非瓣膜性心房颤动患者卒中预防中的抗凝治疗

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者是缺血性卒中的高危人群,临床上主要采用抗凝治疗预防其卒中的发生.然而,常规口服抗凝药华法林因某些限制存在一定的困难.一些新型口服抗凝药,如直接凝血酶抑制药、凝血因子Xa抑制药在非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的卒中预防中显示了其前途.     

Anticoagulation in management of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in adults. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation rises with age, reaching as high as 9% in those 70 years and older. Currently there are 2.2 million affected people in the United States, with twice the mortality rate of age-matched controls in sinus rhythm. Epidemiologic studies show atrial fibrillation to be responsible for as many as 15% of the total number of strokes, a higher incidence of dementia, cardiac function compromise, and decreased quality of life. Recent studies indicate that rate control and rhythm restoration are equally effective strategies in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, with a trend toward better survival in patients treated for rate control and anticoagulation. Data from several randomized controlled studies on stroke prophylaxis provided consistent evidence of the superiority of adjusted-dose warfarin over aspirin. Guidelines developed by the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the European Society of Cardiology, and ACCP provide a convenient decision-making framework for the practicing physician. The safety and effectiveness of anticoagulation in clinical practice were found to be equal to those in major trials with rigorous controls. Despite the proven effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation for thromboembolism prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation, warfarin remains underused, especially among the elderly (75 years and older), who are at the greatest risk of stroke and would likely benefit the most from prophylactic anticoagulation.     

新型口服抗凝药预防心房颤动患者的缺血性卒中

新型口服抗凝药包括直接凝血酶抑制剂和因子Xa抑制药,它们克服了华法林的多个缺点,在非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中预防卒中和体循环栓塞的疗效优于或不逊于华法林,且降低了出血(尤其是颅内出血)风险.然而,目前尚无高效逆转其抗凝作用的药物.文章对目前常用的新型口服抗凝药的药理学特点、临床疗效、并发症及其处理等进行了综述.     

Anticoagulation in heart failure without atrial fibrillation: gaps and dilemmas in current clinical practice

Data from observational and post‐hoc analyses suggest that heart failure (HF) itself may be associated with higher risk of thromboembolic events compared to populations without HF. Although oral anticoagulants (OACs) might be a therapeutic option in individual cases, anticoagulation therapy in HF patients in sinus rhythm is not generally recommended, as the implementation of OACs in clinical practice in this HF population is not supported by large randomized clinical trials to date. Indeed, the available data suggest that the risk of major bleeding overshadows the potential anti‐thromboembolic benefit of OACs in HF patients in sinus rhythm with no net beneficial effect on mortality rates. In this review we explore the current available evidence for the clinical outcomes of anticoagulation therapy in patients with HF in sinus rhythm, highlighting the current gaps in knowledge, which may guide the design of future randomized clinical trials focusing on the efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy in this HF population.     

Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation

Herz - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently encountered sustained arrhythmia with a prevalence of 0.5–10%, depending predominantly on age. The arrhythmia is associated...     

Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation

Thromboembolic complications are a major problem in patients with atrial fibrillation. This vignette presents the probabilities of thromboembolism in the various etiologies of atrial fibrillation and prophylactic management with anticoagulants.     

Anticoagulation for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: is gender important?

The presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) confers a five-foldincreased risk of stroke, a figure that may rise to as highas 17 times in the presence of structural heart disease, inparticular mitral stenosis. It is estimated that 15% of allstrokes may be directly attributable to AF, but of greater concernis that when patients with AF have a stroke, they have a muchworse outcome. Being an increasingly more prevalent arrhythmiaand given the increasing mean age of the general population,AF presents a significant economic burden. Why does AF confer such a high risk of stroke and thrombo-embolism?The loss of co-ordinated atrial contraction in AF, associatedwith stasis and structural (and electrical) remodelling     

Pathogenetic mechanism of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: follow-up of stroke patients with and without atrial fibrillation

Abstract. Stroke patients with brain infarction and non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF, n = 88) or sinus rhythm (SR, n = 188), treated at a population-based stroke unit, were studied for 5 years. Within 1 month, 13% of NVAF and 2% of SR patients (P < 0.01) had either a stroke recurrence or systemic embolism. After 5 years, the corresponding figures were 26 and 25%, respectively. The 1-month and 5-year mortality values were 35 and 78% in the NVAF group vs. 7 and 52% in the SR group (P < 0.01). Age, ischaemic heart disease and function group on arrival at the hospital were independent risk factors for death. The main cause of death was ischaemic heart disease in the NVAF group, and complications to the initial stroke or a stroke recurrence in the SR group. Thus a higher risk of death, stroke recurrence and peripheral embolism was evident only during the first month after stroke.     

Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation

For over two decades, valuable insights have been accumulated from epidemiologic studies and randomized trials about the risks for and prevention of AF-related stroke. AF substantially raises the risk of stroke, most likely through an atrio-embolic mechanism. Warfarin and other members of its class of oral anticoagulants targeted at an INR of 2.5 can abrogate the risk of stroke attributable to AF effectively and fairly safely. High-quality management of anticoagulation can be achieved in usual clinical care. These insights have important implications for the care of individual patients and more generally for public health. Future research is needed to specify the risk of stroke and hemorrhage among patients with AF better, particularly among older individuals, to optimize use of antithrombotic agents, and to define the role of recently developed antithrombotic drugs and invasive nondrug approaches.     

Prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation

Purpose  

Cardiac pacemaker malfunction due to exposure to magnetic fields may cause serious problems in some work environments for workers having cardiac pacemakers. The aim of this study was to find the magnetic field interference thresholds for several commonly used pacemaker models.     

Anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation,thrombocytopenia and hematological malignancy

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis - Managing anticoagulation in hematological malignancy patients with atrial fibrillation and thrombocytopenia is a clinical challenge with limited data. We...