穿支游离皮瓣整复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损

目的:探索头颈部肿瘤切除术后穿支游离皮瓣吻合整复术区缺损的方法.方法:2002-2009年收治的头颈部肿瘤切除术后12例穿支游离皮瓣整复患者,其中3例用腹直肌皮瓣,5例使用股前外侧皮瓣,2例背阔肌皮瓣,2例胸大肌肌皮瓣作回顾分析.结果:其中1例背阔肌皮瓣坏死,1例股前外侧皮瓣部分坏死咽瘘.动脉及静脉血管危象各1例,回手术室探查挽救成功.皮瓣总成活率为91.6%.结论:穿支游离皮瓣制备容易,供区面积大,适合整复头颈部较大面积的组织缺损.     

游离股前外侧皮瓣移植修复头颈部缺损二例

晚期头颈肿瘤切除后的组织缺损广泛，理想的整复是一期完成。山东省肿瘤防治研究院应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈部缺损2例患者，均效果满意，报道如下。     

前臂桡侧游离皮瓣供皮区的功能评价

前臂桡侧游离皮瓣被广泛应用于头颈部重建手术。由于该皮瓣较薄、顺应性好，故多用来修复软组织缺损。采用定量分析方法对取皮瓣后供皮区手和腕的功能加以评估。实验组２１例，为１９９３年６月～１９９５年２月间利用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣进行头颈部重建手术的患者，将其中符合条件的１３例作为研究对象，平均年龄５４岁，男：女之比为７：６，有口腔口咽缺损、喉咽缺损、下咽或颈段食管缺损需行修复者，所有患者均随访３．５～１７．５月（平均９．５月）；第二组为头颈部癌肿需行游离组织转移但非前臂挠侧游离皮瓣。平均年龄５９岁，男：女之…     

头颈部错构瘤3例报告

错构瘤一般发生于纵隔、肺，发生于头颈部者较少见，临床易误诊。１９９７年我科收治３例头颈部肿块，术后病理证实为错构瘤，现报告如下。例１　男，１３岁。左前额眉内无痛性肿块４年入院。检查：左额眉内下、眼眶内上侧缘隆起，质软，边界欠清，呈囊性状肿块，约３．５ｃｍ×２．５ｃｍ。眼球无突出，运动无影响。ＣＴ检查：左前额眼眶内上缘软组织密度增高影；全身检查无特殊。全麻下自眉弓内下缘经鼻侧作弧形切口，在皮下发现眶内上缘３．５ｃｍ×２．５ｃｍ×１．０ｃｍ无包膜脂肪瘤样肿块。病理诊断：错构瘤。术后抗炎治疗，１周后痊…     

扁桃体良性淋巴瘤1例

口咽良性肿瘤以纤维瘤和乳头状瘤较多见,扁桃体良性淋巴瘤较罕见,目前未见报道。现将本院收治１例报告如下。 患者,男,４２岁。因讲话含糊、似口中含物伴吞咽障碍４月,于１９９４年１１月７日来我院就诊并收入院。检查：消瘦,精神尚可,颈前、颈侧、颌下、额下均未触及肿大的淋巴结,咽粘膜充血,悬雍垂明显左移,右侧扁桃体肿大约５ｃｍ×４ｃｍ×３．５ｃｍ,粘膜完整,表面光滑,无隆起及溃疡,质地较左侧扁桃体稍硬。实验室检查：血 ＷＢＣ：７．１× １０９／Ｌ,ＲＢＣ：７．４０×１０１２／Ｌ,ＨＢ：２０３ｈ／Ｌ;Ｓｇ：０…     

锁骨上岛状皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤手术缺损修复中的应用分析

目的　探讨锁骨上岛状皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤术后缺损修复中的临床应用。方法　回顾性分析2018年12月~2022年3月中国科学院大学附属肿瘤医院头颈外科应用锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损32例患者的病例资料,其中修复下咽11例、气管8例、头颈部皮肤6例、喉部3例、口腔2例、食管1例及咽瘘1例。制备皮岛大小约（3～7）cm×（3～10）cm,皮瓣蒂部的长度约10～20 cm。记录皮瓣存活情况、受区及供区其他并发症情况。结果　32例患者中30例皮瓣全部存活,2例皮岛局部坏死。并发咽瘘6例（皮瓣均 存活）。肩部供区皮肤均直接拉拢缝合,无切口感染、肩部功能损伤等并发症。结论　锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损疗效可靠,适用范围较广,有较好的应用前景。     

头颈部肿瘤术后缺损立即整复的近况

近年来,头颈部肿瘤术后缺损的立即整复技术发展迅速,且已成为头颈肿瘤外科中一项重要组成部分。由于整复外科技术被引进到头颈肿瘤外科领域,使一些以往认为无法手术的晚期病例也获得了手术机会。目前,国外的一些头颈肿瘤中心,甚至还配备有专门从事游离组织移植的显微外科专家。头颈部肿瘤术后缺损立即整复的发展大致可分为三个阶段:50年代系以游离植皮,消灭创面为主;对口腔及口咽部缺损,则以舌瓣应用较多。60年代以后,以局部皮瓣整复为主,同时出现了典型的轴型皮瓣(额部皮瓣和胸肩三角皮瓣)。70年代中期开始,则进入了肌皮瓣,以及应用显微外科技术,行微血管吻合的各种游离组织移植的时期。随着整复方法的不断改进,适应证越来越广,效果也越来越好,在头颈部癌症的治疗中起着十分重大的作用。由于有关这方面的文献资料数以百计,本文只能就近年来的概况作一扼要综述,供参考。     

采用前臂尺侧皮瓣重建下咽、食管

前壁皮瓣在头颈外科修复－重建中已广泛应用,采用前壁皮瓣重建喉咽和颈段食管的研究报道不断增多。作者以前臂尺侧皮瓣为１９例患者行喉咽和颈段食管重建术２０例次（有１例患者行２次皮瓣修复）,并分析研究治疗结果：１９例鳞状细胞癌患者,男性１６例,女性３例。１６例于肿瘤切除后即行一期重建,其中喉咽癌１０例,喉癌３例,颈段食管癌３例;４例为肿瘤切除后行一期重建手术,其中２例因术后喉狭窄,２例为长期咽瘘。１２例喉咽和颈段食管呈环形缺损,缺损长度４～１２ｃｍ;另７例缺损近似环形,局部留下之粘膜条最宽未超过２ｃｍ。…     

头颈外科术后修复与重建——胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣法

目的：为提高患者生存质量及年限，进一步拓宽耳鼻咽喉－头颈外科手术范围。方法：应用胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣一期整复与重建头颈肿瘤术后缺损２７例的临床体会。被修复区有半侧舌体及口底，部分喉咽及食道，颈前区咽瘘，腮腺区皮肤、喉造口及胸骨柄等５个区域。结果：２７例中２５例肌皮瓣全部成活，２例皮岛皮肤部分坏死，但肌层成活，全组总的３年生存率６２５％（１５／２４），５年生存率４２８％（６／１４）。结论：该肌皮瓣制作简便易行，成功率高，安全性大，应用面广，在一期修复与重建头颈部术后大片缺损中，诸多方面更优越于其他肌皮瓣。     

喉返神经解剖异常2例报告

喉返神经解剖异常在头颈部手术时往往造成意外损伤。我们遇到２例,报告如下。 例１,患者女性,４３岁。因右侧颈前肿物半年,明显增大２０天,于１９９３年１１月１２日入院。半年前无意中发现右侧颈部肿物约枣大,无明显不适。肿物缓慢增长,近２０天来增大明显,以甲状腺瘤收住院。查体：一般情况好。心肺正常。右侧颈前触及约 ３ｃｍ × ３ｃｍ × ２ｃｍ大肿块,质韧,表面光滑,边界清,随吞咽上下活动。 Ｂ超示右甲状腺下部约 ２. ５ｃｍ × ２ｃｍ ×１.５ｃｍ大肿块,边界清,回声不均匀。其它检查未见异常。在颈丛麻醉下手术,术…     

Reconstruction of nasal defects larger than 1.5 centimeters in diameter

OBJECTIVE: To review the repair of larger nasal defects (> 1.5 cm in diameter) and the vascular supply to the forehead flap. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review (1994-1999) and cadaver analysis of forehead flap vasculature. METHODS: Chart review was made of patients with cutaneous nasal defects greater than 1.5 cm in diameter. An intravascular silicone cast was used to detail the arterial supply to forehead flaps focusing on contribution from the supratrochlear and angular vessels. RESULTS: In 127 patients with nasal defects, 76 defects were greater than 1.5 cm in diameter and were repaired with a midline forehead flap (44 [58%]), paramedian forehead flap (3 [4%]), single-stage midline forehead flap (8 [11%]), interpolated melolabial flap (5 [7%]), local nasal flap (7 [9%]), or skin graft (9 [12%]). All original defects were modified to some degree with an aggressive application of the nasal esthetic subunit principle. Forty-three patients (57%) had cartilage grafts, 18 (24%) had a full-thickness defect requiring repair of the internal lining, and 11 (14%) had some degree of complication, although no patient had full-thickness necrosis of a flap or required a second flap. Analysis of the vascular pedicle to the midline and paramedian forehead flaps demonstrated significant contributions from the angular artery. Skin paddles from a midline and paramedian forehead flap had similar vascular arcades. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal reconstruction has reached a standard of consistent esthetic results with restoration of nasal function. The midline forehead flap is dependable and robust and leaves a donor site scar consistent with the principle of esthetic units.     

Plastic surgery indications for the repair of nasal tip and nasal alae defects

Analyze methods of reconstruction of non-transfixing and transfixing loss of substance of the nasal tip and nasal ala. We would like to share the attitude guiding our selecting of the different methods to rehabilitate this mobile and functional portion of the nose. We retrospectively studied 32 cases of defects of the tip and ala treated between 2007 and 2009. There were 26 basal cell carcinomas, 5 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 melanoma. The minimum postoperative follow-up was one year. For reconstruction we used local flaps: medial dorsal flap, bilobed flap, transverse island flap and regional flaps: fronto-glabellar flap, forehead flap, nasolabial flap. In this study we analyzed the aesthetic and functional result achieved at the nasal orifice. We also studied the histopathological reports regarding safety tissue margins, both in depth and peripherally. Most of the defects of the tip and the alae of less than 1 cm were repaired by local flaps; bilobed or transverse island flaps. For the median region, the Rintala mid-dorsal flap appears to give better results. Tissue losses greater than 1 cm often required the use of a fronto-glabellar flap that allowed delivery of more tissue with less scarring at the donor site. The nasolabial flap may have the disadvantage of removing the crease and sometimes a certain thickness at the arc of rotation, which might require further thinning at a later stage. For transfixing loss of substance, we must repair all the layers: skin, cartilage and mucosa. The forehead flap with respect to the principles of the aesthetic subunits of the nose is the flap of choice. We stress on the importance of ample resection with adequate safety margins peripherally and in depth.     

Bilobed flap reconstruction of the temporal forehead.

The temporal forehead is a particularly challenging area for reconstruction. Temporal forehead skin lies in a broad flat plane that varies in thickness. The eyebrow, scalp hairline, and lateral canthus comprise its aesthetic boundaries and limit the available tissue for repair of defects. Characteristically, skin tumors of the temporal forehead have extensive subclinical spread and their removal leaves large defects. The goal of temporal forehead reconstruction is to recreate the aesthetic boundaries of the forehead and to regain symmetry with the contralateral side. The temporal forehead bilobed flap is a single-stage procedure that takes advantage of the best color match of adjacent tissue and often allows primary closure of the donor sites in relaxed skin tension lines with minimal distortion. Several cases are presented for illustration of the technique.     

游离股前外侧皮瓣在头颈外科中的应用

目的 总结应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2007年11月至2010年6月辽宁省肿瘤医院头颈外科应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复重建头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损43例患者的临床资料.患者男32例,女11例;年龄40～81岁,中位年龄56岁.口腔癌23例,咽侧壁扁桃体7例,下咽癌11例,头皮癌、枕部肉瘤各1例.肿瘤分期:T1期9例,T2期17例,T3期11例,T4期6例.为保证有足够的安全切缘,所有患者手术切除范围为距肉眼所见肿瘤边缘至少2 cm,43例患者肿瘤切除术后应用游离股前外侧皮瓣进行修复重建,恢复咀嚼、吞咽及呼吸功能.皮瓣血管蒂长8～18 cm,平均12.5 cm.左股前外侧皮瓣41例,右侧2例.皮瓣面积(4～15)cm×(5～25)cm.结果 游离股前外侧皮瓣移植一期成功40例,1例术后第5天出现静脉血栓,重新吻合血管皮瓣成活.坏死3例,其中2例分别于术后第1天、第4天胸大肌肌皮瓣修复.1例第20天皮瓣坏死脱落后长肉芽愈合.11例下咽癌患者中3例行喉全切除术,8例保留喉功能(72.7%).23例口腔癌、7例咽侧壁扁桃体癌术后均恢复较好的咀嚼、吞咽、发音功能.头皮癌、枕部肉瘤患者较好地修复了大面积皮肤缺损.结论 游离股前外侧皮瓣修复技术可靠,成活率高,供区无严重并发症.皮瓣薄厚适中,可塑性好,是头颈肿瘤术后修复重建理想的修复皮瓣.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the results of reconstruction by free anterolateral thigh flaps ( ALT) after operation of head and neck tumors. Methods Forty-three cases underwent the reconstruction of postoperative defects with free anterolateral thigh flaps after head and neck cancer surgeries between November 2007 and June 2010 were reviewed. Ages of the patients ranged from 40 to 81 years, with a median of 56 years; 32 males and 11 females; 23 cases of oral carcinoma, 7 cases of tonsil carcinoma, 11 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma,and 2 cases of head skin cancer. TNM classified as follows; no case of distant metastasis; T1 9 cases; T2 17 cases; T3 11 cases; T4 6 cases. All patients were applied with ALT to restore swallowing and respiratory functions. The mean length of blood vessel pedicles of the ALT free flaps was 12. 5 (8-18) cm. The flaps were 4 - 15 cm in width,5 - 25 cm in length. Results In the 43 cases applied with ALT free flaps, 40 cases were successful and 3 cases unsuccessful. Two of the failed cases were reconstructed with pectoralis major flap. In 11 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma, except 3 cases with total laryngectomy, 8 cases(72. 7% ) had their laryngeal function been preserved. Conclusions The successful rate of ALT free flaps is perfect. There were no serious complication in offered areas. The flap could be shaped into various forms. ALT free flap is an ideal flap to reconstruct the defect after surgery in some head and neck tumors.     

Vascularized radial forearm free tissue transfer for lining in nasal reconstruction

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Total and near-total nasal reconstruction requires the surgeon to replace external nasal cover, skeletal support, and internal nasal lining. The successful result must re-create the form and function of the original nose. In large defects, traditional sources of internal lining may be unavailable. The study describes the recreation of nasal lining in three patients with extensive nasal defects with vascularized radial forearm tissue. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of three patients who underwent nasal reconstruction with radial forearm for internal lining, costal cartilage grafts for skeletal support, and paramedian forehead flap for cover. METHODS: The charts of three patients who underwent total nasal reconstruction with radial forearm tissue transfer for lining were retrospectively reviewed. The technique was evaluated. The authors present a method for internal lining reconstruction in extensive nasal defects. They discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this method. RESULTS: Three patients underwent successful total nasal reconstruction with radial forearm tissue transfer for lining, costal cartilage for skeletal support, and paramedian forehead flap. None of the patients had adequate septal mucosa or nasal subunit skin to support mucosal rotation grafts or epithelial turn-in flaps. All patients have completed reconstruction and have satisfactory nasal form and function. Loss of the lining flap or graft loss did not occur. CONCLUSION: Vascularized radial forearm tissue supplies ample quantities of skin to recreate nasal lining. The tissue provides excellent support of graft material, and it prevents contracture of the covering flap. Because of its bulk and donor site morbidity, free forearm tissue transfer should not be considered for reconstruction of smaller defects when another lining flap will suffice.     

外鼻组织缺损的修复

目的：探讨外鼻组织缺损美学修复的方法。方法：以Yotsuyanagi等的鼻部美学分区原则为基础，结合笔者的临床实践，将鼻部分为鼻尖、鼻翼、鼻背上部、鼻背下部、鼻背旁区5个美学单位，采用鼻唇沟随意皮瓣、邻近菱形瓣、额部岛状瓣、鼻唇沟逆行岛状瓣、前臂带蒂皮瓣等方法修复外鼻组织缺损。结果：术后随访3个月～5年，疗效及外形满意，无一例复发。结论：采用邻近皮瓣及前臂带蒂皮瓣可以实现外鼻组织缺损的美学修复。     

下咽癌侵犯颈段食管的治疗

目的 探讨下咽癌侵犯颈段食管的最佳治疗方案和处理经验。 方法 通过回顾性分析71例累及颈段食管的下咽癌患者临床资料,总结几种安全有效的治疗方式。71例均行颈淋巴结清扫术,切除患侧甲状腺37例,保留喉功能28例,全喉切除气管造瘘31例,喉气管代下咽食管12例。消化道重建方法有胸大肌肌皮瓣22例、喉气管瓣修复12例、裂层皮片或生物修复膜+胸大肌肌皮瓣6例,全食管切除后胃或结肠代食管31例。术后接受局部放疗(55~70 GY)65例。 结果 术后病理均为鳞状细胞癌,其中高、中、低分化分别为21例、18例、32例。淋巴结转移率45.2%,切除甲状腺37例中病理查见肿瘤14例,占比37.8%,甲状腺受侵犯占总病例19.7%。喉功能保留占39.4%,保留喉功能的患者中拔管率67.8%,术后咽瘘12例,刀口感染2例,吻合口狭窄1例。kaplan-meier生存率统计所有病例总的3年和5年无瘤生存率为43.7%和23.9%,其中喉功能保留组分别为50%和28.6%,喉功能不保留组分别为39.5%和20.9%。两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.244,P=0.265)。 结论 下咽癌侵犯颈段食管的治疗以手术+放疗的综合治疗为主,胸大肌肌皮瓣、喉气管瓣、全食管切除胃或结肠代食管的手术方式安全有效,部分患者采用合适的手术方式可以保留喉功能。     

下颌骨外旋径路切除鼻咽、口咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤——附12例报道

目的探讨鼻咽、口咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤的手术方法。方法对2002年-2006年下颌骨外旋径路手术切除肿瘤并行局部修复治疗的3例鼻咽癌（2例放疗后复发,1例下咽癌术后鼻咽、口咽部巨大重复癌）、5例口咽恶性肿瘤（3例扁桃体鳞癌,2例颊黏膜鳞癌）、4例咽旁间隙肿瘤（1例脂肪瘤,3例混合瘤恶变）进行回顾性分析。术后缺损分别用胸大肌皮瓣修补3例,用游离前臂皮瓣修补4例,组织工程补片修复2例。结果随访8个月至4年,3例鼻咽癌患者中1例术后1年远处转移死亡,2例无瘤生存;3例扁桃体癌中2例无瘤生存,1例局部复发再次手术切除;2例颊黏膜鳞癌无瘤生存;1例脂肪瘤无复发,3例混合瘤恶变患者中1例6个月后死于远处转移,1例带瘤生存,1例无瘤生存。结论下颌骨外旋径路对于暴露鼻咽、口咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤视野良好,肿瘤可直视下完整切除,应用组织工程补片、带蒂或游离组织瓣进行I期修复,手术安全、可靠。     

Oblique forehead flap for total reconstruction of the nasal tip and columella

The oblique forehead flap provides sufficient tissue for total reconstruction on the nasal tip and columella. In the majority of cases, the secondary defect of the forehead can be closed primarily. Thus, the oblique forehead flap often obviates the need for a scalping flap, which is a surgical procedure of greater magnitude and results in more significant secondary deformity of the skin of the forehead.     

Floor of mouth reconstruction with free dorsalis pedis flap.

Inadequate function frequently follows extensive obliterative surgery in the oral cavity. Extra tissue will allow closure and reconstruction of the defect with improvement of oral competency. We describe a method wherein a free dorsalis pedis arterialized flap is used for closure of intraoral defects. This method has the following advantages: (1) The flap may be raised while the extirpative portion of the procedure is in progress. (2) There is no need for prior delays of the flap. (3) The skin of the dorsalis pedia area is thinner than that of other flap ares, allowing the flap to be twisted along several planes. (4) A second procedure is not needed to return the base of the "flap pedicle." (5) The time of operation was not found to be greater than that in cases in which a forehead or deltopectoral flap was used.