Heterogeneity of heparan sulfates in human lung

Heparan sulfates (HS), a class of glycosaminoglycans, are long linear complex polysaccharides covalently attached to a protein core. The HS molecules are made up of repeating disaccharides onto which modification patterns are superimposed. This results in a large structural heterogeneity and forms the basis of specific interactions of HS toward a vast array of proteins, including growth factors and proteases. To study HS heterogeneity in the lung, we used phage display technology to select seven antibodies against human lung HS. Antibodies reacted with HS/heparin, but not with other glycosaminoglycans or polyanions. Sulfate groups were essential for antibody binding. The amino acid sequence of the antibodies was established, the complementarity determining region 3 of the heavy chain containing basic amino acids. The antibodies defined HS epitopes with a characteristic tissue distribution. Antibody EV3A1 primarily stained macrophages. Other antibodies primarily stained basement membranes, but with different preference toward type of basement membrane. Antibody EV3C3 was the only antibody which clearly reacted with bronchiolar epithelial cells. In human lung parenchyma, basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor were largely bound by HS. Some antibodies blocked a basic fibroblast growth factor-binding site of HS, and one antibody blocked a vascular endothelial growth factor-binding site of heparin. Taken together, these data suggest a specific role for HS epitopes in human lung. The antibodies obtained may be valuable tools to study HS in pulmonary diseases.     

Heterogeneity of so-called neuroendocrine lung tumors.

The diagnosis of neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumor is dependent on a number of observations: organoid structure, dense core granules, and various molecular components, including chromogranin A, neurosecretory enolase, synaptophysin, neural cell adhesion molecules, and others. None of these is specific for lung tumors. The Kulchitsky cell, which has these characteristics, forms a carcinoid, which exemplifies the NE tumor. It is euploid, has few mitoses, no necrosis and a 5- to 10-year survival of over 90%. When carcinoids show malignant characteristics, i.e., increased mitoses and necrosis, they have been labeled atypical and have a survival of 50%. Because all other non-small cell lung tumors, especially large cell tumors, may show one or more of these things because of the inherent heterogeneity of lung tumors, the term NE has been applied to them without real evidence that this affects survival with or without chemotherapy. This is expensive and without clinical significance.     

Toxoplasmosis in heart and heart and lung transplant recipients.

Of the first 250 heart and 35 heart and lung transplant recipients at Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, who survived for more than one month after transplantation, 217 heart and 33 heart and lung patients were investigated serologically for evidence of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Six patients acquired primary T gondii infection, most probably from the donor organ. Five patients experienced T gondii recrudescence, two of whom had recovered from primary infection a few years earlier. Two patients died from primary T gondii infection and the severity of symptoms in the other patients with primary infection was related to the amount of immunosuppressive treatment. Prophylaxis with pyrimethamine (25 mg a day for six weeks) was introduced for T gondii antibody negative transplant recipients who received a heart from a T gondii antibody positive donor after the first four cases of primary toxoplasmosis. Of the seven patients not given pyrimethamine, four (57%) acquired primary T gondii infection. This compared with two of the 14 patients (14%) given prophylaxis.     

Cytomegalovirus infections in heart and heart and lung transplant recipients.

Of the first 166 heart and 15 heart and lung transplant recipients at Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, who survived for more than one month after transplantation, 162 were investigated for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection by serological methods. Altogether, 73 (45%) developed CMV infection after transplantation: 30 (18.5%) had acquired primary infection and 43 (26.5%) reactivation or reinfection. Six patients died of primary infection, probably acquired from the donor organ. Recipients negative for CMV antibody who received an organ from an antibody positive donor had the most severe disease. Heart and lung transplant recipients experienced more severe primary CMV infection than those in whom the heart alone was transplanted. The most sensitive and rapid serological method was a mu-capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting CMV specific IgM, the amount of which was often of prognostic value and influenced the management of patients.     

同期心脏和肺移植6例

背景：心肺移植目前仍然是治疗终末期心肺疾病的最好方法,但由于诸多原因国内的供者短缺是一个很严峻的问题。 目的：观察利用同一供者对不同受者同期进行心、肺移植的可行性。 方法：将3例供者的心脏、肺脏分别同期移植给3例相同血型的终末期心脏疾病受者和3例终末期肺脏疾病受者,观察移植效果。 结果与结论：6例患者中有1例双肺移植患者出现右肺上叶静脉栓塞于术后第9天再次手术切除后痊愈,术后30 d出院。1例双肺移植患者1个月出现感染经对症治疗后好转,于术后2个月出院。1例心脏移植患者出现早期肾功能衰竭,经血液透析治疗后痊愈出院。余3例患者均安全渡过围手术期后痊愈出院,到目前有3例仍有很好的生活质量。提示利用同一供者的心、肺分别给不同受者进行心、肺移植,能充分利用供者,缩短受者等待时间。     

硝普钠在心肺移植中对肺的保护作用

心肺移植是治疗终末期心肺联合病变的一种有效方法。其中移植肺更易受损 ,因而移植肺保护的好坏是心肺移植成败的重要因素之一。我们通过改良后的Ｋａｎｅｋｏ兔异位心肺移植模型[1] 观察一氧化氮 (ＮＯ)供体硝普钠对供体肺的保护作用。1　材料和方法1 1　研究对象及术前处理 :健康青紫兰兔 ,体重 2 0～2 5ｋｇ ,随机分为实验组及对照组 ,每组 8对供、受体 ,各组之间体重差异无显著性。供、受体均用 3%戊巴比妥钠经耳缘静脉注射麻醉 (1ｍＬ/ｋｇ)。供、受体均为清洁手术。1 2　供体制备 :供体兔仰卧位 ,气管切开插管接呼吸机 ,2 1%Ｏ2 ,呼…     

Nonreturn valves in occlusion pumps in heart and lung machines

Conclusions 1. Tests have been performed on roller-type occlusion pumps with and without nonreturn valves at the output from the pump and have shown that it is possible to reduce the magnitude of the fluctuations in the heart and lung machine and to increase the flow by eliminating into the elastic chamber. 2. A V-shaped slot valve was found to have the best hydraulic characteristics when compared with other types of valve used in heart and lung machines. Scientific-Research Institute of Transplantation and Artificial Organs, Moscow Translated from Meditsinskaya Tekhnika, No. 5, pp 15–18, September–October, 1980.     

Chorionepithelioma of the fallopian tube with heart and lung metastases

A rare case of chorionepithelioma in the uterine tube lumen with subsequent growth into the ovary and small bowel and multiple heart and lung metastases is described. It is suggested that the tumour developed after tubal pregnancy.     

Heterogeneity of swine lung macrophages inoculated by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

The biological features of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and interstitial macrophages (IMs) were investigated, including morphology, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, cell viability and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) mRNA expression post-inoculation with TJ-F10 or TJM-F92. Viability and NO secretion of PAMs and IMs were examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and Griess's assay, respectively. mRNA expression of PRRSV, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Arginase1 (Arg1) in PAMs and IMs were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Our results show that PAMs were bigger and more granular than IMs and the Arg1/iNOS value was much higher in PAMs than in IMs. In addition, the vaccine strain TJM-F92 evoked higher NO production in PAMs and IMs compared with the wild type strain TJ-F10. In conclusion, our results indicate that the PAMs and IMs are heterogeneous in morphology, NO production and susceptibility to PRRSV.     

Immunologic histamine release in vitro from the heart and lung of the cynomolgus monkey

Immunologic histamine release was evoked from the sensitized fragmented cardiac and pulmonary tissue of the cynomolgus monkey by a reverse anaphylactic reaction. Ventricular and pulmonary tissue released a similar fraction (approximately 6%) of the total tissue histamine when challenged with antihuman IgE, presumably reflecting the 'active' sensitization of the monkey in vivo. Passive sensitization of these tissues in vitro resulted in significantly greater immunologic histamine release in 6 of the 14 ventricles and d a similar fraction (approximately 6%) of the total tissue histamine when challenged with antihuman IgE, presumably reflecting the 'active' sensitization of the monkey in vivo. Passive sensitization of these tissues in vitro resulted in significantly greater immunologic histamine release in 6 of the 14 ventricles and d a similar fraction (approximately 6%) of the total tissue histamine when challenged with antihuman IgE, presumably reflecting the 'active' sensitization of the monkey in vivo. Passive sensitization of these tissues in vitro resulted in significantly greater immunologic histamine release in 6 of the 14 ventricles and in the lungs. The antiallergic compounds, disodium cromoglycate and SK&F 64398, inhibited immunologic histamine release from passively sensitized monkey ventricular tissue. These results demonstrate that ventricular histamine may be immunologically released and that this release process can be pharmacologically inhibited in a manner similar to that of pulmonary tissue.