静脉穿刺置管术临床应用及护理

静脉穿刺置管术已广泛应用于危重病人和低血容量病人的中心静脉压监测、静脉营养方法、血液标本采集和长期输液而周围静脉穿刺困难的病例。我院自1978～1995年进行了24460倒静脉穿刺置管术，未发生严重并发症。现将静脉穿刺置管术的临床应用及护理介绍如下。1材料和方法行预外静脉、锁骨下静脉、股静脉的穿刺用长7cm、内径0．2cm的20号不锈钢穿刺针及外径0．15cm、长40cm的硅胶管，采用外管内置管法；颈内静脉用国产静脉穿刺套管针，采用钢丝导引置管法；头静脉用进口深静脉穿刺套管外，也采用钢丝导引置管法。静脉穿刺置管术临床应用情况见…     

两种腹膜透析置管术的腹透管移位率对比观察

腹膜透析管是否移位是腹膜透析技术存活的关键,回顾我科1992年～2002年采用不同腹膜透析置管术透析的慢性肾衰竭尿毒症患者96例,现将其腹透管移位、大网膜包裹情况对比观察报告分析如下.     

腹腔镜与传统腹膜透析置管术的前瞻性非随机对照研究

目的:比较腹腔镜与传统腹膜透析置管术的近、远期疗效。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年10月行腹膜透析置管术的137例患者,其中62例于腹腔镜下置管(腹腔镜组),75例行传统开腹腹膜透析置管术(开腹组)。主要终点是导管生存时间。收集患者人口学资料、置管方法、并发症及转归等资料进行分析。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、体质指数、肾脏原发病、术前血红蛋白水平、估算肾小球滤过率等方面差异无统计学意义。腹腔镜组手术时间[(36.3±14.9)min vs.(88.2±32.2)min,P<0.01]、术后住院时间[(4.8±2.6)d vs.(6.8±5.2)d,P<0.01]优于开腹组。开腹组11例(14.7%)发生导管失功,腹腔镜组发生2例(3.2%),两组相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.04),主要与腹膜透析导管尖端移位(0 vs.8,P<0.01)有关。Kaplan-Meier曲线与Cox回归模型分析显示,腹腔镜组具有较好的导管生存率(log-rank P=0.03),手术方式是导管生存的独立影响因素(P=0.049,HR=0.22,95%CI:0.05-0.98)。结论:腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术具有手术时间短、术后康复快、导管功能障碍发生率低、导管生存率高等优势。     

快速康复外科在超声引导下经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管术中的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科(fast track surgery, FTS)在超声引导下经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管术围手术期中的应用价值。方法纳入我院肾脏内科2020年3月至2020年8月超声引导下经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管术患者23例, 随机分为理念指导组(即观察组)和传统处理组(即对照组), 比较两组术后实验室和临床观察指标的差异。结果共纳入23例患者, 其中对照组12例, 观察组11例。与对照组相比, 观察组术后首次下床活动时间缩短[(5±2.64)hvs (13.83± 4.36)h,P=0.01], 术后满意度评分升高[(8.55±0.50)分vs(7.08±0.93)分, P=0.01], 术后疼痛评分下降[(5.91±1.57)分vs(7.75±1.63)分, P<0.05]。结论在经皮穿刺腹膜透析置管术患者中应用围手术期快速康复外科理念可以缩短患者术后下地活动时间, 减少患者术后疼痛, 提高患者满意度, 安全有效。     

深静脉置管术在腹腔大出血患者抢救中的临床应用

目的研究锁骨下静脉、股静脉两种置管术在抢救急性腹腔大出血患者的临床应用价值。方法将120例急诊腹腔大出血患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各60例。观察组行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术,对照组行股静脉穿刺置管术。观察2组穿刺成功率、插管完成时间,误穿动脉率、穿刺口感染率。结果观察组首次穿刺成功率较对照组高,插管完成速度快,误穿动脉率、切口感染率低,并发症少,效果好。结论锁骨下深静脉穿刺置管术能够很好进行腹腔大出血患者的抢救治疗,优点多,适合在基层医院广泛应用。     

腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术治疗终末期肾脏疾病的临床疗效及安全性。方法行腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术治疗的终末期肾病患者175例。首次置管130例,传统置管术后再次置管45例。记录患者术后疼痛评分,随访期间有无隧道感染、置管堵塞、置管移位、重新置管率等相关指标。结果 175例患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,无中转开腹患者。手术时间30~60分钟,平均45.6分钟;术后3~9天出院,平均4.5天。随访时间3~36个月,平均20.4个月。使用肝素水于术后第2天开始冲洗置管,于术后4~9天后开始透析。4例患者进行腹膜透析治疗时流出淡血性液体,均于术后5~7天消失。患者术后疼痛评分(2.13±0.73)分,术后发生切口感染4例,均经换药处理后痊愈出院。2例患者分别于术后4个月、6个月因隧道口感染行腹膜透析置管取出术,随访过程中未发现导管移位、导管阻塞等情况,临床效果良好。结论腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术与传统开腹手术比较,切口感染发生率低,并发症少,疼痛轻,恢复快。     

两孔法腹腔镜置管术行腹膜透析的临床效果及安全性

目的:探讨通过两孔法腹腔镜置管术行腹膜透析的临床效果及安全性。方法:回顾分析2018年7月至2021年7月为100例患者行腹膜透析的临床资料，根据治疗方式分为观察组(n=56,两孔法腹腔镜置管术)与开腹组(n=44,传统开腹置管)。比较两组手术情况，记录治疗前、治疗后1个月生化指标(血肌酐、血尿素氮、钙、磷)及生活质量变化，并统计两组不良反应。结果:观察组手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛时间、住院时间均少于开腹组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后1个月，两组血肌酐、血尿素氮、钙、磷均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组躯体功能、物质生活、情感职能、社会功能等评分均较治疗前升高(P<0.05),观察组上述评分均高于开腹组(P<0.05)。观察组并发症发生率低于开腹组(5.36%vs.18.18%,P<0.05)。结论:通过两孔法腹腔镜置管术行腹膜透析具有微创的特点，可快速缓解疼痛，促进术后康复，提高患者生活质量，安全性较高。     

改良置管方式对腹膜透析患者早期导管技术生存率的临床分析

目的 通过回顾性研究探讨改良腹膜透析置管手术方式对腹膜透析患者早期导管技术生存率的影响.方法 回顾性分析2010年10月至2012年10月我科采用腹膜透析置管方式改进后的手术终末期肾脏疾病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)患者148例(A组).腹膜透析置管手术改良方式为:①耻骨联合正中点向上约为患者一横掌,正中线旁开1～2 cm为腹膜植入点;②过长网膜预先处理避免术后包裹,将腹膜切口水平2 cm以下部分予以结扎后切除;③引钢丝腹内段弯曲成135度弧形,从荷包口末端上翘沿前腹壁向下插入,至膀胱底部有阻力感后将导丝下压继续向前,待有落空感.荷包结扎后缝线末端提起再打结固定于内涤纶套外侧;④下至上间断缝合腹直肌前鞘,切勿在导管出处上方缝合前鞘,避免缝线张力引起导管末端翘起引起漂管;⑤用隧道针先向上直行约3～4cm再沿设计好隧道走形,模拟鹅颈管皮下段走形.另选择2008年9月至2010年9月我科ESRD患者采用传统腹膜透析置管方式94例(B组)为对照组.观察腹膜透析置管成功术后1个月内:导管移位、导管阻塞、重新置管、腹透液渗漏等早期导管技术生存率及血性腹透液,腹膜炎等并发症情况.结果 2组在年龄、体质量指数及尿量均无统计学差异,具有可比性.经置管方式改良后导管移位(漂管率)、导管阻塞、腹膜透析液渗漏较传统手术方式均有显著改善(P＜0.05),使得由于手术技术原因引起的重新置管率显著降低(P＜0.05);2组间血性透析液,腹膜炎,隧道炎,隧道外口感染等方面的发生率均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 改良腹膜透析置管方法可提高长期肾脏替代治疗患者早期导管技术生存率,减少早期并发症发生,改善患者的生活质量.     

超声引导技术在婴幼儿深静脉穿刺置管术中的临床应用

目的对比分析超声引导技术和常规解剖定位技术在婴幼儿深静脉穿刺置管术中的成功率和并发症。方法随机将100例接受择期行手术治疗的婴幼儿分为2组,每组50例。对照组采用超声引导技术行深静脉穿刺置管术,研究组采用常规解剖定位技术进行深静脉穿刺置管术。记录2组患儿的穿刺时间、一次穿刺成功率、总穿刺成功率和误伤动脉、穿刺部位血肿、置管困难、血胸及气胸等并发症发生率。结果与对照组比较,研究组穿刺时间明显缩短(P0.05)。研究组穿刺总成功率、一次性成功率亦明显高于对照组(P0.05)。对照组有10例误伤动脉,8例有穿刺部位血肿,7例有置管困难,而研究组仅有1例误伤动脉,研究组穿刺并发症的总发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。2组差异均有统计学意义。结论超声引导技术应用于婴幼儿深静脉术,有助于提高穿刺置管成功率,且穿刺时间较短,可避免多次穿刺,降低并发症的发生率。     

Seldinger法腹膜透析置管术的临床应用研究

目的 比较两种常见腹膜透析置管法(Seldinger法及外科切开法)的差异.方法 采用回顾性研究方法对2018年1月至2020年1月在蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肾病科住院并行上述两种腹膜透析置管的60例患者进行研究,其中Seldinger组35例,外科切开组25例.比较两组患者腹膜透析置管所需时间,切口长度,患者术中疼痛、...     

双涤纶套鹅颈管与Tenckhoff管在腹膜透析患者中的疗效比较

目的 比较双涤纶套鹅颈管与Tenckhoff管在持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者中的临床疗效。 方法 前瞻性入选首次植管并接受CAPD治疗的终末期肾脏病（ESRD）患者110例，随机分为鹅颈管组（A组）和Tenckhoff管组（B组），各55例。腹透管末端均为直型，以常规手术法植入，随访1年。记录并发症、生存时间、退出透析或死亡等结局。采用Kaplan-Meier法、Log-Rank检验进行生存分析。 结果 随访结束时，110例CAPD患者中17例死亡，3例转为肾移植，8例转为血液透析治疗，3例转至其他医院，79例（71.8％）继续在我院腹透治疗。两组患者共发生腹膜炎26例（35例次），总腹膜炎发生率为0.32次/病人年，A组为0.35次/病人年和B组为0.29次/病人年（P > 0.05）。植管距离首次腹膜炎时间分别为A组（30±29）周和B组（29±24）周（P > 0.05）。12个月时两组发生腹膜炎的风险同为26.97％。两组共发生隧道感染2次，出口感染9次，隧道及出口感染的发生率为0.1次/病人年。与A组比较，B组隧道感染（0.036次/病人年比0）和出口感染（0.11次/病人年比0.06次/病人年）发生率较高，但差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组间导管机械并发症（导管移位、大网膜包裹、腹透液渗漏、外涤纶套滑出）、腹股沟疝及腹痛的发生率差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。两组各有4例拔管，12个月技术生存率两组同为92.73％。两组共17例死亡（15.45％），其中A组死亡7例，B组死亡10例（P > 0.05），死亡原因主要为心脑血管并发症（47.1％）和感染（23.5％）。患者12个月生存率A组为86.34％，B组为80.68％（P > 0.05）。 结论 鹅颈管与Tenckhoff管应用于CAPD患者，在感染并发症与机械并发症的发生率、12个月技术生存率及患者生存率等方面的差异均无统计学意义，两种腹透管的疗效相近。     

Laparoscopic versus traditional peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion: a meta analysis

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the catheter-related complications as well as catheter survival between laparoscopic and traditional surgery in peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion. Results: Five randomized controlled trials and 11 cohort studies were identified. Meta-analysis showed laparoscopic catheter is superior to traditional surgery in terms of controlling catheter migration (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.08–0.33; p?p?=?0.0001; 2-year survival rate: OR 2. 07, 95% CI 1.29–3.33, p?=?0.0001), but slightly increases the risk of bleeding (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.07–4.23, p?=?0.03). The two groups were not significantly different in other catheter-related complications. As regards the quality of the analysis, only the migration analysis ranked A-level, while the rest fell into Class B or C. The overall research quality was moderate. Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgery is superior to traditional surgery on reducing catheter migration and prolonging catheter survival rate according to our analysis.     

Laparoscopic placement of the Tenckhoff catheter for peritoneal dialysis

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters can be inserted by open laparotomy as well as by laparoscopy. A prospective randomized study was scheduled to investigate the results of the laparoscopic versus open laparotomy technique for placement of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters. Fifty patients were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups of 25 patients each. Group A underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter placement via the open laparotomy technique. In 22 patients, catheters were inserted via midline incision, and in 3 patients with histories of previous catheterization, a paramedian incision was used. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was started 24 to 48 hours later. Group B underwent laparoscopic placement of the catheter with fixation into the pelvis and suture closure of the port wounds. In 21 patients, this catheter placement was the first such placement, and in 4 patients, a previous catheter had been inserted by the open technique and removed for dysfunction. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was started at the end of the procedure. The mean operative time was 22 minutes in group A and 29 minutes in group B (P < 0.001). Fluid leakage was observed in eight patients in group A, but in no patients in group B (P < 0.005). Peritonitis occurred in five patients in group A and in three patients in group B (P > 0.1). Tip migration occurred in five patients in group A and no patients in group B (P < 0.005). In group B, two patients underwent a simultaneous cholecystectomy and one underwent incisional hernia repair. Laparoscopic placement of a Tenckhoff catheter leads to better function than does the open procedure; it allows immediate start of dialysis without fluid leakage and permits simultaneous performance of other laparoscopic procedures.     

Videolaparoscopy as rescue therapy and placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters: a thirty-two case single centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Malfunction of the peritoneal catheter is a frequent complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD). Videolaparoscopy is a minimal invasive technique that allows rescue therapy of malfunctioning catheters and consecutive immediate resumption of PD. Furthermore, Tenckhoff catheters can be safely positioned in patients with previous abdominal surgery. We analysed the clinical diagnosis, videolaparoscopic treatment and the outcome of PD patients on whom videolaparoscopic interventions had been performed at our centre. METHODS: Thirty-two cases of videolaparoscopic interventions were performed for salvage of malfunctioning peritoneal catheters, implantation and abdominal surgical interventions in 25 PD patients. The videolaparoscope was inserted through a mini-laparotomy site of 15 mm diameter which was closed with purse-string sutures at the end of the intervention. RESULTS: Videolaparoscopy was used in 21 cases of catheter malfunction mostly due to omental wrapping (12 cases) and dislocation (five cases). In eight patients with previous surgical abdominal interventions, laparoscopic placement of the PD catheter was performed. In two cases the gall bladder was removed. One case of intestinal occlusion was evaluated laparoscopically in an attempt to minimize invasive surgery. Leakage of the peritoneal fluid presented the only complication caused by insufficient closure of one mini-laparotomy site. Minimal follow-up time of rescued catheters was 5 months. Videolaparoscopy prolonged PD catheter function by a median of 163 days (range 5-1469 days). CONCLUSIONS: Videolaparoscopy prolongs peritoneal catheter survival by treating directly the causes of malfunction. In patients with preceding abdominal interventions, the PD catheter can be placed safely even in cases necessitating surgical preparation like adhesiolysis.     

Factors influencing peritoneal catheter survival in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

The success of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is to a great extent determined by the survival of the peritoneal catheter. The aim of this study was to identify technical factors which influence CAPD catheter survival. A total of 453 CAPD catheters inserted into 310 patients over an 8-year period were analysed. Access to the peritoneum was gained either by an open surgical technique (n = 290) or by a closed technique using a trocar and introducer (n = 163). Data relating to a number of potentially significant risk/benefit factors were analysed using multiple regression analysis (proportional hazards method of Cox). Three factors were found to be independently associated with improved catheter survival. They were: using an open surgical insertion technique, performing a partial omentectomy at the time of catheter insertion and the procedure being performed by a consultant.     

Peritoneal catheter colonization by Penicillium sp : Case report and review of penicillium-related complications in peritoneal dialysis

Fungal peritonitis is an uncommon, serious complication of peritoneal dialysis, usually caused by Candida sp . Asymptomatic fungal colonization of the peritoneal catheter is less frequent. Penicillium sp have only rarely been reported as a cause of peritoneal complications in peritoneal dialysis. We report a case of fever and peritoneal catheter malfunction associated with catheter colonization by Penicillium sp , in the absence of signs or symptoms of acute peritonitis. Cultures of the dialysate grew Penicillium sp, and histological examination showed penetration of the catheter by hyphae. The peritoneal catheter was removed, and the patient was maintained on hemodialysis and oral itraconazole for 6 weeks before successfully returning to continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). One case of Penicillium catheter colonization and seven of Penicillium peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients have been previously published in the English literature. Detailed data were provided in five reports. Delayed diagnosis was frequent (mean ± SD 31 ± 24 days after the onset of symptoms). Peritonitis cases were treated with catheter removal and antifungal medications, and the outcome was always satisfactory. We conclude that Penicillium should be considered a pathogenic fungus, not a contaminant, when isolated from peritoneal dialysis specimens, and should be treated accordingly. However, Penicillium may colonize the peritoneal catheter in the absence of peritonitis, and the prognosis of Penicillium peritonitis is good despite a frequent delay in diagnosis.     

结肠内支架联合腹腔镜结肠癌根治术在结肠癌合并急性梗阻中的短期及中期疗效分析

目的:探讨结肠腔内支架置入联合腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术治疗结肠癌合并急性梗阻的短期及中期疗效。方法:选取2010年4月至2013年6月成功接受结肠腔内支架置入后行腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术的56例结肠癌合并急性梗阻患者(治疗组);另检索62例同期接受急诊开腹结肠癌根治术的结肠癌并急性梗阻患者作为对照(对照组)。对比两组患者的短期疗效指标及中期肿瘤学生存指标。结果:与对照组相比,治疗组术中出血量减少[(55.2±31.0)ml vs.(113.6±73.0)ml],淋巴结清扫数量增加[(20.0±5.1)vs.(15.4±5.2)],术后住院时间缩短[(7.3±2.1)d vs.(11.6±3.2)d],造口率(8.9%vs.67.7%)、术后吻合口漏发生率(2.0%vs.15.0%)、切口感染率(3.6%vs.16.1%)均降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者3年局部复发率(17.9%vs.19.4%)、3年无病生存率(64.3%vs.62.9%)、3年总体生存率(78.6%vs.75.8%)差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:结肠内支架联合腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术治疗结肠癌合并急性梗阻具有良好的短期及中期疗效。     

局部麻醉下地佐辛在腹膜透析管置入手术中镇痛效果观察

目的观察局麻下地佐辛在腹膜透析管置入手术的镇痛效果。方法将50例拟行腹膜透析管置入术的尿毒症患者,随机分为地佐辛组（A组,n=25）和哌替啶组（B组,n=25）。两组患者术前准备、麻醉方式、手术方法、术后处理均相同。A组患者在局麻前肌肉注射地佐辛10mg。B组患者在局麻前肌肉注射哌替啶100mg。比较两组药物在手术过程中的镇痛效果、患者的腹直肌紧张程度、牵拉反应以及不良反应。结果A组患者的镇痛效果明显好于B组。A组腹直肌松弛有效率高于B组。对腹膜的牵拉反应,A组低于B组,两组比较有明显统计学差异。A组不良反应明显少于B组,出血量无差异。结论腹膜透析置管患者,术前使用地佐辛镇痛,能取得较好的镇痛效果,不良反应少、安全可靠,值得临床推广应用。     

Laparoscopic repositioning of a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) catheter

We describe a laparoscopic technique for relieving obstruction of a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) catheter. Laparoscopic repositioning of the catheter and omentectomy obviated the need for laparotomy in a patient with end-stage renal disease.