早期肠内营养对重症脑血管病病人疗效的影响

目的:探讨营养支持在重症脑血管病病人中的合理应用,以提高急危重症病人的抢救成功率. 方法:将171例重症脑血管病的病人随机分为观察组(行早期肠内营养治疗,n=88)和对照组(常规治疗,n=83).检测两组病人治疗前和治疗后1和2周的营养指标(TP、ALB、PA、TF)和免疫功能指标(IgA、IgG、IgM、TLC)的变化,观察并发症的发生率和康复时间,并对其进行比较. 结果:治疗2周后,观察组病人营养状况和免疫功能的恢复均好于对照组,并发症发生率亦低于对照组.两组间比较差异均有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论:早期肠内营养可有效地改善重症脑血管病病人的营养状况和免疫功能,降低并发症的发生率.     

早期肠内营养对重症颅脑外伤病人炎性因子及免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨早期肠内营养(EEN)对重症颅脑外伤病人康复过程中炎性因子及免疫功能的影响.方法:将84例重症颅脑外伤病人随机分为观察组(n=44)和对照组(n=40).检测和比较两组病人入院时、治疗后1周和2周的炎性因子(IL-2、6、8),肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和免疫功能指标(IgG、IgA、IgM、TLC)的变化,以及并发症的发生率和康复时间等. 结果:治疗2周后,观察组病人炎性因子水平明显下降,免疫功能指标明显恢复,并发症的发生率明显降低,与对照组比,差异均有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论:对重症颅脑外伤病人EEN可有效地改善病人康复过程中的免疫功能,降低炎性因子水平和并发症的发生率.     

经鼻空肠管早期肠内营养在重症胸外伤老年病人中的应用

目的:探讨经鼻空肠管早期肠内营养(EEN)在伴呼吸功能衰竭的重症胸外伤老年病人中的应用.方法:将42例伴呼吸功能衰竭的重症胸外伤老年病人随机分为试验组和对照组.试验组经鼻空肠管行EEN;对照组病人早期给予全胃肠外营养(TPN)支持,比较两组营养、炎症、免疫和临床观察各项指标.结果:两组病人在机械通气开始时营养、炎症、免疫指标均无显著性差异.经营养支持后,试验组病人营养指标和免疫功能指标均优于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),炎症指标均低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);病死率、肺部感染率和机械通气时间显著低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论:伴呼吸功能衰竭的重症胸外伤老年病人经鼻空肠管EEN安全可行,可提高免疫功能,改善营养状况,减轻炎症反应,减少伤后并发症的发生率,从而提高生存率.     

早期肠内营养支持对急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人预后的影响

目的:观察EEN支持对急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人预后的影响. 方法:将82例急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人随机分为治疗组和对照组,于入院后48 h内给予鼻饲,治疗组病人给予EN制剂,对照组病人给予自制匀浆膳食.观察两组病人4周后血浆ALB、Hb、感染并发症的发生率和NIHSS评分的变化. 结果:治疗4周后,治疗组病人Hb、ALB水平明显高于对照组;感染并发症发生率低于对照组;NIHSS评分明显优于对照组. 结论:EEN支持可改善急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人的营养状况,减少感染机会,改善预后.     

早期肠内营养对急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人营养状态的影响

目的:探讨采用肠内营养乳剂(TPF)行肠内营养(EN)对急性脑卒中伴吞咽困难病人营养状态和免疫功能的改善作用. 方法:将62例符合入选标准同期收治的急性脑脑卒中病人,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各31例.分别采用肠内营养乳剂和自制营养匀浆进行EN支持30d.比较两组病人治疗前后的营养相关指标和免疫功能指标,记录并比较两组病人治疗前后不良反应的发生率. 结果:两组病人的体重指数、肱三头肌皮皱厚度、上臂肌围等治疗后较治疗前均有不同程度下降,但治疗组病人与对照组比有显著性差异(P＜0.05).治疗组病人经治疗后血红蛋白、血清清蛋白、前清蛋白均较对照组升高,差异有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05),并且不良反应的发生率亦显著低于对照组(P＜0.05). 结论:急性脑卒中病人应用肠内营养乳剂TPF行EEN支持,可明显改善机体的营养状态、降低并发症的发生率,且病人耐受良好.     

脑卒中伴吞咽障碍康复期病人肠内营养支持的临床观察

目的:探讨脑卒中伴吞咽障碍康复期病人肠内营养(EN)支持对病人营养状况、并发症的发生率、神经功能恢复和生活能力的影响。方法:将86例脑卒中伴吞咽障碍康复期的病人分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组病人给予EN液,对照组病人给予肠外营养。治疗8周后,进行营养状况、并发症的发生率、神经功能恢复和生活能力等评估。结果:治疗组病人的营养状况、并发症发生率、神经功能恢复和生活能力评估与对照组有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:脑卒中伴吞咽障碍康复期病人行EN治疗后,明显改善病人的营养状况、降低感染并发症的发生率、促进神经功能恢复,提高病人的生活能力。     

早期肠内营养对重症急性胰腺炎病人营养状况和预后影响

目的:观察早期肠内营养(EEN)对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人营养状况和预后的影响。方法:回顾分析本院近4年收治的38例SAP病人EEN和综合治疗情况,监测其并发症和临床生化指标变化,判断临床应用效果。结果:EEN组病人的并发症和生化指标等均低于对照组,同时在缩短病程、降低费用、改善机体营养状况方面有较好的临床效果。结论:EEN可改善SAP病人的营养状况,促进肠蠕动恢复,降低感染等并发症的发生率。     

三腔喂养管在胃癌术后病人早期肠内营养的应用

目的:观察胃癌术后病人应用三腔喂养管早期肠内营养(EEN)的可行性和安全性。方法:将90例胃癌病人分为观察组和对照组。对照组(n=30)术后应用全肠外营养(TPN),观察组(n=60)术后早期应用EN,观察病人术后血清清蛋白(ALB)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)水平和病人肠鸣音恢复时间、术后肛门排气时间、并发症的发生率等变化。结果:观察组病人术后ALB、IgA明显高于对照组;术后肠蠕动恢复和肛门排气时间均早于对照组,并发症的发生率无显著性差异。结论:术后应用三腔喂养管行EEN有助于改善胃癌病人的营养状况和胃肠道免疫功能。     

早期肠内营养在大面积脑梗死病人应用的研究

目的:评价EEN对大面积脑梗死病人治疗的有效性. 方法:将61例大面积脑梗死病人随机分成EEN组和对照组.比较病人入院后3周的病死率、神经功能缺损评分、并发症发生率和营养状况等. 结果:EEN组病死率和并发症的发生率,均低于对照组,而神经功能缺损评分和营养状况优于对照组. 结论:早期给予EN,可降低大面积脑梗死病人的病死率和并发症的发生率,改善机体营养状况,促进机体神经功能恢复.     

早期肠内营养对老年重度胸外伤病人康复效果的影响

目的:探讨早期肠内营养对老年重度胸外伤病人康复效果的的影响。方法:将83例老年重度胸外伤病人随机分为观察组和对照组,观察两组病人入院时、治疗1周和2周的营养状况、并发症的发生率以及康复时间等。结果:治疗2周后,观察组病人营养状况较对照组恢复快,并发症的发生率低于对照组。结论:早期肠内营养支持可改善老年重度胸外伤病人的营养状况、降低并发症的发生率。     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.