45，X/46，X，+mar男性患儿临床及遗传学分析

目的分析45,X/46,X,+mar男性患儿的临床及遗传学特征。方法回顾分析2例确诊45,X/46,X,+mar男性患儿的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果2例男性患儿,年龄分别为10岁7个月和3岁1个月,均有矮小表现,且伴有性腺发育落后。例1合并精索静脉曲张,头颅磁共振成像示部分空蝶鞍,外周血染色体核型分析为45,X[31]/46,X,+mar[69],二代测序检测提示Y染色体短臂SRY基因拷贝数重复,长臂USP9Y基因整体缺失。例2外周血染色体核型分析也为45,X[5]/46,X,+mar[75],全基因组CNV检测提示染色体核型为46,XY,Y染色体AZFb+AZFc区域完全缺失。结论矮小症患儿应密切关注其外生殖器的形态及功能,必要时进行遗传学分析。     

Pallister-Killian综合征1例临床及细胞分子遗传学分析

目的探讨Pallister-Killian综合征(PKS)的细胞分子遗传学特点。方法采集患儿外周血标本进行G显带染色体核型分析,单核苷酸多态性-微阵列芯片(SNP array)技术鉴定异常片段来源,运用荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术加以确认。结果女性患儿,8月龄,因精神运动发育迟缓就诊。出生后有喂养困难、肌张力低下、面容异常、后发际线低、足部畸形、双耳听力未过关等临床表现。外周血染色体G显带核型为mos 47,XX,+mar[18]/46,XX[82];芯片分析结果发现患儿12号染色体短臂嵌合重复,提示为12 p四体嵌合体;FISH检测显示有48%的细胞有4个12 p信号。结论根据临床表现,常规外周血染色体核型分析结合SNP-array及FISH检测诊断PKS。     

外生殖器畸形106例患儿病因分析

目的 分析外生殖器畸形患儿的临床特征并探讨其发病原因,以期提高该病的诊疗水平.方法 收集近几年因外生殖器畸形就诊于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院的106例患儿的资料,总结其临床特征、行染色体核型分析及其他辅助检查.部分患儿抽提外周血基因组DNA进行相关基因突变筛查.结果 (1)106例外生殖器畸形患儿表型多样,从单纯阴蒂肥大/单纯尿道口开口异常,到外生殖器呈间性畸形、性别难辨.染色体核型分析:46,XX 42例(39.6％);46,XY 62例(58.5％);2例(1.9％)染色体核型异常.(2)42例46,XX核型患儿诊断为先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(CAH) 40例(95.2％),肾上腺肿瘤1例(2.4％),另有1例(2.4％)患儿性别决定基因(SRY)阳性.(3)46,XY核型中的53例(85.5％)行5α-还原酶2型基因(SRD5A2)、雄激素受体基因(AR)和类固醇生成因子-1基因(SF-1)突变筛查,发现8例患儿存在SRD5A2突变,存在AR和SF-1突变者各1例.(4)2例染色体异常患儿,1例染色体核型为46,XX/46,XY嵌合型;1例为46,XX/46,XY/46,X.+may.ish(DYZ3+)(DXZ1-)嵌合型.结论 (1)CAH是46,XX核型中呈现外生殖器畸形最常见的病因,少见因素如肾上腺肿瘤、SRY易位等.(2)46,XY核型的外生殖器畸形发病机制复杂,基因突变筛查是明确其病因的最有效方法.(3)染色体异常亦可以引起外生殖器畸形表型.     

一例13号环状染色体综合征患儿的临床及遗传学分析

患儿,女,5个月,因生长发育迟缓就诊,体格检查发现体格发育落后,特殊面容（小头畸形、眼距宽、耳位偏低、鼻梁扁平、短人中）以及一侧小阴唇缺失。外周血染色体核型为46,XX,r（13）（p11q33）[82]/45,XX,-13[10]/46,XX,r（13;13）（p11q33;p11q33）[8];微阵列比较基因组杂交（aCGH）检测显示13q11q33.2区域和13q33.2q34区域分别有87.5 Mb的重复和8.2 Mb的缺失;荧光原位杂交（FISH）显示13号环状染色体长臂末端缺失。诊断为13号环状染色体综合征。该综合征临床表型多变,主要与染色体区带中遗传物质丢失的数量、部位以及不同核型嵌合比例不同等密切相关。     

15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征1例并文献复习

目的 采用分子遗传学技术分析1例常规染色体核型拟诊为21/22三体的发育迟缓伴孤独症患儿,明确遗传学诊断。方法 收集患儿及其父母的外周血标本,常规提取基因组DNA,应用高分辨染色体核型分析（400-550带）检测患儿及其父母的染色体数目及结构,微阵列比较基因组杂交技术(array-CGH)筛查患儿的全基因组拷贝数变异,以荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）对异常的基因拷贝进行染色体精确定位和定量。结果 女,2岁,发育迟缓伴孤独症样表现。外侧眼角下垂、内眦赘皮。常规染色体核型检查（320带）分别为47,XX,+22和47,XX,+21。高分辨染色体核型分析显示,该患儿携带额外标记染色体（SMC）,核型为47,XX,+mar dn,尚不能确定是否为21/22三体携带者,患儿父亲高分辨率核型染色体分析提示为46,XY,母亲为46,XX,提示患儿携带SMC为新生突变。array-CGH检测显示15q11.2-13.2区域微重复（chr15:22684529-30730543,8.0 Mb,hg19）。FISH验证该SMC来源于15号染色体,由15q11.2-13.2区域二倍体及双着丝粒组成。患儿最终诊断为15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征。复习文献报道的15q11.2-13.2拷贝数增加病例的临床表型,微重复四倍体综合征的主要表型有智力低下/发育迟缓（100％）、肌张力低下（92.9％）、孤独症/孤独症样表现（71.4％）和癫痫（61.5％）等。结论 15q11.2-13.2微重复四倍体综合征是患儿发生精神发育迟滞伴孤独症的遗传学基础,array-CGH能够快速、准确地检测基因组的微小失衡。     

尿道下裂患儿染色体及核型分析

目的通过对尿道下裂患儿染色体核型分析和SRY基因检测,初步明确染色体核型、SRY基因缺失情况和尿道下裂之间的关系。方法采用染色体核型Leica Cyto Vision~自动细胞遗传学分析系统进行染色体核型分析。采用PCR扩增琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法对SRY基因进行检测。结果 137例尿道下裂患儿中,检测出染色体异常10例(7.29%),其中Ⅰ型2例(2/46,4.3%),Ⅱ型3例(3/41,7.3%),Ⅲ型2例(2/26,7.6%),Ⅳ型3例(3/24,12.5%),1例患儿SRY检测阴性,染色体检测45,XY,-21[10]/46,XY,r(21)[5]/46,XY,r(21;21)[13],行双侧睾丸活检,双侧活检均有睾丸组织和卵巢组织,为DSD(disorders of sex development),其余病例未发现有SRY异常。结论染色体和核型改变是尿道下裂形成的主要原因之一,已确定可引起尿道下裂的染色体畸变有十余种,对于外生殖器分化模糊,如伴尿道下裂、阴蒂肥大呈阴茎样,根据生殖器外观常难以正确决定性别的患者,通过性染色体检查有助于做出明确诊断,并根据染色体检查结果和临床其它检查,明确是否DSD。     

Y染色体拷贝数变异致性发育异常的临床和遗传学特点

目的探讨Y染色体拷贝数变异致性发育异常(DSD)患儿的临床表型和遗传学特点。方法回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院2018年1月至2022年9月收治的3例Y染色体拷贝数变异致DSD患儿的临床资料, 应用染色体核型分析、全外显子测序(WES)、低深度全基因组拷贝数变异测序(CNV-seq), 荧光原位杂交(FISH)和性腺组织病理活检技术对患儿进行临床分析和遗传学检测。结果 3例患儿就诊年龄分别为12、9、9岁, 均表现为身材矮小和性腺发育不良, 社会性别均为女。均为正常女童外阴, 例1伴脊柱侧弯, 余未见明显异常。3例患儿均报告为46, XY核型, WES未发现相关基因变异。CNV-seq确定例1为47, XYY, +Y(2.12), 例2为46, XY, +Y(1.6), 即Y染色体拷贝数增加。FISH最终确定2例患儿Yq11.2附近断裂后发生重组, 为携带拟双着丝粒Y染色体idic(Y)的嵌合体DSD。例1核型重新诠释为mos 47, X, idic(Y)(q11.23)×2[10]/46, X, idic(Y)(q11.23)[50], 例2为45, XO[6]/46, X, idi...     

FLT3抑制剂单药治疗儿童泛耐药难治性急性髓系白血病1例报告

患儿,女,4岁,主因发热2 d于2013年9月就诊于当地儿童医院,入院白细胞195.15×109/L,骨髓细胞学及流式免疫分型确诊为急性单核细胞白血病M5。当地医院先后给予高三尖杉、标准DA、IA及FLAG方案进行治疗未能缓解,每次化疗前复查骨髓涂片示骨髓增生Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,原始+幼稚单核细胞比例在17%~80.5%之间。为进行异基因造血干细胞移植,患儿于2014年3月转入我院。入院时体查：神清,精神可,消瘦面容,轻度贫血貌,肝脾肋下未及,余未见异常。入院时血常规示：WBC 6.1×109/L,HGB 108 g/L, PLT 182×109/L。骨髓涂片示：骨髓增生I级,原始+幼稚单核细胞占87%,成熟单核细胞占2.5%,粒系占有核细胞5.5%,红系占有核细胞4.5%,外周血涂片可见原始细胞占43%。细胞化学染色示：过氧化物酶染色（POX）呈弱阳性,糖原染色（PAS）呈阴性,非特异性酯酶染色（NSE）呈阴性。流式细胞术检测骨髓免疫分型：83.99%细胞（占骨髓非红系有核细胞百分比）表达CD117、HLA-DR、CD34和CD96,不表达CD7、CD56、CD19、CD64、CD300e和CD14为恶性幼稚髓系细胞。染色体核型：46,XX[14],另见一核型为：46,XX,t（1;2）（p36.1;q33）[1]。预后相关的髓系白血病骨髓细胞突变基因检测：FLT3-ITD突变阳性,ASXL1突变、CEBPA突变、DNMT3A突变、IDH1/2突变、KIT突变、NPM1突变、PHF6突变、TET2突变[1-4]均阴性。33种融合基因（126种剪切变异体）筛查均阴性。确诊为急性单核细胞白血病M5,未缓解,FLT3-ITD（+）,高危组。肝肾功能、凝血常规、粪尿常规均正常。胸部CT未见异常。     

儿童急性巨核细胞白血病MICM分型诊断

目的分析2例急性巨核细胞白血病(AMKL)患儿的诊断过程,探讨儿童AMKL的MICM分型诊断方法。方法细胞形态学按急性白血病FAB标准诊断分型;免疫表型检测应用流式细胞仪;细胞遗传学检测采用G显带技术分析核型;白血病融合基因采用多重巢式RT-PCR方法。结果 2例AMKL患儿均为男性,婴幼儿期发病,以出血、发热和贫血为主要表现,血小板和血红蛋白减少,骨髓原始巨核细胞异常增生超过30%;免疫分型表达CD41a、CD42b、CD61;复杂染色体核型;1例融合基因阴性,1例EVI1融合基因阳性。结论儿童AMKL较为少见,完善相关检查明确MICM分型诊断,有利于治疗及改善预后。     

47,XXX/48,XXX,+8 合并贝赫切特综合征1 例报告及文献复习

目的分析临床罕见的47XXX/48XXX+8合并贝赫切特综合征患者的临床特征和诊断、治疗。方法回顾1例47XXX/48XXX+8合并贝赫切特综合征患者的临床资料,染色体核型分析及基因分析结果,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,女,11岁女性,反复发热6年余并伴有反复口腔溃疡及外阴溃疡,临床诊断为贝赫切特综合征;集合全基因芯片扫描及外周血染色体核型分析结果,患儿染色体核型为为47,XXX[12]/48,XXX,+8[18]。结论染色体核型分析与基因分析在诊断疾病上有着相互补充的作用。8号染色体上可能存在贝赫切特综合征相关致病基因的基因剂量增加效应。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.