胆道闭锁肝纤维化与自体肝生存关系的研究进展

胆道闭锁是婴儿期最严重的肝胆系统疾病之一。肝门-空肠吻合术(Kasai手术)是治疗胆道闭锁的主要手段,但术后自体肝长期生存效果不佳,大部分患儿需要通过肝移植来挽救生命。肝纤维化是影响胆道闭锁患儿自体肝生存的重要因素之一,其发生机制复杂,涉及多种信号通路及细胞因子的调控。Kasai手术后胆汁引流不畅、胆管炎发作都会导致肝纤维化进展,进而发生肝硬化。在完善早期诊断、早期手术、通畅引流胆汁及控制胆管炎的同时,还应积极应对患儿肝纤维化的持续进展,以期达到自体肝的长期生存。     

胆道闭锁Kasai手术

<正>胆道闭锁是婴儿特有疾病,是免疫反应介导的炎症过程,表现为肝外胆道完全或部分纤维性闭锁,Kasai手术是胆道闭锁患儿首选的手术治疗方式,术者经验及手术技巧对患儿预后有重要影响。目前Kasai手术有传统开腹手术和腹腔镜手术两种途径,后者尚存在争议。现介绍传统开腹Kasai手术。     

胆道闭锁Kasai手术效果影响因素的研究进展

胆道闭锁(biliary atresia,BA)是肝内外胆管进行性纤维化引起肝内外胆管硬化和闭锁的一种常见疾病,Kasai手术(肝门空肠吻合术)改善了患儿预后.手术时肝脏的病理状态,包括肝脏纤维化程度、胆管板畸形、肝门部纤维斑块、胆道闭锁类型都对Kasai术后的效果有影响.单纯用年龄评价手术预后有欠妥当.建立胆道闭锁治疗中心以提高外科医师实施Kasai手术的经验有助于改善手术预后,而胆道闭锁脾脏畸形综合征、早产儿、CMV感染对预后有不利影响.激素、熊去氧胆酸及抗生素的预防性使用其有效性目前尚有争议.     

影响胆道闭锁疗效的因素与对策

<正>肝门空肠吻合术(Kasai手术)和肝移植是治疗胆道闭锁(Biliary Atresia,BA)的两种方式。与欧美国家不同,受医疗模式、经济水平、传统观念等因素影响,我国目前对胆道闭锁的治疗以两者结合为主或以Kasai手术为多~([1])。Kasai手术可使部分患儿长期靠自体肝存活,或使肝移植的年龄推后。本文     

Kasai手术与肝移植治疗胆道闭锁的利弊思考

胆道闭锁是婴儿期严重肝胆疾病之一,手术是挽救生命的唯一方法 ,目前遵循Kasai手术-肝移植序贯治疗的手术方式,但随着儿童肝移植技术的发展,BA患者肝移植后的疗效得到了明显改善,学者们重新思考Kasai手术在胆道闭锁治疗中的作用.本文对两种手术方式的发展、结果 、利弊等进行对比总结,分析肝移植时代Kasai手术的价值.     

胆道闭锁Kasai术后糖皮质激素治疗的研究进展

胆道闭锁是累及肝内外胆管的一种进行性疾病,目前广泛采用的治疗策略是行肝门-空肠吻合术(Kasai手术),术后辅以包括糖皮质激素、抗生素等多种药物治疗,然而糖皮质激素在胆道闭锁的治疗中争议较多,其应用方案也多种多样,现将糖皮质激素在胆道闭锁Kasai术后的应用进展进行综述。     

胆道闭锁Kasai手术后胆管炎病因的研究进展

胆道闭锁Kasai术后胆管炎影响了患儿自体肝的生存状况,尤其是Kasai术后1年内反复发生的胆管炎,更易形成难治性胆管炎,严重影响了胆道闭锁Kasai手术的治疗效果。目前Kasai术后胆管炎病因尚不清楚,多数学者认为并非单一因素所致,与胆汁引流量下降、术后类固醇激素使用、肠道菌群移位、自身免疫损伤等因素密切相关。本文综述了胆道闭锁Kasai术后胆管炎发生的相关因素,为将来胆道闭锁的进一步治疗及Kasai术后胆管炎并发症的防治提供参考。     

胆道闭锁Kasai术后胆管炎的病因及诊治进展

胆道闭锁是威胁新生儿生命的严重先天性肝内、外胆管畸形,目前针对该疾病的治疗主要依靠Kasai手术,即肝门-空肠吻合术纠正发育不良的胆道系统,胆管炎是胆道闭锁Kasai术后最常见且较难处理的并发症,发病机制尚未完全清楚,多种因素如肠道细菌的上行感染、肝内胆管发育异常及手术损伤、肠道内容物反流等都可影响疾病的发生发展。而胆管炎的首发时间、发生次数可影响术后原生肝脏功能,对其进行及时诊治尤为重要。Kasai术后胆管炎的诊断缺乏特异性,主要依据临床表现、生化异常以及手术史,对于难治性胆管炎应考虑完善放射性同位素肝胆成像、经皮胆道造影和小肠镜检查。其防治重点在于围术期的术前护理、术式改进和术后护理以及疾病随访过程中的药物防治等。     

腹腔镜与开放Kasai手术治疗Ⅲ型胆道闭锁中期疗效的对比

目的比较腹腔镜与开放Kasai手术治疗先天性胆道闭锁的中期疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年9月至2011年9月在本院行Kasai手术并获得随访的103例Ⅲ型胆道闭锁患儿,根据手术方式分为腹腔镜辅助Kasai手术组(LP组)和开腹Kasai手术组(OP组)。通过术后12~30个月肝生化ALT和TBil中位数的秩和检验,比较两组Kasai术后中期肝功能情况;应用Kaplan-Meier生存分析比较两组中期生存率;比较两组对二期自体肝移植手术及术后生存情况的影响。结果 103例Ⅲ型胆道闭锁患儿中,LP组55例,OP组48例;两组年龄分布、性别比例、术前肝功能(TBil、ALT、AST)中位数等均无统计学差异。术后12个月、18个月、24个月、30个月两组肝功能(TBil,ALT)恢复情况无统计学差异。Kasai术后LP组和OP组的自体肝生存率,1年生存率分别为78.2%和75%,2年生存率分别为66.9%和55.8%,3年生存率分别为66.9%和55.8%。Kasai术后实施肝移植11例(LP组4例,OP组7例),1例移植术后死亡。结论胆道闭锁患儿实施腹腔镜Kasai手术与开放Kasai手术后中期效果无明显差异。     

胆道闭锁患儿Kasai术后远期预后研究--63例带自体肝患者生存20年评估

目的评估胆道闭锁患儿Kasai术后远期预后.方法1968年～1983年,法国巴黎Bicêtre医院儿外科共对271例胆道闭锁患儿行Kasai手术或其变异术式,术后随访20年,对带自体肝生存患者进行综合性评估.结果271例患者中,63例(占23%)带自体肝者至少生存20年.肝功能结果显示21例总胆红素指标正常,其中12例γ-GT和转氨酶指标正常;44例有门脉高压表现;19例仍有晚期胆道感染发作;6例并发胆道结石;61例患者肝穿刺活检提示有不同程度肝硬化表现.20岁之后,2例死于肝功能衰竭;10例已行肝移植;4例正等待肝移植.结论胆道闭锁患儿Kasai术后带自体肝20年生存率仅为23%,大部分患儿转肝移植治疗.即使带自体肝生存患儿随访各项指标也不令人满意.因此密切关注肝脏情况,尽早发现并发症,对决定进一步治疗措施,改善预后,具有积极的意义.     

胆道闭锁Kasai手术后自体肝生存时间小于2年的危险因素分析

目的探讨胆道闭锁(biliary atresia,BA)Kasai手术后自体肝生存(native liver survival,NLS)时间小于2年的危险因素。方法回顾性分析山西省儿童医院2009年1月至2017年6月行Kasai手术的BA患者临床资料及随访资料。根据术后NLS时间是否小于2年分为死亡组(n=78)和生存组(n=46)。将BA分型、性别、巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)感染、手术年龄、术后使用抗生素方案、术后使用激素方案、是否合并早期胆管炎及术后黄疸是否消退作为自变量,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线并进行Log-rank检验,采用Cox比例风险模型(逐步前进法)筛选BA患者Kasai手术后NLS时间小于2年的危险因素。结果共纳入124例BA患者,其中生存组46例,死亡组78例,2年NLS率为37.1%。单因素分析结果显示合并早期胆管炎及术后黄疸消退是影响BA患者术后2年NLS率的因素(P<0.05)。Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示术后3个月内黄疸未消退为BA患者Kasai手术后NLS时间小于2年的独立危险因素,术后3个月内黄疸未消退组患者NLS时间小于2年的风险是黄疸消退患者的5.65(95%CI:2.45~13.04)倍。结论BA患者Kasai手术后3个月内黄疸未消退是NLS时间小于2年的危险因素。     

Newborn screening for biliary atresia in the United States

Despite advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of biliary atresia (BA), BA remains the most common cause of end-stage liver disease in children and the leading indication for pediatric liver transplantation. Age at time of Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE), performed to provide bile drainage, strongly correlates with transplant-free survival, mostly due to progression of intrahepatic fibrosis to cirrhosis. Unfortunately, challenges remain in recognizing that a jaundiced infant may have BA. To better diagnose infants with BA at an earlier age, population-based screening programs in countries such as Taiwan, Japan, and China have utilized stool color cards. Early results have been promising demonstrating earlier diagnosis, earlier KPE, and, hence, improved outcomes. Cost-effectiveness studies focused on stool color card screening in North America where the incidence of BA is much lower also project improved transplant-free survival rate with a savings in terms of healthcare expenditure. There is also evidence that postnatal serum bilirubin levels may also be effective as a screening tool given that all infants with BA exhibit hyperbilirubinemia at birth. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recently advocated studying the implementation of newborn screening for BA in the United States. Further efforts and analyses within the United States are ongoing, but current evidence is supportive of screening for BA even in low incidence countries.     

胆汁酸代谢相关药物在胆道闭锁治疗中的应用与展望

胆道闭锁患儿胆汁酸代谢异常可损伤肝细胞及胆管上皮细胞。熊去氧胆酸作为目前胆道闭锁手术后常规用药,其疗效及使用方法仍存在争议;胆汁酸甾体类核受体激动剂(奥贝胆酸)及非甾体类核受体激动剂(LJN-452)、肠道胆汁酸重吸收相关蛋白调控药物(A4250)、肝脏内胆汁酸转运蛋白、肾脏转运蛋白相关药物的开发研究近年来发展迅速,不少药物已开始临床Ⅱ、Ⅲ期试验,将来可能对胆道闭锁肝门空肠吻合术后逐步恢复胆流的患儿有一定帮助,成为胆道闭锁肝门空肠吻合术后新辅助用药。     

Biliary atresia and liver transplantation: results and thoughts for primary liver transplantation in select patients

Biliary atresia (BA) is one of the most common indications for liver transplantation in children. Despite advances in biliary atresia surgical techniques, most children will ultimately require liver transplantation. Possible pre-operative predictors of outcome after the Kasai operation are: 1. Age at operation 2. Presence of the biliary atresia splenic malformation syndrome (BASM) 3. Center specific factors 4. Liver histology and 5. Anatomic pattern of bile ducts found at surgery.Age at surgery is considered a strong predictor of success after portoenterostomy. In a recent study, age of 75 days or more at surgery was associated with less frequent resolution of jaundice and decreased transplant free survival. Similarly, the Ohi type II or III anatomy was associated with a higher risk of transplantation or death than type I. Inflammatory findings on pre-operative biopsy predicted a pooreroutcome after a Kasai procedure than obstructive changes. Nodularity of the liver at surgery as well as ascites was associated with a poorer prognosis.Primary transplantation is rarely done despite excellent outcome. Deaths on the waiting list also have improved with routine use of split and live donor transplantation. The Kasai operation has the highest failure rate in its stated objective than any other operation in pediatric surgery. Failure to achieve any improvement in jaundice occurs in over 30% of all cases, even in the best of hands, and transplantation or listing for transplantation occurs in over half the children with type II and III BA by one year of age in countries where liver transplantation is readily available.There are almost no studies in children with BA that compare the outcome after liver transplantation for BA with or without a prior Kasai procedure. It is postulated that a prospective trial in children predicted to have a poor prognosis after the Kasai procedure based on anatomic pattern, liver histology and presence of BASM, would yield improved care, spare some infants needless surgery, and quite possibly result in diminished morbidity and mortality following liver transplant.     

胆道闭锁双胎患儿临床病例分析

目的 调查胆道闭锁(biliary atresia,BA)双胞胎患儿发病情况、临床特征以及预后情况.方法 调查国内7家医院2012～2016年间收治的BA双胎患儿病例,收集其临床资料、预后随访及母孕期情况,讨论胆道闭锁发病的相关遗传学因素和围生期病毒感染情况,并对其进行回顾性分析.结果 ①发病特点调查期间内7家单位诊治的BA患儿共1 200例,其中符合条件的14对BA双胎患儿被纳入研究,本组中BA双胎儿均为单胎发病;②治疗情况kasai手术情况:12例BA患儿行肝门空肠吻合术(kasai术),另2例行开腹探查术(ELS);肝移植情况:6例患儿最终接受肝移植手术,包括做过kasai手术的患儿5例,开腹探查术1例;③预后情况 目前随访3～51个月,6例患儿(6/14)kasai术后自体肝生存,随访期间预后良好;6例(6/14)最终行肝移植术,术后患儿预后良好;1例随访2年后失访;1例2岁时死亡.④母孕期情况2例患儿母亲孕期伴发妊娠期高血压,1例伴发妊娠期糖尿病,余患儿母亲孕期正常.结论 BA为罕见疾病,双胎BA仅占一般BA人群的1.17％,本组中双胎均为单胎发病,总体预后情况良好.     

胆道闭锁术中胆汁流量及胆汁成分的观察分析

目的 探讨胆道闭锁术中胆汁流量及成分变化与预后的关系.方法 本组对27例BA患儿行Kasai手术时,采用5 ml气体采样管收集和测量从肝门流出的胆汁.以17例胆总管囊肿患儿术中收集的胆汁作为对照组,其中测胆汁流量者7例.采用全自动生化仪检测胆汁中磷脂、总蛋白(TP)、胆汁酸(TBA)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、总胆固醇(TC)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷氨酰胺转肽酶(GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的浓度.术后随访1～6个月,随访内容有黄疸消退时间、术后血生化、术后胆管炎发生情况.结果 BA组胆汁流量显著低于对照组(P<0.05).手术日龄>60 d的BA患儿及术前血ALT>150 U/L的BA患儿术中胆汁流量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05).术中胆汁流量≥0.19 ml/min的BA患儿术后3个月退黄率显著高于术中胆汁流量<0.19 ml/min的BA患儿(P<0.05).BA组的胆汁磷脂、TBA及DBIL浓度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);BA组的胆汁ALT浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.01).术后3个月黄疸消除者的胆汁AST及TC浓度均显著低于未消除者(P<0.05).结论 BA术中胆汁流量与预后有明显的关系,患儿术中胆汁流量越好,术后的预后越好,提示术中胆汁流量可以更早地预测患儿的远期效果.BA胆汁成分的变化说明BA患儿的肝功能较差,胆汁中磷脂、TBA和DBIL浓度较低可能是肝脏分泌功能较差的表现.胆汁中的AST和TC浓度与预后有关,胆汁AST和TC浓度较低的BA患儿术后预后较好,可能是由于肝功能较好和胆汁粘度较低利于引流所致.     

Steroids after the Kasai procedure for biliary atresia: the effect of age at Kasai portoenterostomy

The use of adjuvant steroids following Kasai porteoenterostomy (KPE) for biliary atresia is controversial. The aim of this study was twofold: a systematic review of published literature and an update of the clinical Kings College Hospital series to look for evidence of an effect of age on the outcome in a group of BA infants treated with high-dose steroids. This clinical study included infants treated between January 2006 and June 2014 who underwent KPE by day 70 of life and who received high-dose steroids (oral prednisolone starting 5 mg/kg/day). They were subdivided into cohorts according to age at which KPE was performed. The outcome measured was clearance of jaundice (<20 µmol/L) by 6 months and native liver survival. R × C χ² analysis and log-rank tests were used, respectively, and P ≤ 0.05 was regarded as significant. 104 infants were included with a median age at KPE of 45 (range 12–70) days. 71/104 (67 %) cleared their jaundice by 6 months of age. Age-cohort analysis showed a trend (P = 0.03) favouring early KPE (e.g. 100 % of 11 infants operated on <30 days clearing their jaundice compared to 66 % of those operated on between 61 and 70 days). There was a significant native liver survival benefit for those operated on <45 days (5 year NLS estimate 69 versus 46 %; P = 0.05). Clearance of jaundice is related to the age at KPE in infants who receive high-dose steroids. Native liver survival appears to be improved as a result of this. This is the first study to show tangible longer-term benefit from high-dose steroids in biliary atresia.     

Liver transplantation for biliary atresia: a systematic review

Biliary atresia (BA) is an idiopathic neonatal cholangiopathy characterized by progressive inflammatory obliteration of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Although the Kasai operation has dramatically improved the outcomes in children with BA, most patients with BA eventually require liver transplantation (LT) even after undergoing a successful Kasai procedure. The Japanese LT Society (JLTS) was established in 1980 to characterize and follow trends in patient characteristics and the graft survival among all liver transplant patients in Japan. The 1-, 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-year survival rates for the patients and grafts undergoing living donor LT were 91.6, 91.5, 87.1, 85.4 and 84.2 and 90.5, 90.4, 84.6, 82.0 and 79.9%, respectively. LDLT was able to be performed even in patients weighing less than 5 kg with early liver failure following a Kasai operation using a reduced left lateral segments. As LT has been revealed to increase the donor pool and decrease the waiting list mortality with an excellent long-term graft survival, early referral to a transplant center should be considered when at least one complication of cirrhosis occurs during its natural history, especially in adolescents.