1例多发伤并发重度ARDS病人行V-V ECMO及俯卧位通气治疗的护理

总结1例多发伤伴重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)病人行静-静脉体外膜氧合(veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, V-V ECMO)及长时间俯卧位(prone position, PP)通气治疗的护理经验,包括ECMO护理、俯卧位通气治疗的护理、心理护理等。通过全方位计划、团队合作和针对性护理管理,本例危重多发伤病人经V-V ECMO支持,并在ECMO期间行俯卧位通气治疗37 h余,6 d后成功撤机,20 d后康复出院。     

右心声学造影在静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合插管中的应用初探

目的 观察右心声学造影在静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合（V-V ECMO）插管中的应用价值。方法 收集18例接受经右股静脉及右颈内静脉插管V-V ECMO治疗的重症肺炎致急性呼吸衰竭患者，根据插管时是否行右心声学造影分为造影组（n=8）和对照组（n=10），测量并记录其中心静脉压（CVP）及心输出量（CO）。运转ECMO后，对造影组患者行心血管常规超声检查及右心声学造影，观察并调整下腔静脉内套管尖端位置；对照组患者仅行心血管常规超声，观察下腔静脉瓣处血流方向及下腔静脉内套管尖端位置。测量并记录2组患者下腔静脉内套管尖端与膈肌的距离（DCTD）及左股动脉氧分压，比较组间DCTD、左股动脉氧分压、CVP及CO差异。结果 造影组DCTD[5.14（4.68，5.81）mm]和左股动脉氧分压[90.05（85.06，95.33）mmHg]均高于对照组[3.31（2.96，3.69）mm、78.61（71.82，81.04）mmHg，Z=-1.93、-2.20，P均<0.05]；组间CVP和CO差异无统计学意义（Z=-1.79，-1.80，P均>0.05）。结论 右心声学造影有助于V-V ECMO插管时调整下腔静脉内套管尖端位置，减少再循环，提高临床治疗效果。     

ARDS病人静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合期间采用俯卧位治疗的研究现状

对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)病人在静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(V-V ECMO)期间采用俯卧位治疗的意义、具体要求及护理要点进行综述,旨在为该类病人提供更好的V-V ECMO期间俯卧位治疗服务提供参考依据。     

超声在监测体外膜肺治疗儿童急性暴发性心肌炎的应用价值

目的探讨超声在体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗儿童急性暴发性心肌炎中的应用价值。方法选取我中心收治的21例因急性暴发性心肌炎行ECMO治疗并成功脱机的患儿,观察ECMO治疗前和ECMO撤离即刻各超声心动图参数的变化,并监测并发症发生情况。结果21例患儿治疗前的超声心动图表现:17例出现左室壁增厚,心肌回声减低;12例出现少量心包积液;16例出现二、三尖瓣少量反流。与ECMO治疗前比较,ECMO撤离即刻左室射血分数、二尖瓣前叶收缩期运动速度、左室流出道速度时间积分均升高,左室壁厚度、左室舒张末期内径、左房内径均减小,肺动脉收缩压下降,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。发生的并发症包括:静脉插管位置不当3例,插管位置渗血5例,颈动脉插管处假性动脉瘤1例,插管于右房入口血栓1例,脑组织损伤1例。结论超声可在急性暴发性心肌炎的诊断、ECMO治疗过程中评估心脏功能的变化及监测并发症的发生,具有重要的应用价值。     

体外膜肺氧合应用于危重症患者的初步探讨

目的 探讨体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)在危重症患者呼吸、循环衰竭支持中的作用.方法 回顾分析2007年10月1日至2009年12月26日北京大学第三医院及北京地坛医院重症监护病房(ICU)使用ECMO支持治疗的危重症患者的临床资料.结果 9例ECMO治疗患者中男性3例,女性6例;平均年龄(26.8±7.0)岁;体质指数(28.3±9.1) kg/m2.2例因循环衰竭行静脉-动脉(V-A)治疗模式辅助心功能,治疗开始后血管活性药物剂量明显减少,心功能指标均显著改善;另7例因感染2009新型甲型H1N1流感伴严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),常规机械通气治疗无效行静脉-静脉(V-V)模式辅助肺功能,治疗后呼吸机支持条件显著降低,同时动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、血pH值均明显改善.全部患者中5例发生急性肾功能不全,6例出现高胆红素血症,4例发生导管相关性血行感染.最终5例成功脱机(其中4例存活出院,1例死亡),2例治疗过程中死亡,2例放弃治疗.9例患者平均输注悬浮红细胞(15.1±9.9)U,ICU住院时间(18.9±15.7)d.结论 ECMO能迅速减轻危重症患者心肺工作负荷,改善心肺功能,并为其提供休息及自行恢复的机会.减少相关并发症的发生是成功实施ECMO、改善患者预后的关键.     

床旁超声引导穿刺在VA-ECMO置管中的应用

目的:评价床旁超声引导在建立VA模式体外膜肺氧合(VA-ECMO)循环股动静脉置管中的应用效果。方法:选择我院2017-07—2019-09期间收治的86例接受股动静脉置管方式、VA-ECMO模式支持的患者进行研究,按是否使用床旁超声引导置管分为观察组(2018-10—2019-09期间经B超引导下穿刺置管的51例患者)及对照组(2017-07—2018-09期间采用非超声传统体表解剖定位穿刺置管的35例患者)。记录及对比2组患者一次置管成功率、组织损伤情况、建立ECMO循环时间、出/渗血情况、动静脉导管短期/长期并发症、患者ECMO脱机成功率、脱机后28 d生存率、ICU住院时间的情况。结果:与对照组相比,观察组一次穿刺成功率高于对照组(92.16%vs.74.28%),切开置管率、组织损伤、置管时间、穿刺口出/渗血比例、导管相关感染率及ICU住院时间均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:与传统体表解剖定位穿刺置管方式相比,床旁超声引导ECMO穿刺置管可缩短建立ECMO循环时间,减少置管过程中出血量,降低置管相应血管并发症发生率,减少院内感染发病率,缩短患者ICU总住院时间,可安全有效地用于需应用ECMO治疗的患者。     

髂静脉受压综合征围手术期护理

目的:总结髂静脉受压综合征患者围手术期的护理措施和要点。方法:回顾性总结47例髂静脉受压综合征患者介入治疗及围手术期的护理。结果:47例患者均手术成功,术后无1例并发症发生,经彩色超声检查,提示髂静脉通畅、无血栓形成,腹部平片提示支架无移位,通畅率为100%。结论:对髂静脉受压综合征围手术期患者给予心理护理,病情观察,用药护理,健康宣教,可提手术成功率,减少并发症的发生,有助于患者恢复。     

左心室功能参数监测经静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合辅助患者心功能

目的观察超声心动图监测经静脉-动脉模式体外膜肺氧合(V-A ECMO)辅助患者左心室功能参数变化及预测脱机的价值。方法回顾性分析18例接受V-A ECMO辅助治疗患者,根据脱机成功与否分为成功组12例、失败组6例;对比2组ECMO支持第1天、脱机前1天及脱机即刻左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室流出道速度-时间积分(VTI)、主动脉瓣最大前向血流速度(AV-V_max)、二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值血流速度(E)、收缩期二尖瓣环侧壁位点运动速度(TDI lat s')及舒张早期二尖瓣环间隔壁位点运动速度(e'),计算E/e';采用二维斑点追踪成像获取左心室整体纵向应变(LVGLS)及应变率(LVGLSR)。结果脱机前1天,成功组LVEF、TDI lat s'、AV-V_max、VTI、LVGLS及LVGLSR均明显高于失败组(P均<0.05),ECMO流量明显低于失败组(P<0.05)。成功组脱机前1天LVEF、TDI lat s'、AV-V_max、VTI、LVGLS及LVGLSR均显著高于、ECMO流量低于ECMO支持第1天(P均<0.05);脱机即刻LVEF、TDI lat s'、VTI及LVGLS较脱机前1天进一步增高(P均<0.05)。脱机前1天,LVEF、TDI lat s'、AV-V_max、VTI和LVGLS预测成功脱机的AUC分别为0.926、0.917、0.861、0.944和0.981,截值分别为34.50%、9.40 cm、5.50 cm/s、-6.75%和85.00 cm/s时,敏感度分别为88.90%、88.90%、77.80%、100%和88.90%,特异度分别为83.30%、83.30%、83.30%、83.30%和100%。结论超声心动图可实时监测接受ECMO支持患者,对评估ECMO疗效、选择脱机时机及预测预后具有重要价值。     

体外膜肺氧合在成人心脏手术术后心力衰竭治疗中的应用

目的:观察体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)对成人心脏手术术后心力衰竭患者的治疗效果,探讨在此类患者应用ECMO的适应证。方法:自2006年11月—2007年1月,对3例成人心脏术后心力衰竭的患者进行ECMO支持治疗,均采用股动-静脉插管。ECMO期间维持血流动力学和呼吸指标稳定。结果:ECMO时间平均102.3h。3例患者心功能改善、均顺利脱机。1例康复出院,1例脱机31d后因严重肺部感染死亡,1例脱机5d后因心律失常死亡。结论:ECMO是治疗成人心脏术后心功能衰竭的有效方法,但需正确掌握适应证,合理选择患者。     

严重创伤后并发ARDS行ECMO治疗46天1例报告北大核心CSCD

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是严重创伤的常见和严重并发症之一,常常导致患者死亡。体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)作为当前心肺功能支持的终极手段,在ARDS救治过程中发挥越来越重要的作用。体外生命支持组织(ELSO)建议ECMO治疗时间一般为2周,如果病情没有改善,考虑到成本效益因素则退出ECMO治疗。本院一例严重创伤后并发ARDS患者,经过46 d长程静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(VV-ECMO治疗获得成功,国内外文献少见,现报道如下。     

体外膜肺氧合技术在9例危重症患者中的应用效果

目的总结重症医学科医护团队主导的体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)在危重症患者中的应用效果。方法收集和分析9例经ECMO治疗患者的基本信息、ECMO相关参数、治疗、转归、动脉血气指标及并发症等资料。结果9例患者中,7例成功撤机,5例存活出院,4例死亡。死亡患者中1例并发大面积脑出血,1例消化道大出血,1例感染性休克,1例放弃治疗。ECMO运转时间为26~384 h。患者治疗前及治疗后1、3、7 d的PaO2、Lac水平整体比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ECMO治疗能迅速改善患者的血流动力学稳定性,提高心脏骤停患者的抢救成功率。     

High survival in adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, minimal sedation, and pressure supported ventilation

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the results of treatment of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), minimal sedation, and pressure supported ventilation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational study in a tertiary referral center, Intensive Care Unit, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital at Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventeen adult patients with ARDS were treated with venovenous or venoarterial ECMO after failure of conventional therapy. The Murray score of pulmonary injury averaged 3.5 (3.0-4.0) and the mean PaO2/FIO2 ratio was 46 (31-65). A standard ECMO circuit with nonheparinized surfaces was used. The patients were minimally sedated and received pressure-supported ventilation. High inspiratory pressures were avoided and arterial saturation as low as 70% was accepted on venovenous bypass. RESULTS: In one patient a stable bypass could not be established. Among the remaining 16 patients 13 survived (total survival rate 76%) after 3-52 days (mean 15) on bypass. Major surgical procedures were performed in several patients. The cause of death in the three nonsurvivors was intracranial complications leading to total cerebral infarction. CONCLUSION: A high survival rate can be obtained in adult patients with severe ARDS using ECMO and pressure-supported ventilation with minimal sedation. Surgical complications are amenable to surgical treatment during ECMO. Bleeding problems can generally be controlled but require immediate and aggressive approach. It is difficult or impossible to decide when a lung disease is irreversible, and prolonged ECMO treatment may be successful even in the absence of any detectable lung function.     

Anesthesia and perioperative management for giant adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with inferior vena cava and right atrium tumor thrombus: A case report

BACKGROUNDEwing’s sarcoma of the adrenal gland with inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium thrombus is extremely rare. Here, we report a case of giant adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with IVC and right atrium tumor thrombus and summarize the anesthesia and perioperative management.CASE SUMMARYA young female was admitted to the Department of Urology with intermittent pain under the right costal arch for four months. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed a large retroperitoneal mass (22 cm in diameter), which may have originated from the right adrenal gland and was closely related to the liver. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a strong echogenic filling measuring 70 mm extended from the IVC into the right atrium and ventricle. After preoperative preparation with cardiopulmonary bypass, sufficient blood products, transesophageal echocardiography and multiple monitoring, tumor and thrombus resection by IVC exploration and right atriotomy were successfully performed by a multidisciplinary team. Intraoperative hemodynamic stability was the major concern of anesthesiologists and the status of tumor thrombus and pulmonary embolism were monitored continuously. During transfer of the patient to the intensive care unit (ICU), cardiac arrest occurred without external stimulus. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed immediately and cardiac function was restored after 1 min. In the ICU, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) were provided to maintain cardiac, liver and kidney function. Histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of Ewing’s sarcoma. After postoperative treatments and rehabilitation, the patient was discharged from the urology ward.CONCLUSIONAn adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma with IVC and right atrium thrombus is extremely rare, and its anesthesia and perioperative management have not been reported. Thus, this report provides significant insights in the perioperative management of patients with adrenal Ewing’s sarcoma and IVC tumor thrombus. Intraoperative circulation fluctuations and sudden cardiovascular events are the major challenges during surgery. In addition, postoperative treatments including ECMO and CRRT provide essential support in critically ill patients. Moreover, this case report also highlights the importance of multidisciplinary cooperation during treatment of the disease.     

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe ARDS in pregnant and postpartum women during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic

Purpose

To describe the technical challenges, efficacy, complications and maternal and infant outcomes associated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in pregnant or postpartum patients during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

Methods

Twelve critically ill pregnant and postpartum women were included in this retrospective observational study on the application of ECMO for the treatment of severe ARDS refractory to standard treatment. The study was conducted at seven tertiary hospitals in Australia and New Zealand.

Results

Of the 12 patients treated with ECMO, 7 (58%) were pregnant and 5 (42%) were postpartum. Their median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 29 (26?C33)?years, 6 (50%) were obese. Two patients were initially treated with veno-arterial (VA) ECMO. All others received veno-venous (VV) ECMO with one or two drainage cannulae. ECMO circuit-related complications were rare, circuit change was needed in only two cases and there was no sudden circuit failure. On the other hand, bleeding was common, leading to relatively large volumes of packed red blood cell transfusion (median [IQR] volume transfused was 3,499 [1,451?C4,874]?ml) and was the main cause of death (three cases). Eight (66%) patients survived to discharge and seven were ambulant, with normal oxygen saturations. The survival rate of infants whose mothers received ECMO was 71% and surviving infants were discharged home with no sequelae.

Conclusions

The use of ECMO for severe ARDS in pregnant and postpartum women was associated with a 66% survival rate. The most common cause of death was bleeding. Infants delivered of mothers who had received ECMO had a 71% survival rate and, like their mothers, had no permanent sequelae at hospital discharge.     

体外膜肺氧合治疗用于心肺复苏的临床研究

目的 总结体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）治疗对于常规心肺复苏（CPR）困难患者的临床治疗经验。方法 自2005-09-2006-05我院进行ECMO治疗37例患者，其中11例心脏骤停后实施电除颤和心脏按压等CPR措施无效或自主循环恢复后持续低心排而行ECMO循环辅助。结果 8例顺利停机，6例存活恢复出院，其中2例行心脏移植后康复出院。3例不能顺利撤机者在ECMO辅助期间由于循环功能恶化，最终因多器官功能衰竭死亡。顺利撤机和存活出院的患者治疗前乳酸水平较低。ECMO治疗后乳酸清除率较快（P〈0．05）。ECMO期间出现的并发症包括出血、神经精神系统异常、肢体缺血坏死和多脏器功能不全。4例患者因膜肺出现血浆渗漏而更换膜肺。结论 ECMO可为危重心脏病患者心脏骤停后复苏困难时提供心肺功能支持，提高危重心脏病患者CPR的存活率。CPR后动脉血乳酸值和ECMO治疗后乳酸清除率可以预测患者预后。     

ECMO used successfully in a near fatal case of opioid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) was first recognized during the 1960s. It is a distinct type of hypoxemic respiratory failure characterized by acute abnormality of both lungs. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is being increasingly used for patients with severe ARDS refractory to otherwise conventional management. A 29 year old male arrived with Emergency Medical Services (EMS) status post presumed heroin overdose. He was administered Naloxone 2 mg intravenously prior to arrival in the emergency department. The patient arrived in severe respiratory distress with a pulse oximetry level of 50% and was immediately intubated. The patient's pulse oximetry level remained in the seventies despite intubation and aggressive ventilator management. The Intensive Care Unit team in conjunction with cardiothoracic surgery initiated venovenous ECMO therapy in the emergency department itself. The patient was transferred to a tertiary center for venoarterial ECMO that was continued for 6 more days. After an extensive hospitalization, the patient was ultimately transferred to an acute medical rehabilitation center. With the current opioid crisis, emergency physicians and providers need to be aware that opioids can induce severe ARDS refractory to mechanical ventilation. ECMO as a treatment option can be used safely and successfully as described in this unique patient case report.     

Successful treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pulmonary hypertension in a child with Bordetella pertussis infection

Infection with Bordetella pertussis can cause severe illness with neurological and pulmonary complications in children. Pulmonary hypertension is an early sign of potentially fatal disease and can cause failure of conventional respiratory therapy in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We report a 4 1/2-year-old boy with B. pertussis infection who developed severe ARDS and pulmonary hypertension. Because of severe neurological signs the patient did not qualify for extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). After conventional ventilation, surfactant and high frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV) failed, treatment with nitric oxide (NO) improved oxygenation, allowing recovery without the need for ECMO. The patient survived with few sequelae. Thus, this treatment may be an option in high-risk children who meet the criteria for ECMO but are excluded because of poor neurological status, as in our patient.     

Interhospital transportation of a COVID-19 patient undergoing veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation by helicopter

Some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients develop rapidly progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome and require veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO). A previous study recommended the transfer of ECMO patients to ECMO centers. However, because of the pandemic, a limited number of ECMO centers are available for patient transfer. The safe long-distance interhospital transport of these patients is a concern. To minimize transportation time, helicopter use is a suitable choice. We report the first case of a COVID-19 patient on V-V ECMO, transferred to our ECMO center by helicopter.A 45-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis history, treated with immunosuppressants, presented with fever and sore throat. He was diagnosed with COVID-19 following a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction test result and was subsequently prescribed favipiravir. However, his respiratory failure progressively worsened. On day 10 of hospitalization at the previous hospital, he was intubated, and we received a request for ECMO transport on the next day. The ECMO team, who wore personal protective equipment (N95 respirators, gloves, gowns, and face shields), initiated V-V ECMO in the referring hospital and safely transported the patient by helicopter. The flight time was 7 min. He was admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital and received tocilizumab. He was discharged on hospital day 31 with no significant sequelae.In this case report, we discuss important factors for the safe and appropriate interhospital transportation of COVID-19 patients on ECMO as well as staff and patient safety during helicopter transportation.     

One hundred ECMO retrivals before and during the Covid-19 pandemic: an observational study

ObjectivesPatients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome may require veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) support. For patients in peripheral hospitals, retrieval by mobile ECMO teams and transport to high-volume centers is associated with improved outcomes, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. To enable a safe transport of patients, a specialised ECMO-retrieval program needs to be implemented. However, there is insufficient evidence on how to safely and efficiently perform ECMO retrievals. We report single-centre data from out-of-centre initiations of VV-ECMO before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design & settingSingle-centre retrospective study. We include all the retrievals performed by our ECMO centre between January 1st, 2014, and April 30th, 2021.ResultsOne hundred ECMO missions were performed in the study period, for a median retrieval volume of 13 (IQR: 9–16) missions per year. the cause of the acute respiratory distress syndrome was COVID-19 in 10 patients (10 %). 98 (98 %) patients were retrieved and transported to our ECMO centre. To allow safe transport, 91 of them were cannulated on-site and transported on V-V ECMO. The remaining seven patients were centralised without ECMO, but they were all connected to V-V ECMO in the first 24 hours. No complications occurred during patient transport. The median duration of the ECMO mission was 7 hours (IQR: 6–9, range: 2 – 17). Median duration of ECMO support was 14 days (IQR: 9–24), whereas the ICU stay was 24 days (IQR:18–44). Overall, 73 patients were alive at hospital discharge (74 %). Survival rate was similar in non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 group (73 % vs 80 %, p = 0.549).ConclusionIn this single-centre experience, before and during COVID-19 era, retrieval and ground transportation of ECMO patients was feasible and was not associated with complications. Key factors of an ECMO retrieval program include a careful selection of the transport ambulance, training of a dedicated ECMO mobile team and preparation of specific checklists and standard operating procedures.