Perioperative and follow-up results in carotid artery stenting with contralateral carotid occlusion

Purpose

Contralateral carotid occlusion (CCO) increases the risk of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We determined the outcome of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS), an alternative to CEA, in the setting of CCO through an independent analysis of imaging and clinical outcome.

Materials and methods

Medical records of 26 consecutive patients with CCO who underwent CAS by a single operator using the same procedural protocol (with distal protection and closed-cell stents) were retrospectively evaluated. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores before and after CAS, periprocedural complications, and the restenosis rate were analyzed by independent stroke neurologists who were not involved in the care of the patients.

Results

The median mRS score for the 26 patients was 1 (range 0–5) before and after CAS. All of the patients underwent clinical and imaging follow-up (mean 19.5 ± 14.3 and 11.6 ± 11.2 months, respectively). Thirty-day mortality/permanent morbidity rates were 0 %. One patient had hyperperfusion syndrome and was managed medically without sequelae; however, he had stent occlusion after 30 days, resulting in a decline in his mRS from 4 (preprocedure) to 5. Otherwise, there was no decline in mRS during the post-discharge follow-up.

Conclusion

According to an independent analysis of this single-operator series, CAS is safe and effective for the treatment of patients with CCO.

     

血管内支架置入治疗高危颈动脉狭窄

目的　评价伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的高危颈内动脉狭窄病人血管内支架治疗的疗效和安全性。方法　 8例不适合颈动脉内膜剥脱的高危颈内动脉狭窄病人接受了血管内支架置入治疗。术前颈内动脉平均狭窄程度为 (85 2± 9 4) % (70 %～ 98% )。术前和术后 2 4h采用NIHSS评分 ,术前和术后 3个月采用改良Rakin评分标准对这些病人进行神经功能评分。术后随访 6～ 1 4个月。结果　术中造影证实 8枚支架均放置成功 ,残余狭窄程度 (5 3± 2 2 ) % (5 %～ 9% ) ,管腔狭窄程度较术前明显改善 (t=4 79,P <0 0 0 1 )。术中没有发生与手术相关的并发症 ,术后 2 4h病人的NIHSS神经功能评分保持在术前水平 [(2 5± 2 4)分 ] ;术后 3个月 ,改良Rakin神经功能评分为 (1 1 3± 0 99)分 ,同术前 (1 2 5± 1 2 8)分比较差异无显著性意义 (T =1 89,P >0 0 5)。术后随访 6～ 1 4个月 ,除 1例偶发一过性脑缺血发作 (TIA)外 ,其他病人未再出现TIA和新的中风。结论　血管内支架置入术是治疗高危颈内动脉狭窄安全、有效的治疗手段     

Carotid angioplasty with stenting for chronic internal carotid artery occlusion: technical note

Introduction Carotid angioplasty with stenting (CAS) is becoming accepted as an effective and reliable treatment option for severe carotid artery stenosis. However, it is rarely applied for carotid occlusion, especially in its chronic stage. We report our experience of CAS for chronic internal carotid artery occlusion representing compromised cerebral blood flow using various protection methods.Methods A 77-year-old woman, who was already diagnosed with severe left internal carotid artery stenosis, suddenly had right hemiparesis and aphasia. At that time, she was treated conservatively because her neurological status was quite good, in spite of left carotid artery occlusion. Her symptoms improved in the short term, except slight aphasia, but deteriorated again 18 days from the onset, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed new ischemic lesions. CAS was then performed for the occluded carotid artery on the 23rd day from the first onset.Results Using the proximal protection technique, the occluded lesion was crossed carefully with a microguidewire. Stents were also placed successfully with the distal protection technique. The occluded carotid artery was completely recanalized without any unfavorable events or neurological deterioration.Conclusion In this patient, CAS was successfully to treat chronic carotid artery occlusion. These procedures and techniques are reviewed and discussed.     

Effect of carotid artery stenting on cognitive function in patients with carotid artery stenosis: preliminary results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Stenosis of the carotid artery may be a cause of reduced cognitive performance that can be ameliorated with placement of a stent. The goal of this study was to measure cognitive performance and speed of psychomotor performance prospectively before and after carotid stent placement.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Patients referred for stent placement for a unilateral carotid artery stenosis were enrolled in the study. Neuropsychologic testing was performed with a Mini-Mental State Examination, an extended mental status examination, a subjective cognitive status measure, and a psychomotor performance test for speed. The severity of the stenosis was measured on angiograms performed before stent placement. Three months after stent placement, CT angiograms were performed and the neuropsychologic testing was repeated. Differences in neuropsychologic test scores before and after stent placement were calculated and tested for significance with a Student t test.RESULTS:Seventeen patients with a single unilateral carotid stenosis of more than 50% completed the study. Stenosis of the carotid artery averaged 80% before treatment and 18% after treatment. After stenting, the scores from the extended mental status examination improved significantly. The scores from the subjective cognitive status measure also improved. No significant change was noted in the scores from the Mini-Mental State Examination or in the speed of psychomotor performance.CONCLUSION:Carotid stent placement in patients with a unilateral stenosis of the carotid artery resulted in significant improvement in cognitive test scores in this highly selected patient group. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary observations.

There are more than 750,000 patients with new or recurrent stroke in the United States each year, with as many as 25% related to significant cerebrovascular stenoses.¹ In addition, progressive cognitive decline among patients with cerebrovascular stenosis may be an even greater problem than the actual stroke, but it is not a widely recognized symptom and has yet to be adequately addressed in any study. Patients with carotid stenosis have been shown to have significantly poorer scores on cognitive tests than matched control subjects.^2–6 Evidence is accumulating that revascularization of a carotid stenosis may improve cognitive performance.^7–13 Subjective evaluation of patients who had stent placement of the carotid or vertebrobasilar system suggests improved cognitive function after treatment.⁸ Objective measures evaluating the speed of cognitive functioning improved in 1 group of 10 patients studied before and after stent placement.⁹ Endarterectomy in patients with carotid stenosis resulted in improved scores on psychomotor and cognitive tests¹⁰ but can result in cognitive decline if operative ischemia is encountered.¹⁴ Additional studies are needed to confirm the effect of carotid stenosis and stent placement on cognition. The goal of this study was to prospectively measure objective and subjective cognitive performance and speed of completing psychomotor tests in patients undergoing carotid stent placement.     

颈动脉支架植入术对颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能影响的meta分析

【摘要】　目的?评价颈动脉支架植入术（CAS）对颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的干预作用。方法?计算机检索Medline、EMbase、Pubmed、CNKI、万方和维普等数据库,选取建库至2018年12月30日收录的CAS对颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能影响的随机对照试验（RCT）和队列研究文献,CAS组为试验组,药物治疗组为对照组。对比两组简易智能精神状态检查（MMSE）量表、蒙特利尔认知评估（MOCA）量表、数字广度（DS）测试和Barthel指数（BI）量表评分评估结果。2名研究员按照纳入和排除标准独立筛选文献、提取资料、评价文献质量后,采用RevMan 5.3软件作meta分析。结果?共纳入2篇RCT、16篇队列研究文献,1 756例患者。Meta分析结果显示,CAS组与药物治疗组相比,术后1个月MMSE量表评分差异无统计学意义（MD=1.01,95% CI=－0.24～2.27,P=0.11）,MOCA量表评分显著升高（MD=1.88,95%CI=0.83～2.92,P=0.000 4）;术后3个月MMSE评分、MOCA评分均显著升高（MD=2.06,95%CI=0.62～3.50,P=0.005;MD=2.42,95%CI:0.9～3.95,P=0.002）;术后6个月MMSE评分、MOCA评分均显著升高（MD=2.79,95%CI=1.47～4.11,P＜0.000 1;MD=3.18,95%CI=1.73～4.63,P＜0.000 1）,DS测试评分、BI量表评分差异均无统计学意义（MD=－1.37,95%CI=－0.1～2.83,P=0.07;MD=－2.53,95%CI= －7.62～2.56,P=0.33）;术后1年,MOCA评分差异无统计学意义（MD=0.37,95%CI=－4.58～5.33,P=0.88）。结论?CAS可改善颈动脉狭窄患者术后3、6个月认知功能,对远期认知功能影响尚需大规模、多中心、高质量RCT研究进一步验证。     

症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄的血管内支架和药物治疗的临床疗效研究

目的　对比分析症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄的血管内支架和单纯药物治疗的疗效 ,评价两种治疗方法的有效性和安全性。方法　 2 0 0 1年到 2 0 0 3年我科门诊及病房治疗的症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄2 6 5例 ,其中支架治疗组 16 0例 ,单纯药物治疗组 10 5例。结果　颈动脉支架成形术 (CAS)手术的技术成功率 10 0 % ,血管狭窄由术前平均 79.5 %± 14 .6 %降至术后平均 11.2 %± 7.8% (P <0 .0 1) ,血管直径由术前 1.5± 0 .6mm恢复至 4 .1± 0 .4mm。治疗 30d内支架组和药物组各有 1例大卒中 (0 .6 3%、0 .95 % ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,药物组死亡 1例 (0 .95 % ) ,支架组无死亡。平均随访 13.5个月 ,支架组无死亡 ,同侧卒中 1例(0 .6 3% ) ,总的卒中和死亡 2例 (1.2 5 % ) ,药物组同侧卒中 4例 (3.81% ) ,死亡 1例 (0 .95 % ) ,总的卒中和死亡 5例 (4 .76 % )。支架组再狭窄 1例 (0 .6 3% ) ,因患者临床没有脑缺血症状 ,未进行再次治疗。结论　颈动脉支架成形术是治疗症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄和预防卒中安全而有效的方法 ,其围手术期总的卒中和死亡率低 ,1年随访卒中复发率和再狭窄率低 ,较单纯药物疗效更好。     

Carotid revascularization in the presence of contralateral carotid artery occlusion is safe and durable

OBJECTIVE: Complete occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery has been thought to increase the risk of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This study was conducted to determine whether contralateral occlusion (CO) leads to a higher rate of complications among patients undergoing CEA or alters long-term outcomes. METHODS: All CEAs (N = 221) performed at our institution between September 1997 and June 2002 were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups, i.e., CO and contralateral patency. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test for nominal values and the t test for continuous variables. Life-table analyses were performed for patency and survival. RESULTS: Complete data and follow-up results were available for 170 of the 221 operations performed during the study period. CO was present in 16 cases (9.4%). Preoperative demographic features, indications for surgery, and operative techniques did not vary between study groups; there was increased use of general anesthesia (p = 0.05) in the CO group. No surgical deaths occurred. The perioperative stroke rates were not statistically different between groups (CO group, 6.3%; contralateral patency group, 2.6%; p = 0.39). Long-term patency and stroke-free survival rates at 5 years exceeded 90% and did not vary significantly between groups. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing CEA with occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery do not have unique preoperative demographic features or indications. Contralateral carotid artery occlusion does not increase risk or alter long-term outcomes after CEA. Carotid revascularization can be safely performed in tertiary military centers.     

比较研究单侧与双侧颈动脉狭窄患者支架植入术的疗效

目的：探讨单侧与双侧颈动脉狭窄患者支架植入术的疗效及其影响因素。方法回顾性研究2005年1月至2011年1月第三军医大学附属新桥医院收治的312例颈动脉狭窄支架植入术患者临床资料。依据患者颈内动脉病变情况,分为单侧颈动脉狭窄组和双侧颈动脉狭窄组,分别收集两组患者术前、术中、术后1个月及术后1年的数据并进行统计学分析。结果共312例患者纳入本研究,其中双侧病变组136例,单侧病变组176例。完成术后1个月随访的患者303例,完成术后1年随访的患者224例。312例患者共植入391枚支架。两组患者围术期短暂性脑缺血发作（ TIA）的发病率差异有统计学意义（双侧病变组7．6％和单侧病变组1．2％;P＜0．01）。单侧病变组术后早期不良事件（死亡、卒中、围术期TIA、围术期心肌梗死）发生率较双侧病变组低（5．2％/11．4％）,但两组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。双侧病变组中期不良事件（死亡、卒中、围术期TIA、围术期心肌梗死、再狭窄）发生率较单侧病变组显著升高（21．8％/9．7％,P＜0．01）,其中死亡、围术期TIA、再狭窄的发病率较高（P＜0．05）。多因素分析显示,左心功能不全颈动脉支架植入术（ CAS）后发生血管再狭窄、男性、双侧颈动脉病变、肾功能不全、支架植入术前6个月内脑缺血症状以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ LDL-C）水平是中期不良事件发生的独立危险因素。结论 CAS术后,双侧病变组较单侧病变组出现不良事件的风险更高。     

单中心肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄行经皮肾动脉支架术治疗疗效分析

目的探讨肾动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(ARAS)患者行经皮肾动脉支架术(PTRAS)的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析1998年2月至2015年2月行PTRAS治疗的172例ARAS患者的一般资料、围术期和随访情况,分析PTRAS治疗ARAS患者的安全性及临床疗效。结果本研究结果显示,与术前比较,术后72 h及远期随访,收缩压和舒张压均有明显下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。在不同性别患者中,男性患者术后72 h血压、远期随访血压和女性患者术后72 h血压较术前均下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但女性患者远期随访血压与术前比较无明显下降,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PTRAS术后,对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤发生率为9.9%(17/172),多因素Logistic回归分析显示,急性心肌梗死和糖尿病是术后发生对比剂诱导急性肾损伤的独立危险因素。随访121例患者中,全因死亡11例(9.1%)。结论 PTRAS治疗的ARAS在术后72 h及远期随访期间,PTRAS可以有效改善ARAS引起的继发性高血压,且对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤发生率低。     

Recurrent stenosis following carotid artery stenting treated with a drug-eluting balloon: a single-center retrospective analysis

Purpose

Early in-stent restenosis after stent-protected angioplasty of the carotid artery (SPAC) is an infrequent, but potentially harmful condition for patients with carotid artery disease.

Methods

In our retrospective single-center analysis of 176 patients with carotid artery stenting between 2009 and 2015, using duplex ultrasound, we detected 9 patients with high-grade carotid artery in-stent restenosis. All restenosis patients were treated with a drug-eluting balloon (DEB) to prevent recurrent neointimal hyperplasia. One patient had bilateral carotid artery disease with bilateral in-stent restenosis, and 1 patient needed repeated DEB treatment 19 months after the first DEB intervention, so 11 DEB procedures, in total, were performed.

Results

The median time-interval between primary carotid artery stenting and first DEB-treatment was 9 months. In 3 of the 11 interventions, the DEB treatment was assisted by an additional stent. One repeat DEB treatment was necessary, and three DEB treatments were followed by a secondary stent. No peri-interventional complications (TIA, stroke, or death) were observed during or after DEB intervention. Therefore, in the entire group, the 1y event-free survival (EFS) was 100%, and the 2y/3y/5y EFS was 83%.

Conclusion

DEB intervention seems to be an effective and safe treatment for patients with high-grade in-stent restenosis after SPAC.

     

Long-term results of ePTFE stent-graft versus angioplasty in the femoropopliteal artery: single center experience from a prospective,randomized trial

PURPOSE: To describe a single-center experience as part of a U.S. multicenter prospective randomized trial of PTA versus percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA)- and ePTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene)-covered endoprosthesis placement for the treatment of superficial femoral artery (SFA) and proximal popliteal artery stenoses and occlusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with claudication or ischemia were treated by PTA alone (n = 13) or PTA and endoprosthesis placement (n = 15). Baseline characteristics, including exercise ankle/brachial index (ABI), number of patent runoff vessels, Rutherford-Becker ischemia score, and lesion length, were equivalent. Follow-up included postprocedure, objective, noninvasive vascular evaluation and a clinical status scale for a minimum of 24 months. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 15 of 15 patients (100%) in the endoprosthesis group and 12 of 13 patients (92%) in the PTA group. Complications in the endoprosthesis group included clinically significant embolization (n = 1, successfully treated by thrombolysis) and transient thigh pain that required medication in three patients (20%). Clinical improvement was achieved initially in all patients with a significant increase in exercise ABI in both groups (mean increase from baseline was 0.51 with 95% CI: 0.37-0.64 in endoprosthesis patients and 0.39 with 95% CI: 0.31-0.47 in PTA patients; P =.13). At 6-month follow-up with duplex US, 93% of patients (14 of 15) treated with the Hemobahn endoprosthesis (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ) remained primarily patent versus 42% of patients (five of 12) treated with PTA alone. At 2 years follow-up, primary patency remained 87% (13 of 15 patients) in the endoprosthesis group versus only 25% (three of 12 patients) in the PTA group (P =.002). Exercise ABI was >0.15 higher than baseline in 93% of patients (14 of 15) treated with endoprosthesis placement versus 54% of patients (seven of 13) treated by PTA alone. Clinical success was maintained in 87% of patients (13 of 15) in the endoprosthesis group versus 46% of patients (six of 13) in the PTA group. CONCLUSION: This single-center experience with placement of the Hemobahn endoprosthesis (W.L. Gore & Associates) in the SFA demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in both patency and clinical outcome compared with PTA alone.     

颈动脉支架内再狭窄1例

患者 男性,69岁.2003年11月27日因左侧肢体无力6天入院.查体左侧肢体肌力Ⅳ级.CT:右侧基底节区及双侧半卵圆中心腔隙性梗塞.DSA检查左侧颈内动脉窦部动脉粥样硬化伴狭窄60%,行左侧颈内动脉血管内支架植入术.     

MR demonstration of a giant cavernous carotid aneurysm with occlusion of the contralateral intracranial carotid artery: an unusual complication of cavernous sinus thrombosis

We present an unusual combination of vascular complications of cavernous sinus thrombosis in a 7-year-old girl. MRI and MR angiography showed occlusion of the intracranial portion of the left internal carotid artery and a contralateral giant cavernous carotid aneurysm. This combination of vascular findings may influence the management in such cases. Received: 1 April 1997 Accepted: 13 August 1997     

Ostial common carotid artery occlusion and balloon-mounted stenting: Implication of embolic protection device in tandem lesion

Ostial common carotid artery (CCA) stenosis is rare, compared to extracranial internal carotid artery bifurcation lesions. In cases of a tandem lesion, the proximal lesion usually involves the extracranial internal carotid artery, and the ostial CCA is rarely implicated. A 69-year-old woman who underwent 3 months of antiplatelet therapy for asymptomatic, right ostial, severely calcified CCA stenosis presented with sudden onset left hemiparesis. Radiographic examination revealed an ostial CCA-intracranial artery tandem lesion. After intracranial revascularization using a clot retrieval stent, we performed the endovascular treatment with a balloon-mounted stent using an embolic protection device. This procedure may be superior to others because it is possible to achieve early intracranial revascularization and prevent distal embolism during the complete treatment of proximal lesions.     

Intracranial angioplasty and stenting: long-term results from a single center

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Large-vessel intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis carries a proved stroke risk of 8%-22% per year with "best medical therapy." The long-term clinical neurologic and angiographic outcomes of angioplasty and/or stent placement for intracranial atherosclerosis in a consecutive series of patients are presented. METHODS: The demographics, procedural details, procedural outcome, and long-term neurologic follow-up in 60 consecutive patients with 71 lesions, undergoing a total of 84 procedures, were analyzed. RESULTS: Angioplasty alone was performed in 62 procedures; 22 procedures involved stent placement. The periprocedural stroke+death rate was 4.8%. The overall complication-free success rate was 90.5%. Restenosis occurred in 23 lesions at a mean of 4.6 months; 13 were re-treated without complication. There were 4 strokes and 4 non-neurologic deaths during 224 patient-years of follow-up. The annualized stroke rate was 1.8%, and the annualized stroke+all-cause death rate was 3.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The stroke and death rates in this consecutive series of patients with severe intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis treated with optimal endovascular therapy are considerably less than those associated with the natural history of intracranial atherosclerosis treated with maximal medical therapy. Intracranial angioplasty with conditional stent placement is technically feasible and clinically effective with a substantial reduction in long-term stroke and death.