类天疱疮60例回顾性分析

目的：探讨类天疱疮的临床分型标准及比较合理的治疗方案,了解类天疱疮与其它疾病之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析了60例类天疱疮住院患者,包括患者发病年龄、病程、住院日、皮损分布、组织病理、直接和间接免疫荧光、常规实验室检查、站疗方案、合并症及并发症等。结果：泛发型类天疱疮和局限型类天疱疮在临床、病理表现、实验室检查及治疗所用皮质类固醇剂量等方面均有显著不同。泛发型组55.6％（25/45）发生粘膜损害,14．29％（5／45）合并恶性肿瘤。治疗本病以系统用皮质类固醇（泼尼松）为主,初始日剂量泛发型组为49．22±13．94mg,局限型组为27．67±16.35mg（P＝0.000001）;激素最大量分别为65．82±36.13mg和34±20.28mg（P=0.001）。使用最大剂量的维持时间两组之间无显著性差异。但是两组所用维持量不同（分别为23．45mg日和13．5mg／日,P＝0．0292）。结论：类天疱疮病情严重程度差异较大,局限型和泛发型类无疱疮的临床和试验室特点以及治疗方案等方面均不相同。     

The association of bullous pemphigoid and malignant disease: a case control study

In a case control study, the incidence of malignant disease in 84 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) was compared with 168 controls. The rate of malignant disease (past, concurrent or during follow-up) in BP patients was 17.9% compared to 5.3% in the controls. A number of the malignancies occurring in the BP group may be of doubtful significance, being either temporally very remote or partially attributable to treatment. The rate of concurrent BP and malignancy (within 8 weeks) was 6.0% suggesting that there is probably a slight excess of malignancy in BP, but insufficient to warrant extensive investigation in pursuit of cancer. Comparison of the BP patients with and without cancer identified no clinical or immunopathological subgroups in whom investigations would be indicated. Three patients with both BP and malignancy were HLA-DR 13 positive, which may point to an immunogenetic predisposition to both diseases.     

124例大疱性类天疱疮治疗回顾

目的总结20年间治疗124例大疱性类天疱疮的经验。方法1985年3月至2005年4月在我院确诊为大疱性类天疱疮的患者124例，按体表受累面积分为轻症组33例、中症组46例、重症组45例。分别给予泼尼松初始剂量20～30mg／d，40mg／d和60mg／d，其后1周内病情控制不理想者剂量增加50％，对于超过100mg/d仍不能控制者予以静脉滴注甲泼尼龙250或500mg／d连续3天治疗。同时，对于大多数中、重症患者在开始治疗8周内即联合应用一种免疫抑制剂，病情控制后进入维持治疗期后逐渐减少糖皮质激素用量，并密切监测不良反应。结果91例患者已治愈或基本治愈，12例在随访期内死亡，17例仍在维持治疗，4例失访。结论总结出临床上治疗大疱性类天疱疮可供参考的经验。     

Grover disease and bullous pemphigoid: a clinicopathological study of six cases

Grover disease (GD) is an idiopathic dermatosis that typically manifests as itchy papules over the trunk in middle‐aged men. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune bullous disease that affects older people. Not only are the two diseases easily distinguishable on clinical grounds, they are also characterized by differences in histopathology, pathogenesis and response to treatment Thus, the co‐occurrence of these two conditions in the same patient is usually considered coincidental. In this report, we present a multicentre retrospective analysis of six patients who developed both GD and BP over a short period of time, and in all cases but one, GD preceded BP. We discuss the clinical and histopathological features of these patients, and the suggested mechanisms of the diseases. We conclude that GD might predispose to the development of BP.     

Mortality rate of bullous pemphigoid in a US medical center

All patients at the Medical College of Wisconsin Affiliated Hospitals with a new diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) between May 1, 1997 and September 1, 2002 were included in this study. The age at onset, date of death or date of last follow-up visit, mode of treatment, co-morbidities, and initial and follow-up hospitalizations were noted. Thirty-eight new patients were identified and complete follow-up data were obtained on 37 of the patients. Patients were followed a minimum of 1 y or until the time of death. The mean duration of follow-up was 20 mo. Kaplan-Meier analysis of our population indicated a 1-y survival probability of 88.96% (standard error 5.21%), with a 95% confidence interval (75.6%, 94.2%). This survival rate was considerably higher than that recently reported in several studies from Europe (29%-41% first year mortality). Although the age at onset and co-morbidities of our patients were similar to those in the European studies, the rate of hospitalization of our patients was much lower than that of patients from Europe (1.5 d per patient vs 11-25 d per patient). This study suggests that differences in practice patterns may be an important factor in the reduced mortality rate in US BP patients compared with Europe.     

45例大疱性类天疱疮初次住院患者临床回顾性分析

目的总结45例初次住院的大疱性类天疱疮患者的临床特点及治疗经验。方法分析2009年8月—2014年12月45例住院治疗的大疱性类天疱疮患者临床表现、组织病理、免疫病理、治疗方案及并发症等方面的情况。结果 45例住院患者86.67%为老年人,均表现为瘙痒性紧张性大疱,普通组织病理表现为表皮下水疱,直接免疫荧光检查见IgG和(或)C3在基膜带呈线状沉积。6例患者转科或自动出院,入院时均存在低白蛋白血症。余39例患者好转或临床治愈出院,总有效率为86.67%。39例患者中9例单纯使用糖皮质激素治疗,30例糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗(主要为甲氨蝶呤)。单纯糖皮质激素治疗组的住院天数显著少于糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗组(P0.05)。糖皮质激素联合使用免疫抑制剂治疗感染发生率更高(P0.05)。结论系统使用糖皮质激素是大疱性类天疱疮患者住院治疗的首选,视病情联合免疫抑制剂治疗可以增加疗效,但感染发生率会增加,要警惕低白蛋白血症的危险性。     

Prediction of survival for patients with bullous pemphigoid: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prognostic factors of bullous pemphigoid (BP). DESIGN: Prospective study of patients with BP included in a randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Twenty dermatology departments in France.Patients One hundred seventy patients with BP initially treated with a 40-g/d dosage of clobetasol propionate cream (testing sample) and 171 patients initially treated with oral corticosteroids at a dosage of 0.5 or of 1.0 mg/kg per day, depending on the extent of BP (validation samples). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The end point was overall survival during the first year after BP diagnosis. From the testing sample, associations of clinical and biological variables with overall survival were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Selected predictors were included in a prognostic model. To verify that these predictors were not dependent on the treatment used, the model was then validated independently on the 2 series of BP patients treated with oral corticosteroids. RESULTS: Median age of the BP patients included in the testing sample was 83 years. The 1-year Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 74%. From univariate analysis, the main deleterious predictors were demographic factors (ie, older age and female sex), associated medical conditions (ie, cardiac insufficiency, history of stroke, and dementia), and low Karnofsky score, which is a measure of the patient's general condition. No factors directly related to BP, in particular extent of cutaneous lesions, were shown to be related to the patients' prognosis. From multivariate analysis, only older age (P = .02) and low Karnofsky score (P<.001) appeared independently predictive of death. From the Cox model including these 2 predictors, the predicted 1-year survival rates were 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85%-96%) for patients 83 years or younger with Karnofsky score greater than 40, 79% (95% CI, 69%-90%) for patients older than 83 years with Karnofsky score greater than 40, 65% (95% CI, 50%-86%) for patients 83 years or younger with Karnofsky score of 40 or less, and 38% (95% CI, 26%-57%) for patients older than 83 years with Karnofsky score of 40 or less. Kaplan-Meier survival distributions of patients from the validation samples appeared clearly separated according to these 4 categories and were in close agreement with corresponding predicted 1-year survival rates obtained from the testing sample. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of patients with BP is influenced by age and Karnofsky score. These predictors are easy to use and should facilitate the management of BP.     

Comorbidity profiles among patients with bullous pemphigoid: a nationwide population-based study

Background Bullous pemphigoid (BP) has been associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases; however, large‐scale population‐based study of different comorbid diseases in patients with BP is quite limited. Objectives We sought to analyse the prevalence of neurological, psychiatric, autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases prior to the diagnosis of BP and their associations with BP among patients with BP from a nationwide database in Taiwan. Methods A total of 3485 patients with BP and 17 425 matching controls were identified from the National Health Insurance Database in Taiwan from 1997 to 2008. Conditional logistic regression analyses for a nested case–control study were performed to examine the prevalence of comorbidities prior to the diagnosis of BP between these two groups. Results Overall, our results showed that stroke [odds ratio (OR) 3·30; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 3·03–3·60], dementia (OR 4·81; 95% CI 4·26–5·42), Parkinson disease (OR 3·49; 95% CI 3·05–3·98), epilepsy (OR 3·97; 95% CI 3·28–4·81), schizophrenia (OR 2·56; 95% CI 1·52–4·30) and psoriasis (OR 2·02; 95% CI 1·54–2·66) were significantly associated with BP. Among them, the association with schizophrenia and psoriasis was predominant in female and male patients, respectively, with BP. It remains for all these comorbid diseases to be independently associated with BP by multivariate analysis. Conclusions Patients with BP are more likely to have various neurological diseases, schizophrenia and psoriasis prior to the diagnosis of BP, supporting associations found in other studies. Further research is required to elucidate the tentative causal association with BP.     

Herpes gestationis and bullous pemphigoid: a disease spectrum

A patient with herpes gestationis has persisted with clinically active disease for 8 years post-partum. She also had Graves' disease, alopecia totalis and ulcerative colitis. The case demonstrates the close overlap between herpes gestationis and bullous pemphigoid.     

Mortality of bullous pemphigoid in Switzerland: a prospective study

Background Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease of the skin and has been associated with a significant morbidity and an increased mortality rate. Objectives Our aims were: (i) to evaluate the mortality rate of BP in Swiss patients during the first 3 years after the diagnosis of BP, as the primary endpoint; and (ii) to compare this mortality rate with that of the general Swiss population and determine prognostics factors, as secondary endpoints. Methods All new cases of BP diagnosed in Switzerland between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2002 were collected prospectively by means of a standardized data collection form. After collection of the data, the treating physicians were asked to specify the course and evolution of the disease. In total, 115 patients were included in our study. Results The 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year probability of death were 20·9%, 28·0% and 38·8%, respectively. The mortality rate of patients with BP was three times higher than that of age‐ and sex‐matched members of the general Swiss population. Besides age, the presence of neurological diseases at diagnosis was associated with increased mortality in multivariate analysis. Conclusion This is the first prospective study analysing the mortality rate of BP in an entire country. The calculated mortalities are in the lower range of those reported in previous European studies. However, in line with the latter, our findings confirm a high case‐fatality rate for BP, with an increased 1‐year mortality rate compared with the expected mortality rate for age‐ and sex‐adjusted general population.     

The relationship between neurological disease and bullous pemphigoid: a population-based case-control study

Previous small studies and case reports have suggested that neurological disorders may be associated with bullous pemphigoid (BP). The objective of this study was to assess BP risk in patients with neurological diseases. Computerized medical records from the Health Improvement Network, a large population-based UK general practice database, were used to conduct a matched case-control analysis. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for specified neurological disorders. Comparing cases (n=868) to controls (n=3,453), stroke was seen in 8 vs. 5%, odds ratio (OR) 1.8 (1.3-2.5); dementia in 7 vs. 2%, OR 3.4 (2.4-4.8); Parkinson's disease in 3 vs. 1%, OR 3.0 (1.8-5.0); epilepsy in 2 vs. 1%, OR 1.7 (1.0-3.0); and multiple sclerosis in 1 vs 0.1% (OR 10.7 (2.8-40.2). Estimates were not altered greatly when diagnoses up to 3 years before BP were excluded, except the association with epilepsy was no longer significant. Significant associations were only observed where neurological disease was diagnosed before the onset of pemphigoid. Study findings, except the association with epilepsy, were robust to sensitivity analysis. Strong associations were observed between specific neurological diseases and the later development of BP, supporting possible causal associations. Mechanisms for disease occurrence based on these findings include immobility or age-related autoimmunity.     

Mortality of bullous pemphigoid in the first year after diagnosis: a retrospective study in a Spanish medical centre

Background Prognosis of patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) is controversial, with a 1‐year mortality rate ranging from 6% to 48%. Objective To determine the mortality rate of a large cohort of patients with BP and to identify prognostic factors associated with early mortality. Methods Patients diagnosed with BP between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2010 in a referral unit for blistering skin diseases at a university hospital in Spain were studied retrospectively. Outcome measures were mortality rate during the first year after diagnosis, standardized mortality rate and poor prognostic factors. Results  A total of 101 patients were included in the study. The mean patient age at diagnosis was 77.8 years, and 52 (51.5%) were men. Overall mortality during the first year was 12.9%. We found a standardized mortality ratio of 2.33 [CI₉₅ = (1.25–4.03)]. Advanced age (patient group >80 years old) was the only risk factor for lethal outcome found, with a multivariate risk estimate of 1.09 [CI₉₅ = (1.02–1.16)]. No significant association with mortality was detected for comorbidities, hospitalization history or treatment received for BP. Conclusions We found an increased mortality of our BP patients compared with the general population. The mortality rate of BP patients was 2.3 times the expected rate. Observed mortality rate was lower than described in previous European studies. Advanced age impacts the prognosis of patients with BP. Specific treatment for BP appeared not to influence survival.     

Bullous pemphigoid in young patients: a retrospective study of 74 cases

INTRODUCTION: Bullous pemphigoid usually affects elderly people. Only a few isolated cases among people younger than 65 years have been reported. OBJECTIVES: Describe the clinical and biological characteristics of patients younger than 60 years suffering from bullous pemphigoid, compare them with the usual characteristics known among elderly people and search for potential pathological associations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, national, multicenter study. Clinical, biological and histological characteristics were recorded with a standardised questionnaire as well as treatments and associated pathologies. RESULTS: Seventy-four cases of bullous pemphigoid diagnosed between June 1970 and March 2002 were analyzed. Mean age at the beginning of the disease was 46 +/- 11.6 years. Further explorations by indirect immunofluorescence of separated skin and/or immuno-electron microscopy and/or immunoblotting were performed for 42 patients (56.8 p. 100). Clinical characteristics among this restricted population were comparable to those found among the 32 other cases. Compared to usual data on bullous pemphigoid in elderly people, we observed a greater proportion of extensive form of disease (75 p. 100), a more frequent head and neck involvement (39.2 p. 100) and an overexpression of anti-BP180 autoantibodies (48 p. 100). Neoplasm was notified for 7 patients (9.5 p. 100), 18 (24.3 p. 100) suffered from a pathology of the basement membrane zone (6 psoriasis, 6 atopic dermatitis and 6 lichen) and 13 from neurological disease, among which 4 were bedridden. Fourty-six patients (62.2 p. 100) received drugs for the long term (mean 2.12 +/- 2.43), 4 patients were treated by PUVAtherapy and 2 by radiotherapy. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest that bullous pemphigoid among young people is more severe and more active than the usual form in the elderly. This particular form could be the result of a higher expression of anti-BP180 autoantibodies, which are considered as a marker of poor prognosis in this disease. We also found a high frequency of pathological associations and physical treatment, all responsible for damage to the basement membrane zone, which can involve auto-immunization against hemidesmosome components.