EGFP-Sam68融合蛋白在HeLa细胞的表达和定位

目的克隆有丝分裂Src相关蛋白p68(Sam68)基因cDNA全长,构建Sam68真核绿色荧光蛋白表达载体,并确定其在HeLa中的表达和定位。方法提取HeLa细胞总RNA,RT-PCR扩增Sam68基因片段,经酶切鉴定及测序正确后,克隆到真核绿色荧光蛋白表达载体(pcDNA3.0-EGFP)上,并转染HeLa细胞,Western blot法检测Sam68表达,免疫荧光细胞化学染色观察其细胞定位。结果酶切和测序证实Sam68正确插入pcDNA3.0-EGFP载体中,且载体正确表达了EGFP-Sam68融合蛋白,该蛋白定位在HeLa细胞核内。结论成功构建了真核表达载体pcDNA3.0-EGFP-Sam68。     

人SYNOVIOLIN基因真核表达载体的构建及表达

目的：构建携EGFP的人SYNOVIOLIN基因真核表达载体。方法：应用基因重组技术,根据人SYNOVIOLIN基因序列和表达载体pIRES2-EGFP质粒上的多克隆位点设计引物,对含有SYNOVIOLIN基因的质粒pCDNA3-syno扩增,得到约1900 bp的目的片段,进行T-A克隆。SalⅠ/BamHⅠ双酶切测序正确的重组质粒,回收SYNOVIOLIN cDNA片段,将其亚克隆于pIRES2-EGFP载体的多克隆位点内得到质粒pIRES2-EGFP-syno。脂质体法转染HEK293细胞, 用激光共聚焦显微镜和Western blot检测EGFP和SYNOVIOLIN在HEK293细胞的表达。结果：PCR,酶切及测序结果表明pIRES2-EGFP-syno真核表达载体构建成功,激光共聚焦显微镜和Western blot显示EGFP和SYNOVIOLIN蛋白在HEK293细胞中成功表达。结论：成功构建pIRES2-EGFP-syno真核表达载体并在HEK293细胞表达,为抗肌腱粘连的　SYNOVIOLIN基因治疗研究奠定基础。     

血管内皮细胞黏附分子胞外区基因真核表达载体构建及表达

目的构建并表达血管内皮细胞黏附分子(VCAM-1)胞外区基因真核表达载体。方法从小鼠NIH/3T3细胞提取总RNA,以其为模板通过RT-PCR扩增VCAM-1胞外区(D1-D4结构域)cDNA。利用PCR获得VCAM-1胞外区基因,连接pMD19-T载体,进行基因序列测序。将VCAM-1 D1-D4目的片段插入到真核表达载体pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc中,构建重组真核表达质粒pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc-VCAM-1。经双酶切鉴定VCAM-1胞外区基因真核表达载体构建的成功与否。利用脂质体把pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc-VCAM-1导入至人B淋巴性白血病细胞株(Raji)内。结果基因测序结果表明成功扩增出VCAM-1胞外区基因,双酶切鉴定表明重组的真核表达质粒pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc-VCAM-1构建成功。Western blot结果显示导入pIRES2-AcGFP1-Nuc-VCAM-1质粒的Raji细胞中VCAM-1高表达。细胞结合实验表明,表达的VCAM-1与前B细胞(70Z/3)表面的VLA-4特异性结合。结论 VCAM-1真核表达载体构建及表达成功,为前B细胞克隆形成机理以及为B细胞分化发育研究提供实验依据。     

FBXO6基因真核表达载体的构建及其在HEK293T细胞中的表达

目的 构建F盒蛋白6(FBXO6)基因真核表达载体.方法 采用PCR方法合成含有EcoR Ⅰ和Bgl Ⅱ双酶切位点的FBXO6 cDNA全长.分别构建载体pEGFP-C1-FBXO6和pEGFP-C1-anti-FBXO6,采用菌落PCR、双酶切鉴定以及测序证实cDNA片段大小和序列正确.将载体pEGFP-C1-FBXO6和pEGFP-C1-anti-FBXO6分别转染HEK293T细胞,Western blot法检测FBXO6蛋白的表达.结果 pEGFP-C1-FBXO6和pEGFP-C1-anti-FBXO6包含大小、序列正确的FBXO6片段;FBXO6蛋白在转染pEGFP-C1-FBXO6的293T细胞中高表达;在转染pEGFP-C1-anti-FBXO6的HEK293T细胞中表达降低.结论 成功构建FBXO6基因正义真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-FBXO6和反义真核表达载体pEGFP-C1-anti-FBXO6.     

ZNF580-EGFP融合蛋白的亚细胞定位研究

目的：构建增强型绿色荧光报告蛋白(EGFP)与人ZNF580融合蛋白的真核表达载体，转染MGC803细胞进行表达，研究ZNF580-EGFP融合蛋白在MGC803细胞的亚细胞定位。方法：利用PCR技术扩增ZNF580基因cDNA开放阅读框架全编码区、N端编码区、C端编码区，分别克隆到真核表达载体pEGFP-C1，BglⅡ及HindⅢ双酶切电泳筛选、鉴定并测序。荧光显微镜下观察ZNF580-EGFP在MGC803细胞中的表达及亚细胞定位。结果：酶切pEGFP-ZNF580(1-172)、pEGFP-ZNF580(1-93)、pEGFP- ZNF580(94-172)，电泳分析插入片段长度分别为：526 bp、289 bp、247 bp，经连接点两端进行测序证实连接正确。pEGFP-ZNF580(1-172)、pEGFP-ZNF580(94-172)表达的ZNF580-EGFP融合蛋白定位在MGC803细胞核。结论：成功构建真核表达载体并在MGC803细胞中得到表达，分析其核定位信号可能位于ZNF580蛋白的C端C2H2型锌指主构域94-172位氨基酸区间。     

PTEN基因的克隆及其在HepG2细胞中的表达

目的克隆人抑癌基因PTEN全长cDNA,构建其真核表达载体并检测其在人肝癌细胞HepG2中的表达。方法采用RT-PCR法从人正常肝组织中扩增PTEN全长cDNA,将之与pMD18-T Simple Vector连接、测序,获得PTEN基因。将该基因与pcDNA3·1( )载体连接,构建pcDNA3.1-PTEN真核表达载体。用该载体转染HepG2细胞,RT-PCR检测PTEN的表达。结果酶切和测序证实PTEN基因克隆和真核表达载体构建成功。HepG2-PTEN细胞中PTEN mRNA的表达显著高于未转染的HepG2细胞。结论人抑癌基因PTEN在人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞中能够高效、稳定地表达,为其在肝癌基因治疗研究中的应用奠定了基础。     

携带增强绿色荧光蛋白基因的Id2真核表达载体构建

目的：构建大鼠Id2基因真核荧光表达载体，为骨骼肌的组织工程研究提供有效的分子工具。方法：利用RT-PCR的方法扩增出Id2全长cDNA，利用T4 DNA连接酶将载体pGEM-T和Id2 cDNA进行连接，构建克隆载体，经限制性内切酶EcoR1酶切pGEM-Id2克隆载体和pEGF-C2真核表达载体，构建出重组真核表达载体pEGFP-C2-Id2，经酶切分析、PCR鉴定及DNA测序证实cDNA片段大小和序列的正确性；并通过细胞转染技术将Id2基因导入L6成肌细胞中。结果：经酶切分析和序列测定证实pEGFP-C2-Id2含大小正确的正向Id2 cDNA片段，获取了转染外源性Id2基因的L6细胞。结论：我们成功构建了同时携带有G418筛选位点和增强绿色荧光蛋白的Id2真核表达载体？     

人ING4的基因克隆及真核表达

目的 克隆人生长抑制因子家族(inhibitor of growth famility member4,ING4)基因,构建其真核表达载体pEGFP-ING4.方法 提取人胎盘总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增出ING4 cDNA,克隆至pEGFP-C2载体,构建的真核表达载体pEGFP-ING4用双酶切、基因测序进行序列鉴定;转染MCF-7细胞用荧光显微镜和免疫组化检测重组质粒的表达.结果 RT-PCR产物为750 bp的条带,双酶切和基因测序正确,转染可见目的 蛋白融合表达.结论 从人胎盘组织中成功克隆了ING4基因并构建其真核表达质粒在人MCF-7细胞中表达,为进一步研究ING4基因的作用及抗肿瘤机制奠定了基础.     

pDsRed1-C3/LOC51255真核表达质粒的构建及在HePG_2细胞的表达定位

目的:构建pDsRed1-C3/LOC51255真核表达质粒并检测其在人肝癌细胞株HePG2中的表达和亚细胞定位.方法:采用PCR法从pET28b/LOC51255重组质粒中克隆得到LOC51255 cDNA全长序列, 并将该片段亚克隆到真核表达载体pDsRed1-C3中.构建好的pDsRed1-C3/LOC51255真核表达质粒经双酶切和测序鉴定后, 采用脂质体法将该重组质粒转染人肝癌细胞株HePG2, 再用荧光显微镜直接观察LOC51255在其中的表达及定位情况.结果:经双酶切及DNA测序结果证实成功构建重组质粒pDsRed1-C3/LOC51255;荧光显微镜观察证实该重组质粒能在HePG2细胞中表达, 且LOC51255蛋白主要定位于HePG2细胞的细胞质.结论:成功构建pDsRed1-C3/LOC51255真核表达质粒, 并在HePG2细胞中得到表达, 同时证实LOC51255定位于HePG2细胞的胞质, 为进一步研究人类LOC51255基因的功能奠定了基础.     

小鼠B7-H4基因克隆及真核表达载体的构建

目的:克隆小鼠B7-H4(mB7-H4)基因cDNA全长,构建表达跨膜型mB7-H4-GFP融合蛋白的真核表达载体pmB7-H4-GFP和表达可溶性mB7-H4-Fc融合蛋白的真核表达载体pmB7-H4-Fc。方法:采用RT-PCR技术从小鼠脾细胞总RNA中逆转录mB7-H4cDNA,将其全长cDNA去掉中止密码克隆入真核表达载体pEGFP-N1中,并转染293T细胞使其表达跨膜型mB7-H4-GFP融合蛋白;将其胞外功能区cDNA克隆入pcDNA3·1-hFc真核表达载体中,并转染COS-7细胞使其表达可溶性mB7-H4-Fc融合蛋白。结果:序列测定证实克隆的mB7-H4全长cDNA阅读框正确完整,酶切和序列测定证实mB7-H4分别正确插入pEGFP-N1和pcDNA3·1-hFc载体中,两种表达载体分别转染293T细胞和COS-7细胞后可分别表达跨膜型mB7-H4-GFP和可溶性mB7-H4-Fc。结论:成功地克隆mB7-H4基因并构建了两个真核表达载体,它们可分别表达跨膜型和可溶性融合蛋白。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.