天津市社区成年人超重肥胖与高血压关系

目的了解天津市社区成年人超重、肥胖与高血压患病率的关系,为制定相应的干预措施提供科学依据。方法按分层整群随机抽样方法,于2007年9月—2009年7月抽取天津市内18岁及以上23 533名常住居民进行调查。结果高血压患病率有随BMI增高而增高的趋势,正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组的高血压患病率分别为20.1%,37.5%和52.2%,青年人中超重、肥胖者患高血压风险更大(男性OR值分别为2.737和5.236;女性OR值分别为3.744和7.360),大于中年组(男性OR值分别为1.913和4.090;女性OR值分别为2.099和3.942)和老年组(男性OR值分别为1.671和2.848;女性OR值分别为1.674和2.685)。结论与正常体重相比,超重和肥胖者患高血压危险增加。控制青年人群的超重和肥胖的发生率对于降低该人群的高血压患病水平有重要意义。     

中国成人腰围、体质指数与高血压关系

目的 采用腰围(WC)、体质指数(BMI)综合评价中国18～69岁成年人中心性肥胖者高血压患病风险.方法 利用2004年中国慢性病及其危险因素监测样本人数,采用多级抽样方法抽取18～69岁成年人30 686人,采用问卷调查和人体测量方法收集数据,比较各BMI组别中心性肥胖者高血压患病的OR值.结果 体质指数正常、超重和肥胖组中,男性中心性肥胖者高血压患病率分别为26.1%,32.0%和49.2%;女性中心性肥胖者高血压患病率分别为22.5%,28.2%和41.5%;除男性肥胖组外,中心性肥胖者高血压患病率均明显高于同组内的正常腰围人数(P<0.01);调整混杂因素(年龄、吸烟状况、饮酒状况和锻炼等)后,与正常腰围人群比较,各BMI组别中男性中心性肥胖者患高血压患病的OR值分别为1.9(95%CI=1.6～2.3),1.6(95%CI=1.3～1.9),1.6(95%CI=0.7～3.7);女性患高血压患病OR值分别为1.5(95%CI=1.3～1.8),1.4(95%CI=0.2～1.6),2.5(95%CI=1.2～5.2).结论 中心性肥胖者与正常腰围者比较具有更高的高血压患病风险.     

2010-2013年内蒙古地区老年人高血压患病现状及危险因素分析

目的探讨2010-2013年内蒙古地区老年人高血压患病现状及其危险因素。方法利用"中国居民营养与健康状况监测"项目(2010-2013年)内蒙古地区调查人群的问卷调查、体格测量和实验室检测数据,分析老年人高血压患病率和危险因素。结果共调查1 102人,平均年龄(68.24±6.46)岁,高血压患病率为44.28%,女性患病率(48.56%)显著高于男性(39.93%,P<0.05),乡村患病率(47.34%)高于城市(39.93%,P<0.05),超重或肥胖率为42.3%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,乡村(OR=1.553,95%CI:1.204~2.005,P=0.001)、超重或肥胖(OR=1.957,95%CI:1.616~2.371,P=0.000)、女性(OR=1.313,95%CI:1.024~1.684,P=0.044)、高血压家族史(OR=2.452,95%CI:1.752~3.431,P=0.000)和脑血管疾病家族史(OR=2.474,95%CI:1.207~5.071,P=0.013)是高血压患病的危险因素。结论 2010-2013年内蒙古地区老年人高血压患病率较高。女性人群、乡村地区、超重或肥胖人群是防治重点,应针对城乡居民开展易接受、有针对性的健康教育,倡导健康生活方式、控制体质指数。     

上海安亭社区居民BMI与血压的关系分析

目的探讨体质指数(BMI)与血压水平及高血压患病之间的关联。方法研究对象资料来源于2015年安亭镇社区卫生服务中心收集的体检资料。共抽取年龄在35周岁以上的调查对象536人,其中,男性203人,女性333人。运用Logistic回归模型分析BMI与高血压发病的关系。结果肥胖组的收缩压和舒张压、以及高收缩压率、高舒张压率和高血压患病率均高于正常组。正常组、超重组和肥胖组人群的高血压患病率分别为33.5%、50.7%和59.3%。对年龄、性别、高血脂、高血压家族史进行调整后,超重组和肥胖组相对正常人群,高血压发病风险更高,OR(95CI)分别为1.95(1.32~2.86)和2.64(1.57~4.44),超重或者肥胖人群发生高血压的可能是正常组人群的2.12倍(OR的95%CI:1.48~3.03)。结论 BMI与收缩压和舒张压水平以及高血压患病存在显著关联。     

北京市顺义区居民体重指数和腰围对血压的影响

目的探讨北京市顺义区人群体重指数(BMI)、腰围、年龄及性别对血压的影响。方法运用与人口规模成比例的概率抽样方法抽取18~79岁顺义区常住居民3840人,采用自行设计的调查问卷及体格测量表对调查对象进行面对面问卷调查和体格测量。结果高血压患病率随着年龄的增高而增高,60岁组男性患病率明显高于女性,60岁以上组,男女性患病率差异无统计学意义;随着BMI值的增大,高血压患病率逐渐增高;腰围异常者高血压患病率亦高于腰围正常者,患高血压的风险增大(男性OR=2.329,95%CI:1.912~2.836;女性OR=4.806,95%CI:3.940~5.862);体重指数正常组、超重及肥胖组中,腰围异常者高血压患病率均高于同组腰围正常者;BMI及腰围是高血压分级的影响因素。结论应积极倡导健康生活方式,有效预防和控制超重、肥胖,降低高血压发病风险。     

丽水市区居民高血压患病及影响因素分析

目的 分析丽水市区居民高血压患病情况及影响因素.方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,对2684名18岁以上居民进行现况调查.研究内容包括问卷调查,体格检查(身高,体重,腰围,血压)和实验室检查(空腹血糖,总胆固醇,高密度脂蛋白,低密度脂蛋白,甘油三脂). 结果丽水市区居民高血压粗患病率为33.1%,标化率为22.14%.男性高血压粗患病率为35.2%,标化率为26.10%;女性高血压粗患病率为31.6%,标化率为19.78%.多因素分析结果显示,高血压的影响因素包括血脂异常(OR=1.5, 95%CI 1.23~1.83),中心型肥胖(OR=1.29, 95%CI 1.01~1.66),超重和肥胖(OR=1.71, 95%CI 1.43~2.05),高血压家族史(OR=6.53, 95%CI 5.22~8.18),民族(OR=1.82, 95%CI 1.30~2.57),糖尿病(OR=1.31, 95%CI 1.00~1.71),年龄(OR=1.36, 95%CI 1.31~1.41). 结论丽水市市区居民高血压患病率较高,主要与血脂异常,糖尿病,中心型肥胖,超重和肥胖,遗传等因素有关.在老龄化社会的客观形势下,高血压综合防治工作中应在加强中老年人高血压三级预防的基础上,针对行为影响因素加强宣传教育与干预.     

江苏省35岁及以上成人超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖与高血压的相关性研究

  目的  了解江苏省成人超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖与高血压之间的关系,为制定肥胖及高血压的干预策略提供科学依据。  方法  2016年1月22日―2019年4月8日对江苏省8个项目点117 691名35~75岁常住居民进行问卷调查、体格检查、实验室检测,非条件logistic回归分析模型分析超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖与高血压的关系。  结果  高血压患病率为57.79%,标化后患病率为26.79%。在调整混杂因素后,超重和肥胖、中心性肥胖增加了高血压患病风险;与既无超重肥胖又无中心性肥胖人群相比,单纯超重肥胖人群高血压患病风险增加了90.7%(OR=1.907,95% CI: 1.849~1.968),单纯中心性肥胖人群高血压患病风险增加了69.2%(OR=1.692,95% CI: 1.566~1.828),既有超重肥胖又有中心性肥胖人群高血压患病风险增加了2.171倍(OR=3.171,95% CI: 3.075~3.270)。  结论  江苏省≥35岁及成人高血压患病率较高,超重、肥胖、中心性肥胖增加了高血压患病风险。     

BMI与高血压关联强度剂量-反应关系分析

目的使用限制性立方样条探究BMI连续变化与高血压患病关联强度的剂量-反应关系。方法采用与人口规模成比例的整群抽样方法,于2012年对江苏省昆山市18岁及以上户籍居民进行问卷调查与体格检查。样本数据通过复杂加权后进行统计分析,使用限制性立方样条估计BMI与高血压关联及其剂量-反应关系。结果复杂加权后高血压患病率(95%CI)为17.2%(16.8%~17.6%),其中男性患病率(95%CI)为17.2%(16.6%~17.7%),女性患病率(95%CI)为17.3%(16.7%~17.8%)。超重与肥胖现患率(95%CI)分别为25.5%(24.9%~26.0%)与3.9%(3.7%~4.1%)。调整混杂因素(年龄、性别、教育、家庭月收入、吸烟与饮酒状态、体力活动强度及腰围)之后,超重(OR=1.67,95%CI:1.57~1.79)、肥胖(OR=2.56,95%CI:2.24~2.91)与高血压患病显著关联。限制性立方样条分析结果显示,不论男性还是女性,BMI连续变化与高血压患病的关联强度呈非线性剂量-反应关系(非线性检验,P0.0001)。结论BM I连续变化与高血压患病关联强度呈显著剂量-反应关系;提示社区水平以体重控制为重点的高血压预防将变得更为迫切。     

天津市宝坻区老年人体质指数、腰围以及腰围身高比与高血压患病率的关联

  目的   探讨天津市宝坻区60岁及以上老年居民的体质指数(body mass index, BMI)、腰围(waist circumference, WC)以及腰围身高比(waist-to-height ratio, WHtR)与高血压患病率的关联。   方法   本研究对2018年4-5月参加天津市宝坻区口东卫生院体检的老年人(≥60岁)进行问卷调查和体格检查。采用分层分析和logistic回归分析BMI与WC(或WHtR)对高血压的联合作用和交互作用。   结果   共邀请1 692人, 1 417人(83.75%)参与本研究。老年人群的高血压患病率为46.36%、BMI超重和肥胖者占66.50%、WC中心型肥胖者占74.66%、WHtR超重和肥胖者占75.38%。与BMI或WC正常相比, BMI超重(OR=1.65, 95% CI:1.19~2.30)和肥胖(OR=3.41, 95% CI:2.23~5.20)及WC中心型肥胖(OR=1.49, 95% CI:1.00~2.23)均增加高血压的患病风险。BMI联合WC超重/肥胖(OR=2.49, 95% CI:1.78~3.46), 或BMI联合WHtR超重/肥胖(WHtR超重: OR=2.05, 95% CI:1.41~2.99;WHtR肥胖: OR=2.37, 95% CI:1.50~3.76)的患病风险高于后者单独作用的风险(WC超重/肥胖: OR=1.39, 95% CI:0.90~2.15;WHtR超重: OR=1.02, 95% CI:0.62~1.66;WHtR肥胖: OR=1.44, 95% CI:0.55~3.81)。   结论   三项指标中, BMI与高血压患病的关联性最强, 且BMI超重/肥胖增强WC(或WHtR)与高血压的关联, 提示控制BMI相关体重指标在正常范围内有助于预防和控制高血压。     

佛山市南海区社区人群体型指数、腰围与高血压的关系

目的采用腰围(WC)、体质指数(BMI)综合评价广东省佛山市南海区成年人中心性肥胖者高血压患病风险。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法抽取南海区2个街道6个镇共17124户中18岁以上常住居民进行调查。采用入户面对面访谈的方法,并进行相关人体测量。采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行多因素Logistic回归分析,比较各BMI组别中心性肥胖者高血压患病的OR值。结果体质指数偏瘦、正常、超重和肥胖组中,男性中心性肥胖者高血压患病率分别为14.6%、23.8%、34.1%和42.7%;女性中心性肥胖者高血压患病率分别为20.3%,24.2%,33.8%和43.5%;除男性体型偏瘦组外,中心性肥胖者高血压患病率均明显高于同组内的正常腰围人群(P0.01);调整混杂因素(年龄、吸烟、饮酒和体育锻炼等)后,与正常腰围人群比较,BMI正常、超重及肥胖组别中男性中心性肥胖者患高血压患病的OR值分别为1.485(1.319~1.672)、1.827(1.536~2.191)、2.849(1.659~4.893);中心性肥胖女性BMI偏瘦、正常、超重及肥胖组高血压患病OR值分别为1.642(1.112~2.425)、1.530(1.363~1.717)、1.644(1.299~2.080)、3.529(2.001~6.225)。结论 BMI与WC两者结合可明显提高高血压风险预测价值;应将腹型肥胖尤其是全身性肥胖合并腹型肥胖的人群作为社区高血压防治的重点干预人群。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Bacteriology and constitutional health--genomics and proteomics: concepts in medicine and concepts in health insurance in the past and future

Future discussions on health issues on the individual or society level will be fundamentally linked to genetic dispositions. This genetic world will become reality in the same way the world of hygiene and bacteriology has become real for everyone. Approaches of molecular medicine for public health issues have not yet been created so far. The secret dreams of molecular eugenics must be made public and critically discussed. Up to now only a few monogenetically recessive hereditary diseases can be detected by screening. This kind of screening should be carefully considered. However, for the sciences, for medicine and thus for the physicians in practice, for health care sciences as well as for public health care, new tasks will emerge from genetics and molecular medicine. In individual as well as public health these new tasks will at first mainly turn in on the sphere of diagnosis and specific screening as well as health education and consultation. With regard to the considerable social implications the public health care sector should be aware of the coming issues of molecular medicine in time.     

成人社区及医院获得性肺炎病原菌及耐药性差异

 目的 比较非呼吸机相关医院获得性肺炎（NV-HAP）、呼吸机相关肺炎（VAP）与社区获得性肺炎（CAP）感染病原菌分布及耐药性。方法 回顾性调查2017年10月-2019年9月某院肺炎患者病历资料,按NV-HAP、VAP、CAP定义将患者分别列为NV-HAP组、VAP组、CAP组。收集三组患者痰、支气管肺泡灌洗液、血标本培养病原菌及药敏试验结果,分析三组患者感染病原菌构成和耐药性差异。结果 共纳入肺炎患者4 391例,NV-HAP组1 080例,VAP组126例,CAP组3 185例,各组分别检出病原菌841、191、1 440株,均以革兰阴性（G^-）菌为主,依次占72.77%、84.82%和61.18%,三组患者检出病原菌分布比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=64.037,P<0.001）。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和复方磺胺甲口恶唑耐药率,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和亚胺培南耐药率,肺炎克雷伯菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率,三组比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素、克林霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率比较,CAP组高于NV-HAP组（P<0.05）。结论 NV-HAP、VAP和CAP在病原菌分布及细菌耐药性方面均存在差异,在制定临床治疗方案时,要区别对待不同感染类型的肺炎。