衢州市14324名食品、公共场所从业人员乙肝病毒感染情况分析

目的：了解衙州市食品、公共场所从业人员乙肝病毒（HBV）感染情况,为乙肝防治提供科学依据。方法：对2008年衢州市食品、公共场所从业人员的体检资料进行描述性分析。结果：14324名食品公共场所从业人员HBsAg阳性416人,阳性率2．90％,男性HBsAg阳性率3．76％,女性为2．42％。女性HBsAg阳性率最高的为〈20岁年龄组。检出“大三阳”71人。结论：男性的HBsAg阳性率高于女性。〈20岁HBsAg阳性女性是阻断母婴传播的重点防控对象,建议“大三阳”家庭其他成员接种乙肝疫苗。     

深圳市福田区工业企业作业工人乙型肝炎感染状况的调查

目的　了解深圳市福田区工业企业作业工人乙型肝炎感染状况。　方法　对深圳市福田区 2 0 0 1年进行职业性健康体检的作业工人的乙型肝炎感染状况进行了分析。　结果　深圳市福田区作业工人 HBs Ag阳性率为 12 .62 %。HBs Ag阳性率男性工人显著高于女性工人 (P<0 .0 1)。同时发现 ,生产工人 HBs Ag阳性率随年龄的增长而下降 (χ2 =3 5 0 .5 6,P<0 .0 1)。机械行业生产工人 HBs Ag阳性率最高 (17.0 4% ) ,不同行业间存在显著差异 (P<0 .0 0 5 )。分析 HBs Ag阳性工人乙肝“两对半”结果构成 ,乙肝“小三阳”和“大三阳”占较大的比例 ,分别为 3 9.63 %和 3 3 .2 6%。　结论　深圳市福田区作业工人乙型肝炎防治工作不容忽视 ,有必要在作业工人中开展乙型肝炎的预防保健知识宣传及乙肝疫苗的预防接种工作     

渭南市区服务行业从业人员HBV感染情况分析

目的了解渭南市服务行业从业人员乙肝病毒（HBV）感染情况，为公共卫生管理与乙型肝炎防治工作提供科学依据。方法对渭南市区2007年饮食行业及公共场所从业人员乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）检测结果进行分析。结果2007年渭南市区服务行业从业人员中检出HBsAg阳性者102人，阳性率为2．2％。其中男性阳性率为3．0％，女性阳性率为1．6％。食品行业阳性率为3．1％，公共场所0．3％。高中以上人员阳性率为1．0％，高中以下人员阳性率为2．3％。结论2007年渭南市区服务行业从业人员HBV感染率男性高于女性，食品行业感染率高于公共场所，文化程度低的感染率高。     

某高校新生HBV感染调查

目的 了解我校HBV感染情况，为防治工作提供依据。方法 对2003～2005年间入学的大学生6417名采用酶动力法检测ALT，用金标法对HBsAg筛选，对肝功能异常或HBsAg阳性者采用酶标免疫法（ELISA）检测乙肝“二对半”。结果 肝功能异常900人（阳性率14．03％），HBsAg阳性481人（阳性率7．50％），其中男性阳性率8、36％。女生阳性率4．88％，检测“二对半”发现学生中以“HBsAg、HBeAg、HBcAb”和“HBsAg、HBeAb、HBcAb”两种感染模式为主，前一感染模式男生占53．85％（217／403），女生占30．77％（24／78）。结论 HBV感染和学习负担过重是我校新生肝功能异常的主要原因，男生感染高于女生。     

1 466例体检者HBV血清标志物检测结果分析

采用ELISA法对1466例体检者的乙肝病毒血清五项标志物进行检测，结果显示，乙肝病毒感染率为65．35％。“大、小三阳”的感染模式占91．23％(874／958)，表明这类无临床症状人群是乙肝防治的重点对象。     

2010年深圳市福田区人群乙型肝炎的免疫水平

目的了解深圳市福田区人群乙型肝炎(乙肝)免疫水平,为制定免疫规划策略提供参考。方法随机抽取辖区内7个年龄组共569名调查对象,采用ELISA双抗原夹心法检测乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)。结果 569名调查对象抗-HBs阳性率为74.69%,其中男性74.37%;女性为75.00%;随着年龄增长,人群抗-HBs阳性率逐步下降,差异有统计学意义;免疫次数和抗体阳转率呈正相关。结论目前深圳市福田区适龄儿童的乙肝抗体阳性率较高,应加强成人乙肝免疫预防工作。     

796名出入境人员HBsAg监测结果分析

自1997年6月至1999年12月，对岳阳口岸出入境监测体检的796名人员，采用ELISA法检测HBsAg；结果发现HBsAg阳性携带率为5．28％。其中男性5．58％(25／448)，高于女性4．89％(17／348)；不同年龄组以35～岁组7．22％(7／90)最高；不同职业则以医生9．09％(2／20)最高；中国籍5．54％(40／722)高于外国籍2．70％(2／74)。章对796名出入境人员HBsAg携带情况进行了分析，并提出要切实搞好口岸出入境人员乙肝防治，有必要在加强HBsAg检测的同时，对HBsAg阳性进一步作“二对半”检查，视其结果作相应处理；对阴性按免疫程序进行乙肝疫苗预防接种。     

某钢铁厂职工乙型肝炎5项指标的调查

目的了解某钢铁厂职工乙肝病毒感染状况,为制定乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）防治对策提供依据。方法对该厂2006-2007年参加职业健康检查的职工进行乙肝5项指标检测。结果2007年乙肝5项指标阴性率明显高于2006年（P〈0．01）,2007年HBsAb、HBsAg及HBeAg阳性率明显低于2006年（P〈0．01）,2007年HBcAb的阳性率明显高于2006年（P〈0．01）,男性HBsAg、HBeAg阳性率明显高于女性（P〈0．01）。结论该厂乙肝病毒感染率较低,HBsAg阳性率低于全国平均水平,应加强对该厂职工乙肝病毒感染的预防免疫工作。     

深圳市福田区某医院2006-2012年恶性肿瘤住院病例分析

目的分析深圳市福田区某医院恶性肿瘤住院病例的性别、年龄及分类构成,为临床防治工作提供依据。方法收集深圳市福田区某医院2006--2012年住院病人病历资料,按ICD-10国际疾病的分类原则对病例资料进行分类统计分析。结果深圳市福田区某医院2006--2012年恶性肿瘤住院病例共2542例,其中男性1365例,女性1177例,男女性别比为1．16：l;发病年龄以≥60岁年龄组最多,共1020例,占40．13％。发病居前3位的恶性肿瘤分别为：肠癌、肺癌、肝癌,分别占发病总数的14．67％、14．47％、8．81％;男性恶性肿瘤以肺癌排第1位,占男性恶性肿瘤发病总数的18．46％（252／1365）;女性恶性肿瘤以乳腺癌排第1位,占女性恶性肿瘤发病总数的16．65％（196／1177）。结论肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌已成为危害深圳市福田区居民健康的重要疾病,加强对肠癌、肺癌、乳腺癌的防治应成为恶性肿瘤防治的重点。     

2008年北京市顺义区服务行业人员HBV检测结果分析

目的了解顺义区服务行业人员乙肝病毒的感染状况，为制定防治措施提供依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测HBsAg和乙肝5项指标。结果63282名检测人员HBsAg阳性率为1．33％。其中男性为1．56％，女性为1．14％，男女阳性率差异有统计学意义；20岁以下年龄组HBsAg阳性率最高，为1．65％；本地和外地从业人员HBsAg阳性率分别为0．62％和1．76％，差异有统计学意义。食品行业从业人员HBsAg阳性率最低为1．24％，不同行业阳性率差别有统计学意义；452例HBsAg阳性者共检查出7种感染模式，其中HBsAg＋HBeAg阳性者占HBV感染总数的31．19％。结论应该加强对男性从业人员以及低年龄组和流动性较大的职业人群的健康检查和监督管理，同时对从事化妆品、生活饮用水、卫生用品职业的人员应加大卫生监督执法力度，以达到减少和控制HBV感染的目的．     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.