例合并癫痫的高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征患儿的基因分析

目的探讨两例低血糖、癫痫发作合并高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征女孩的遗传学病因。方法采集2例患儿的临床资料, 采集家系外周血行全外显子基因测序(WES), Sanger测序验证。结果全外显测序结果提示两例患儿均表为GLUD1基因变异c.1466C>T(p.Pro489Leu)。结论 GLUD1基因变异c.1466C>T杂合变异可能是高胰岛素血症高氨血症综合征的致病病因。     

儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病2 例临床分析

目的分析儿童重型遗传性血管性血友病(VWD)的临床特征及基因变异。方法回顾分析2例VWD患儿的临床资料,采用免疫比浊法检测血管性血友病因子(VWF)活性。采集患者及其父母的外周血,通过高通量基因测序,分析F7、F8、F9、F11、VWF基因全部外显子编码区和剪接区的变异情况。采用PCR结合Sanger测序的方法,分析VWF基因位点的变异情况。结果 2例男性患儿,分别为1岁和2岁,临床表现以皮肤黏膜出血为主,血管性血友病因子活性(VWF:Act)分别为5.0%及2.8%。例1血浆因子Ⅷ凝血活性(FⅧ:C)1.9%、血浆因子ⅩⅡ凝血活性(FⅩⅡ:C)43.2%;例2 FⅧ:C 23%。例1 VWF基因检测到c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)纯合变异;父母均为杂合变异。例2 VWF基因检测到c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)和c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)杂合变异,分别来自其父亲、母亲。c.813CG(p.Tyr271Ter)变异与3型VWD相关;c.55GA(p.Gly19 Arg)变异率极低,与1型VWD相关;c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)变异未见报道,SIFT、Polyphen和MutationTaster均预测其有致病性。2例患儿经止血及替代治疗后,病情均有所好转。结论经基因检测确诊重型1型和3型VWD各1例,并发现VWF基因c.1200 CA(Asp400Glu)新发变异。     

结节性硬化症5 家系临床及基因突变分析

目的分析结节性硬化症的临床表现及基因变异情况。方法回顾分析5个结节性硬化症家系成员的临床资料及基因检测结果。结果 5个家系受累者多表现为不同程度的癫痫发作、色素脱失斑、智力低下。家系1先证者TSC1基因存在c.2074CT杂合无义突变,其父母该位点未见异常;家系2先证者TSC2基因存在c.2545+10CT杂合变异,为新发现的剪切变异,其父亲该位点为杂合子;家系3先证者TSC1基因存在c.2497CT杂合无义变异,其母亲和姐姐该位点均为杂合子;家系4先证者TSC2基因存在c.4375CT杂合变异,为新发现的无义变异,其母亲、姐姐及哥哥该位点均为杂合变异;家系5先证者未发现明确致病变异。结论具有相同TSC1变异位点的结节性硬化症患儿的临床表现可各不相同;发现新的TSC1致病变异。     

Renal tubular dysfunction following treatment with anti-epileptic drugs

To evaluate renal side-effects of anti-epileptic medication in children, we performed a cross-sectional study of various aspects of renal function. We studied 59 patients from our outpatient clinic. They had been on anti-epileptic monotherapy for at least 3 months. None had a history of renal disease. Twenty-three healthy children of the same age group served as controls. After collecting 24-h urine samples, glomerular function was derived from creatinine clearance and from the excretion of albumin. Proximal tubular function was investigated by the urinary excretion of 1-microglobulin and of the tubular enzymes N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase, alamine-amino-peptidase and fructose-1,6-di-phosphatase. Distal tubular function was examined by the 24-h excretion of Tamm-Horsfall protein. On treatment with carbamazepine (n=27) and phenytoin (n=8), the excretion of 1-microglobulin was significantly increased, as compared with the healthy controls. On valproate (n=20), ethosuximide (n=9) and phenytoin (n=8), therapies significantly increased excretion of N-acetyl-ß-D-glucosaminidase. This must be interpreted as an indication of a functional disturbance of the proximal tubulus. The other parameters, indicating function of the glomerulus, loop of Henle and distal tubules did not differ from normal.Patients on anti-epileptic treatment with therapeutic drug levels may demonstrate minor signs of tubular dysfunction. These are probably insignificant from a clinical standpoint, but they should be considered in drug overdose.     

CYSTIC RENAL LYMPHANGIECTASIA: A Distinctive Clinicopathologic Entity in the Pediatric Age Group

This report describes the features of unilateral cystic renal lymphangiectasia in a 2-year-old child who presented with hypertension, massive ascites, a left flank mass, and no evidence of familial renal cystic disease. The child became normotensive and is now asymptomatic more than 3 years after surgery. The clinical presentation and diffuse pathologic involvement are similar to findings for the few pediatric patients with cystic lymphangiectasia described in the literature and appear distinct from the more localized form of the disease seen in adults.     

Renal length nomogram in Hong Kong Asian children: sonographic measurement and multivariable approach

Aim: The purpose of our study was to build a multiple renal length nomogram for Hong Kong Asian children based on normal renal ultrasonography. Methods: All children below the age of 13 years, who underwent ultrasonography in a local Hospital in Hong Kong from 23 September 2008 to 31January 2009 due to melamine exposure were identified. Results: A total of 3031 normal children were identified. Hong Kong Asian children have smaller kidneys as compared with the Western. Age, body weight and body height are the significant factors in the multiple nomogram model of renal length. The interaction between body ln(weight) (ln stands for natural logarithm) and age as well as body height and age are also significant in the model. Conclusion: Our study provides a practical multiple nomogram of renal length for Hong Kong Asian children.     

RENAL FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION IN THE REMNANT KIDNEY IN PATIENTS WITH RENAL AGENESIS AND IN PATIENTS NEPHRECTOMIZED IN CHILDHOOD

ABSTRACT. The renal response to volume expansion was determined in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to unilateral renal agenesis (URA) and in four patients with renal hypertrophy due to nephrectomy (Nz). Four healthy controls were also studied. The studies were performed during water diuresis and following i.v. infusion of isotonic saline solution. Conventional clearance techniques were used. GFR and PAH clearence were increased to about the same extent in Nz and in URA. Fractional Na⁺ excretion was highest in the Nz group and lowest in the control group. It was higher in the Nz group than in the URA group. Fractional water excretion (V/GFR) and free water clearance (C h ₂ o ) were also determined and the results indicate that the high fractional excretion of Na⁺ from the hypertrophied kidney can be attributed to reduced fractional re-absorption of filtrated Na⁺ both in the proximal and the distal tubules. The fractional Na⁺ reabsorption in the distal tubule appears to be higher in URA than in Nz. It is concluded that glomerular tubular balance for Na⁺ is more similar to that found in healthy controls if the stimulus to hypertrophy occurs prenatally than if it occurs postnatally.     

Hereditary Renal Adysplasia: New Observations and Hypotheses

Renal agenesis and dysplasia are frequently regarded by pathologists, even pediatric pathologists, as sporadic malformations. We report six fetal autopsy cases of hereditary renal adysplasia (HRA): two pairs of siblings, one case with paternal unilateral renal agenesis, and one case with an autosomal balanced 6p/19q translocation. The main purpose of this paper is to emphasize that nonsyndromal renal agenesis and dysplasia are pathogenetically related and often inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expression. A subsidiary purpose is to present a case of bilateral multicystic dysplasia with a balanced 6p/19q translocation. This observation further supports the assignment of one of the loci for HRA to chromosome 6p.     

Rapid national survey of renal stones in New Zealand infants

Aim:   The aim of this study was to determine if there have been recent serious renal problems because of melamine among infants in New Zealand.
Methods:   New Zealand paediatricians were surveyed in October 2008 using the New Zealand Paediatric Surveillance Unit network.
Results:   Two cases of renal stones and none of unexplained renal failure in the previous 12 months were reported. Both cases of renal stones had an identifiable cause, and neither had features of melamine-related stones.
Conclusion:   This survey confirmed the expectation that this was not a discernible problem of recent serious melamine-associated renal damage in New Zealand. The method did however prove to be an effective way of undertaking a rapid determination of a possible recent serious health problem among children.     

Interventricular Fibroma and Cystic Renal Dysplasia in a Newborn

A newborn twin presented with a cardiac tumor; at autopsy microcystic dysplasia was found in the kidneys. The histology of the renal cysts were not unlike those found in many multisystem syndromes (e.g., Schwartz-Jampel, Ehlers-Danlos, and Jeune's asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy). No evidence of tuberous sclerosis or other phakomatoses were found. This case may alert other observers to carefully look for cystic dysplasia of the kidneys or other organs in association with cardiac tumors.     

Management of infants and young children with combined heart and kidney failure

Most infants and children referred for cardiac transplantation have low cardiac output with concurrent renal hypoperfusion leading to renal insufficiency and failure. This article is a review of the literature of and a single center's experience with combined heart and kidney failure in infants and children less than 10 yr of age. While 39 infants less than 10 yr of age were dialyzed pre- or peri-operatively, none required dialysis support at the time of discharge or in 5-10 yr follow-up. Based on our experience we recommend heart transplant alone in infants and young children with primary heart disease even though they have renal dysfunction.     

Labeled Lectin Studies of Renal Tubular Dysgenesis and Renal Tubular Atrophy of Postnatal Renal Ischemia and end-Stage Kidney Disease

Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD), with hypoplasia especially of renal proximal convoluted tubules and clinical neonatal anuria or oliguria, has been reported as a congenital familial (autosomal recessive) disease, variably with features of oligohydramnios, Potter syndrome, or pulmonary hypoplasia. A similar tubular lesion due to antenatal tubular atrophy has been reported for conjoined twins with twin-twin transfusion syndrome or acardia and in infants of mothers given antihypertensive agents, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, during pregnancy, and it has been seen as a unilateral lesion in young infants with renal artery stenosis due to arteritis or medial arterial calcinosis. The renal tubular changes in RTD are very like those of the “endocrine kidney” in experimental animals and resemble those of the renal tubular atrophy of end-stage kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial kidney disease, obstructive uropathy/pyelonephritis, graft rejection of transplanted kidneys, or the renal parenchymal changes seen with protracted dialysis therapy. Labeled lectins that differentially mark proximal convoluted, distal convoluted and connecting, and collecting tubules showed no distinctive differences in stainingpatterns of the hypoplastic renal tubules of infants and children with RTD, postnatal renal artery obstruction, or the various types of end-stage renal disease with the lectins used (PNA, GSL1, UEA, and LTA). The findings suggest that the renal tubular changes in some if not all the conditions studied are the result of renal ischemia. The reported familial RTD with hypernephronic nephromegaly may be a specific disorder, but other forms could reflect renal ischemia acquired in utero or in early or later postnatal life.